静止轴肩对FSW温度与应力影响的数值模拟

目的研究外部辅助静止轴肩对搅拌摩擦焊接过程温度场以及应力场的影响。方法建立有限模型并采用热机耦合的方法分析常规与静止轴肩辅助工艺下7075-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程,得出不同工艺下的焊接温度与应力分布状态。对比常规与静止轴肩工艺下的温度与应力结果,得出静止轴肩对焊接过程中温度与应力的影响规律。结果焊缝横截面的高温区域均呈现出上宽下窄的碗型分布。相比于常规工艺,静止轴肩辅助工艺的焊缝区域温度具有上升速度较慢、下降速度较快的特点,且温度峰值低了55.7℃。静止轴肩具有随焊碾压的作用,在焊接过程中为焊缝区域提供一个额外的压应力,抵消焊接过程中产生的拉应力,焊后残余应力降低了17.4%。结论静止轴肩辅助工艺对焊缝区域的温度峰值以及残余应力峰值的降低均具有明显效果。     

轴肩直径对6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊轴向力的影响

目的 降低搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的轴向力,选择直径合适的轴肩,提高搅拌摩擦焊的焊接效率以及接头性能。方法 设计并使用了3种不同轴肩直径的搅拌头（9,12,15 mm）对6061铝合金进行焊接,记录并分析焊接轴向力的变化,观察焊缝表面形貌及微观组织,选择合适的轴肩直径。结果 “轴向力-时间”曲线上下起伏,当轴肩直径为15 mm时,曲线呈现较大的起伏;随着轴肩直径的减小,焊接轴向力也随之减小,当焊接速度为95 mm/min,搅拌头旋转速度为1500 r/min时,轴肩直径为9 mm的搅拌头所产生的平均轴向力最小,最小值约为2311 N;9 mm轴肩焊接所形成的焊缝表面形貌光滑,飞边量少;轴肩直径越小,焊核区晶粒尺寸越细小,当轴肩直径为9 mm时,焊核区晶粒尺寸为9.77 μm。结论 在相同的焊接参数下,选用9 mm轴肩所产生的轴向力小,焊缝表面形貌优,焊核区晶粒尺寸细化,接头力学性能好。     

6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能

目的 为了适应空间曲面构件的搅拌摩擦焊,开展6061铝合金无倾角搅拌摩擦焊工艺及性能的研究。方法 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊用的搅拌头,对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材进行试验,研究焊缝成形及接头力学性能,并分析接头组织特征。结果 零倾角搅拌摩擦焊接头从组织上可区分为5个不同区域：焊核区(WNZ)、热力影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)、轴肩影响区(SAZ)和母材(BM);随着搅拌头转速增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均先变大后变小;随焊接速度增加,焊缝宽度和焊核尺寸均逐渐变小;当焊接速度固定时,随搅拌头转速增加,接头拉伸强度先增加后减小;当搅拌头转速固定时,随焊接速度增加,接头拉伸强度逐渐增大。结论 采用无倾角搅拌摩擦焊接方法,能够实现对5 mm厚6061-T6铝合金板材的有效焊接。     

双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场和流场数值模拟分析

目的 研究铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场和流场规律。方法 以2024铝合金为研究对象,借助FLUENT软件,综合考虑了温度和应变速率对铝合金粘度的影响,采用修正的本构模型,分析了典型双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接条件下接头温度和速度特征。结果 搅拌头边缘,应变速率较大,接近1000 s-1;温度场呈现出对称的哑铃状分布,最高温度为751 K,达到2024铝合金熔点的83%;前进侧温度大于后退侧温度,前进侧温度为640 K左右,后退侧为600 K左右;双轴肩摩擦焊材料流动速度大于常规焊,前进侧速度大于后退侧速度,前进侧轴肩作用区域大于后退侧;前进侧轴肩作用区域延伸至板材中间,造成带状不连续缺陷。结论 CFD软件Fluent可以较为准确地分析双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊的温度场和流场,可为搅拌工具的优化提供依据。     

6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺窗口的研究

目的提高6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的质量,确定合适的工艺参数范围。方法设计3种不同的搅拌头进行焊接,分析接头拉伸强度与组织性能,并根据试验结果建立工艺窗口,选择合适的轴肩尺寸及工艺参数范围。结果随着轴肩尺寸减小,焊缝宽度、金属流动性、热力影响区面积均减小,在较大的焊接速度及较小的搅拌头转速下,焊缝底部出现缺陷;采用轴肩直径小的搅拌头进行焊接,在一定焊接参数范围内,焊接接头的拉伸强度得到提高;随着轴肩直径减小,焊核区晶粒组织细化,材料变形程度减小;由建立的工艺窗口可知,当轴肩尺为9 mm时,可选择的参数范围最大。结论焊接时采用小尺寸轴肩,可以在搅拌头行走速度更低、转速更大的情况下,仍然可以保持合理产热量,使接头性能得到提高。     

基于CEL方法的搅拌摩擦焊6061铝合金温度场研究

目的研究搅拌摩擦焊接过程中焊接件温度场分布规律及工具头旋转速度对焊接件温度升高和温度场分布的影响规律。方法基于耦合欧拉–拉格朗日（CEL）方法,采用Johnson–Cook本构模型、温度相关的热机械物理参数、经典库仑定律和质量缩放技术,建立搅拌摩擦焊三维热力耦合有限元模型,模拟6061铝合金在不同旋转速度下的搅拌摩擦焊接过程,并进行分析比较。通过侧边打孔将热电偶埋入焊件,从而获取工件特定采样点的温度数据,对模拟结果的准确性进行验证。结果 焊缝返回侧的温度高于前进侧,工具头后方温度高于前方;焊接区域的温度随着下扎深度的增加而升高;最高温度出现在下扎结束阶段,而焊接阶段最高温度略有下降并且保持稳定;当转速从500 r/min增大到1 000 r/min时,焊缝中心峰值温度从337.4℃升高到496.5℃。特定测温点的模拟温度与热电偶实测数据吻合较好,最大误差不超过20%。模拟焊缝与实际焊缝宏观相貌吻合良好,特别是焊缝返回侧的飞边。结论 高温区域主要分布在焊缝返回侧的工具头后方;工具头转速控制温度的变化,所有焊接阶段的温度随转速的增大而升高,且高温区域扩大。     

AZ81A镁合金焊接接头的组织与性能

对AZ81A镁合金进行了搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊的工艺实验.通过观察焊接接头宏观成形,分析焊缝显微组织,测试焊接接头的显微硬度分布,对两种焊接方法焊接性进行了分析.研究结果表明:搅拌摩擦焊的外观成形及可操作性均优于熔化焊,焊件焊后基本没有变形.搅拌摩擦焊接头的焊缝为锻造组织,焊核区为细小的再结晶组织;热影响区为部分再结晶组织,再结晶的晶粒沿原铸造晶界生长.熔化焊接头的焊缝区组织为较母材细小的等轴晶,熔合区组织的晶界为α固溶体和Mg17Al12共晶,并有强化相析出;热影响区组织的晶界分布有不连续的共晶.     

轴肩结构对搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料流动的影响

考虑材料参数随温度的变化关系以及搅拌头的实际结构形式,利用ANSYS FLUENT软件对搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料的流动行为进行了数值分析,研究了轴肩结构分别为平面、内凹与同心圆时的材料流动规律.研究表明,当轴肩结构发生变化时,焊件表面及内部的材料流动趋势基本相同;靠近焊件表面的材料流动速度在轴肩结构为同心圆时最大,在轴肩结构为平面时最小.从避免搅拌摩擦焊根部缺陷的角度看,同心圆轴肩的搅拌头优于内凹轴肩,这一规律得到了试验证实.     

铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动行为研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中,焊缝成形与金属流动行为密切相关,而金属流动又取决于焊接工艺参数、搅拌头形貌、材料本身性能及温度场分布等影响因素。与铝合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊不同,厚板焊接时焊缝上部、下部温差太大,导致焊缝材料流动形态发生较大变化。基于焊缝成形理论,从焊缝金属流动分析方法、影响因素出发,分析厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝金属流动形态及特征,探讨焊缝中疏松、未焊透、包铝伸入、弱连接等缺陷的形成原因,揭示厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊缝成形机理。研究结果为铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊焊接技术在航空、航天等高科技领域的广泛应用提供科学依据和理论基础。     

CLAM 钢搅拌摩擦焊温度场有限元分析

通过Ansys Apdil参数化语言建立三维温度场模型,采用移动热源分步加载的方法,对CLAM钢在搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的温度场进行模拟分析,结果表明,CLAM钢可以进行固态连接;搅拌摩擦过程中热能主要来自轴肩摩擦生热;焊接头四周的高温区域一直呈现出椭圆形,温度呈阶梯状分布。在板厚方向上,从上表面到下表面温度依次降低,呈等腰梯形分布。     

Process optimization in the self-reacting friction stir welding of aluminum 6061-T6

Self-reacting friction stir welding (SR-FSW), also called bobbin-tool friction stir welding (BT-FSW), is a solid state welding process similar to friction stir welding (FSW) except that the tool has two opposing shoulders instead of the shoulder and a backing plate found in FSW. The tool configuration results in greater heat input and a symmetrical weld macrostructure. A significant amount of information has been published in the literature concerning traditional FSW while little has been published about SR-FSW. An optimization experiment was performed using a factorial design to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the weld temperature, surface and internal quality, and mechanical properties of self-reacting friction stir welded aluminum alloy 6061-T6 butt joints. The parameters evaluated were tool rotational speed, traverse speed, and tool plunge force. A correlation between weld temperature, defect formation (specifically galling and void formation), and mechanical properties was found. Optimum parameters were determined for the welding of 8-mm-thick 6061-T6 plate.     

A temperature dependent slip factor based thermal model for friction stir welding of stainless steel

This paper proposes a new slip factor based three-dimensional thermal model to predict the temperature distribution during friction stir welding of 304L stainless steel plates. The proposed model employs temperature and radius dependent heat source to study the thermal cycle, temperature distribution, power required, the effect of process parameters on heat generation per mm length of the weld and peak temperature during the friction stir welding process. Simulations of friction stir welding process were carried out on 304L stainless steel workpieces for various rotational and welding speeds. The predicted thermal cycle, power required and temperature distributions were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The heat generation per mm length of weld and peak temperature were found to be directly proportional to rotational speed and inversely proportional to welding speed. The rate of increase in heat generation per mm length of the weld and peak temperature are found to be higher at lower rotational speeds and lower at higher rotational speed. The heat generation during friction stir welding was found to be 80.8 % at shoulder, 16.1 % at pin side and 3.1 % at the bottom of the pin.     

Design features for bobbin friction stir welding tools: Development of a conceptual model linking the underlying physics to the production process

The effects of different pin features and dimensions of scrolled shoulder bobbin friction stir welding were tested for welding marine grade aluminium, Al6082-T6. Welds were created in longitudinal and transverse plate extrusion directions in thin plate aluminium clamped and supported at one side. Measured outcomes included visual inspection, plate distortion, mechanical properties, metallurgical examination, and hardness test. This study shows that tool features cannot be directly transferable from conventional friction stir welding technology without comprising process variables and tool part functionality. Process setting such as clamps, support arrangements, shoulder gap and welding direction create compression, vibration and heat distribution hence influence the weld quality. The best joint was produced by four flats tool pin followed by threaded tool pin with three flats. These findings were used to develop a conceptual theory representing the underlying physics of the friction stir welding process. The effects of pin features, specifically threads and flats, are identified. This model is useful for direct linking welding factors towards the expected consequences.     

Influence of tool geometry and process parameters on macrostructure and static strength in friction stir spot welded polyethylene sheets

The effect of important welding parameters and tool properties that are effective on static strength in friction stir spot welds of polyethylene sheets were studied. Six different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, tapered cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, square and hexagonal) with different shoulder geometries, different pin length, pin angle and concavity angle were used to fabricate the joints. The tool rotational speed, tool plunge depth and dwell time were determined welding parameters. All the welding operations were done at the room temperature. Welding force and welding zone material temperature measurements were also done. Lap-shear tests were carried out to find the weld static strength. Weld cross section appearance observations were also done. From the experiments, the effect of pin profile, pin length, pin angle, dwell time and tool rotational speed on friction stir spot welding formation and weld strength was determined.     

7075铝合金高速搅拌摩擦焊材料流动行为及性能研究

目的 针对7075–O铝合金高焊速、高转速搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷多、质量差等问题,研究焊接接头材料流动对焊缝性能的影响。方法 选用焊接速度1 000 mm/min,搅拌转速分别为1 000、1 200、1 600、1 700 r/min的条件对7075–O铝合金板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,分析不同焊接工艺参数下焊接接头的显微组织及力学性能。同时,利用Fluent软件模拟7075–O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的材料流动场分布,分析焊接材料流动与缺陷形成的关系。结果 利用7075–O铝合金三维流动模型,预测出高焊速条件下焊缝前进侧形成一个低压区,孔洞等缺陷易出现在此区域,数值模拟预测与试验结果吻合。在高焊接速度1 000 mm/min、焊接转速1 200 r/min时,焊缝表面光滑平整,焊核区域的硬度分布更加均匀。结论 随着搅拌转速从1 000 r/min增大到1 700 r/min,热输入量逐渐增大,孔洞缺陷由隧道型孔洞转变为不连续的小孔。同时,随着搅拌转速的增大,焊缝高硬度区域的宽度先增大而后降低。当搅拌转速为1 200 r/min时得到了优质的焊接接头,焊缝焊核区硬度分布均匀,硬度值最高为176HV。     

Dual-Rotation Speed Friction Stir Welding: Experimentation and Modeling

Implementing differential rotation speeds of pin and shoulder in the friction stir welding process is considered. Experimental investigations were carried out using a newly designed and fabricated apparatus for dual-rotation speed friction stir welding. Metallographic studies demonstrated that appropriate selection of separate pin and the shoulder rotation speeds not only results in defect-free joints, but also affects the weld zone by controlling the heat input delivered. An energy model for predicting maximum temperature was extended to the dual-rotation speed friction stir process. The model was verified using the previous experimental results reported in the literature.     

Mechanical properties of friction stir butt‐welded Al‐5086 H32 plate

Al‐5086 H32 plates with a thickness of 3 mm were friction stir butt‐welded using different welding speeds at a tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm. The effect of welding speed on the weld performance of the joints was investigated by conducting optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and mechanical tests (i.e. tensile and bend tests). The effect of heat input during friction stir welding on the microstructure, and thus mechanical properties, of cold‐rolled Al‐ 5086 plates was also determined. The experimental results indicated that the maximum tensile strength of the joints, which is about 75 % that of the base plate, was obtained with a traverse speed of 200 mm/min at the tool rotational speed used, e.g. 1600 rpm, and the maximum bending angle of the joints can reach 180^o. The maximum ductility performance of the joints was, on the other hand, relatively low, e.g. about 20 %. These results are not unexpected due to the loss of the cold‐work strengthening in the weld region as a result of the heat input during welding, and thus the confined plasticity within the stirred zone owing to strength undermatching. Higher joint performances can also be achieved by increasing the penetration depth of the stirring probe in butt‐friction stir welding of Al‐5086 H32 plates.     

铝合金薄板搭接高速 FSW 缺陷及断裂行为

目的 为了拓展搅拌摩擦焊技术应用,对薄板搭接结构高速搅拌摩擦焊工艺优化与工程应用提供 借鉴与指导。方法 采用圆锥无螺纹搅拌针,进行了 6061 铝合金薄板搭接高速搅拌摩擦焊接,对接头界 面缺陷及其断裂模式进行分析,探讨了转速对 6061 铝合金薄板搭接接头成形及性能的影响规律。结果 发现在无螺纹圆锥搅拌针、高转速（6000~9000 r/min）条件下,接头塑性金属在后退侧易形成飞边流出, 导致下板前进侧出现孔洞缺陷,且随转速增大,界面缺陷尺寸逐渐增大,当转速达到 10 000 r/min 时, 孔洞尺寸有所减小,此时接头拉剪强度最高,为 123 MPa。对试样拉剪断裂位置分析发现,高速搭接接 头断裂位置主要有两种,分别断裂在结合界面处或在前进侧下板,且转速在 9000 r/min 以上越趋向于在 结合界面断裂。结论 高转速搭接焊接必须协调轴肩相貌、焊接工装约束等条件,保证接头塑性金属充 分流动而不流失,才能获得成形良好无缺陷的接头。     

Friction Stir Welding of Al Alloy Thin Plate by Rotational Tool without Pin

For friction stir welding (FSW), a new idea is put forward in this paper to weld the thin plate of Al alloy by using the rotational tool without pin. The experiments of FSW are carried out by using the tools with inner-concave-flute shoulder, concentric-circles-flute shoulder and three-spiral-flute shoulder, respectively. The experimental results show that the grain size in weld nugget zone attained by the tool with three-spiral-flute shoulder is nearly the same while the grain sizes decrease with the decrease of welding velocity. The displacement of material flow in the heat-mechanical affected zone by the tool with three-spiral-flute shoulder is much larger than that by the tool with inner-concave-flute shoulder or concentric-circles-flute shoulder. The above-mentioned results are verified by numerical simulation. For the tool with three-spiral-flute shoulder, the tensile strength of FSW joint increases with the decrease of welding velocity while the value of tensile strength attained by the welding velocity of 20 mm/min and the rotation speed of 1800 r/min is about 398 MPa, which is 80% more than that of parent mental tensile strength. Those verify that the tool with three-spiral-flute shoulder can be used to join the thin plate of Al alloy.