Annealing effect on a boundary layer between oxide superconducting films and a substrate

Since the discovery of the new high Tc superconductor, various kinds of film growth techniques have been reported on fabrication of an oxide superconducting film, especially YBCO and BSCCO above liquid nitrogen temperature. All these techniques require the so-called post-growth heat treatment or a heating of the substrate during the deposition to grow an adequate polycrystal which can realize the superconducting state in the oxide. Such a heating process, however, yields some intermediate products at a boundary layer between the starting materials and the substrate, and the products result in degradation of the superconducting property. In this paper, the annealing effect on the growth of YBCO or BSCCO oxide superconducting film and the substrate is investigated by using EDX analysis and SEM examination. To enhance the annealing effect, relatively thin YBCO and BSCCO films are fabricated with the starting materials pasted on substrates, and rather than sputtered thin films used for the analysis. MgO, Al₂O₃, SrTiO₃, 5 or 8 percent Y stabilized ZrO₂ (YTZ or YSZ), and so on, are chosen as a substrate. The results show that the heat treatment yields Ba compounds between YBCO and the substrates and Sr and Bi compounds between BSCCO and the substrates. Since the product boundary layer of the intermediate product is the thinnest, MgO substrate can be recommended for YBCO film, and SrTiO₃ substrate for BSCCO film.     

Ferroelectric switching and fatigue behavior for PZT/YBCO thin film heterostructures

Abstract

The dielectric and ferroelectric properties for Au/Pb(Zr,Ti)O₃/YBa₂Cu₃O_7?x heterostructures at low temperatures are reported. The fatigue behavior and the ferroelectric switching effect for the structures are also investigated. The PZT/YBCO thin film heterostructures were deposited on MgO(100) substrates by laser ablation. The ferroelectric and dielectric properties and optical response of the oriented PZT films with different thicknesses have been studied over the temperature range from 20 K to 300 K. The dielectric loss of the structure was found to decrease by an order of magnitude when the YBCO bottom electrode became superconducting. A very low fatigue rate of the structure has also been obtained below T _c of YBCO layer.     

基于YBa2Cu3O7块材的高温超导限流器的限流特性研究

电阻型高温超导限流器(HTSFCL)利用超导体的超导态-正常态转变来限制短路电流,无需短路故障检测电路,具有体积小、重量轻的优点。为此在国内提出了基于YBa2Cu3O7高温超导材料的电阻型HTSFCL方案;开展了电阻型HTSFCL限流特性的实验研究,得到了不同电压下,HTSFCL的限流效果;分析了超导体失超电阻的传播特性。实验结果表明:电阻型HTSFCL可将预计200A(交流峰值)的短路电流限到120A,限流效果明显。这对进一步开展基于YBCO材料的电阻型HTSFCL研究具有重要的指导意义。     

基于国产YBCO带材的高温超导发电机的研制

随着可再生能源工业的发展对发电机技术提出更高容量和更大功率密度的需求,高温超导发电机在海上风力发电机领域有着广阔的应用前景。中国科学院电工研究所与上海电气集团上海电机厂有限公司合作研究高温超导发电机技术并研制基于国产YBCO带材的500 kW高温超导发电机原理样机。500 kW高温超导发电机为首台基于国产YBCO超导带材的高温超导发电机。目前,超导发电机已经完成研制工作并进行满负荷运行测试,电机运行良好,各项指标依据国标测试达到预期值。该文着重介绍500 kW高温超导发电机系统的研制工作,其中包括国产YBCO带材和9%Ni低温导磁钢的电磁特性研究,超导励磁绕组的优化设计和研制,同时介绍500 kW高温超导发电机的系统级测试工作,包括空载特性、负载特性、满载效率,并给出相应实验测试结果。     

高温超导电缆交直流伏安特性测试与分析

为了研究高温超导电缆在直流和交流载流情况下伏安特性的变化规律,提出基于第二代YBCO高温超导体的冷绝缘超导电缆交直流伏安特性测试方法,搭建了伏安特性测试实验系统,通过对一根0.2m长,110k V/1.5k A高温超导电缆样缆的交直流伏安特性进行测试,获得了超导电缆在直流、30Hz、100Hz和工频载流下伏安特性变化规律。结果表明,超导电缆的直流伏安特性曲线呈现E-J指数关系,且失超变化清楚,而交流下当超导电缆通流值低于直流临界值时,交流伏安特性曲线变化平缓,之后随通流能力增加后该曲线呈逐渐上升趋势,超导电缆没有出现明确的失超变化点。研究结果对于开展超导电缆运行稳定性研究提供了较大的参考价值。     

基于MgB2高温超导材料的吉瓦级远程直流输电研究

本文主要探究以具有成本效益和环保特性的新型高温超导材料(MgB_2)作为直流输电电缆,以液氢作为冷却剂,实现吉瓦级远程直流输电的可能性。首先分析超导直流输电的必要性及其优势,说明超导直流输电的基本模型,然后介绍MgB_2超导电缆和液氢制冷系统,接着阐述基于十二脉动换流器的直流输电控制策略。最后使用PSCAD软件完成超导直流输电系统仿真,在相同传输条件下进行MgB_2高温超导电缆和传统电缆的线路功率损耗比较,证明了超导直流输电系统具有线路损耗低,容量不受限制的优点,为MgB_2高温超导材料在超导直流输电领域的开发设计提供初步依据。     

感应加热用传导冷却YBCO高温超导磁体的热稳定性实验研究

与传统的高频交流感应加热技术相比,高温超导直流感应加热技术能够大幅度提升低电阻率、非铁磁性金属材料的透热处理加工效率。在高温超导感应加热系统中,超导磁体的热稳定性是保证系统安全稳定运行的关键。本文对传导冷却YBCO高温超导磁体进行通流实验,通过布置在磁体不同位置的多个温度传感器来监测各部分的温度情况,以温度能否在安全范围内趋于平稳作为判定条件研究超导磁体的热稳定性。同时,本文还研究了磁体载流的幅值与上升速率对磁体温升的影响。结果表明,高温超导磁体在传导冷却条件下,其长期安全稳定运行电流值的安全裕度因子选择通常比浸泡冷却式磁体略低,对于运行的实验磁体,安全裕度因子可取为0.65;传导冷却磁体远端导热性能差,可通过增加导冷点以及改善传热的方式来弥补冷却不均的缺陷;在磁体能够稳定运行的一定范围内,电流不同的上升速率对最终温升无明显影响。本文的研究成果将为今后大型传导冷却超导磁体的热稳定性分析与安全运行提供有价值的参考。     

Current distribution in parallel-connected YBCO high-temperature superconducting elements with different critical currents

A high-temperature superconductor is investigated for application to a fault-current limiter. However, the current-carrying capacity of a single element is too low for practical use. This parallel connection of superconducting elements is required to increase the current capacity. This paper discusses an ac current distribution between two YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x superconducting elements connected in parallel that differ in electrical aspects such as a critical current level and voltage-current characteristic. As the instantaneous value of the current rises from zero to peak, the following processes are observed: (1) the transition from superconducting to normal conducting state is initiated in the element with the smaller critical current; (2) the current value in the element is kept constant until the other element with the larger critical current level becomes normal conducting state; and (3) only when the instantaneous value of the ac current exceeds the summation of the individual critical current values of each element does the voltage across parallel-connected elements appear. These results are caused by the quick recovery characteristic of YBCO superconductors from the normal conducting state to the superconducting state.     

Observation of the behavior of a laser-ablated plume by laser imaging spectroscopic techniques

In order to investigate the behavior of species in the laser-ablation plume during the pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) process, the time-resolved two-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (2D-LIF) and Rayleigh-Mie scattering (2D-RMS) systems have been developed. Results on PLD of high-temperature superconducting thin films of YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (YBCO) are presented. First, the effects of Doppler and collisional quenching on the sensitivity of 2D-LIF are examined. Then the spatial distributions of the ground state Cu atoms observed by these techniques, as well as excited particles in the laser ablation process of YBCO, are presented. The effect of substrate heating on plume propagation has been observed for the first time. 2D-RMS was applied to visualize the behavior of particles directly ejected from the target and of particles condensed in the gas phase.     

YBa2Cu3O7 films grown onto SrTiO3 and YSZ substrates by chemical solution deposition of trifluoroacetates

We report the preparation and characterization of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ (YBCO) films grown onto SrTiO₃ and YSZ substrates by the trifluoroacetates chemical solution deposition method and following sintering with oxygen atmosphere at 860 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals (00?) – oriented crystallites indicating epitaxial growth of the films in the c-direction. Despite granular morphology and the presence of Y₂BaCuO₅ and CuO as minor secondary phases, the technique shows the successful formation of the superconducting YBCO and preventing the formation of the unwanted BaCO₃ phase. Rocking curve measurements of the (005) reflection for the YBCO/SrTiO₃ was fitted with one Gaussian function with full width at the half maximum (FWHM) of 0.44° confirming that it consists of YBCO crystallites with different texture. For the sample grown on YSZ, the rocking curve was fitted with two Gaussian functions, one corresponding to the YBCO layer (FWHM?=?0.4°) and another to the substrate (FWHM?=?0.3°). The magnetic measurements taken in zero field cooling and field cooling modes confirm the formation of the superconducting YBCO with critical temperatures (T_C) 91.8 and 85.7 K for the samples grown onto YSZ and SrTiO₃, respectively. The critical current density (J_C) curves indirectly calculated by using the Bean´s model from the M(T) loops were J_C?~?10⁹ A/cm² for the sample deposited onto YSZ and J_C?~?10⁷A/cm² for the YBCO deposited onto SrTiO₃. Overall, the difference in T_C and J_C values between both samples could be related to their difference in oxygen content, porosity, hole concentration per Cu ion and the presence of secondary phases.

     

Stabilization for thermomagnetic instability of CuNi/NbTi superconducting wire in spatially distributed magnetic field

Thermomagnetic instability in superconducting wires composing multistrand cables is a problem in the development of cables with large current capacity. This paper elucidates the quenching properties of ac superconducting wires in a distributed magnetic field applied to the strands in the cable, and the stabilization of the ac superconducting wires considering the effect of the longitudinal magnetic field or the fraction of copper embedded in each strand. First, the degradation of the quench current of CuNi/NbTi superconducting wires in a distributed magnetic field is exhibited with simple test samples. Second, the quench properties of the strand in a (6 + 1)³ cable and the optimal twist pitch of the cable for high stabilization are discussed. Last, the effect of copper on the quench properties of the strand and the appropriate fraction of copper for suppression of quench current degradation in a distributed magnetic field are discussed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(4): 26–34, 2001     

CuO formation control as a function of mixed ratio of Cu-free powders in the synthesis of YBCO superconductors on Cu substrates

YBa₂Cu₃O_x (Y123) superconducting films were fabricated on Cu substrates using a simple screen-printing method, from Cu-free powders (Y₂O₃ and BaCO₃). In the process, CuO, which causes superconducting properties of Y123 films to deteriorate, was formed on the film surface. By varying the atomic ratio of Y to Ba (Y:Ba = 1:1∼1:4), the ratio needed to prevent CuO formation was found for the film surface that had been heat-treated at 980^∘C for 17 s. The film, with the ratio of Y to Ba (Y:Ba = 1:1), is reheat-treated at 930^∘C for 9 min 30 s to form a superconducting Y123 phase. It was possible to prevent CuO formation by controlling the ratio of Cu-free powders in the mixture and to fabricate YBCO superconductors on Cu substrates using a two-step heat-treatment.     

Electrical insulation technology for superconducting devices inJapan

The abnormal voltage induced in a superconducting magnet is examined, and the need to utilize insulating materials that do not degrade electrically or mechanically at a very low temperature is demonstrated. Breakdown of the liquid helium in which most superconducting magnets are immersed is discussed. Different types of superconducting magnets are briefly described. Research activities in Japan on electrical insulation technology at cryogenic temperatures and several practical examples of electrical insulation for superconducting devices are reviewed     

Effect of dc biasing on YBCO/STO/LAO tunable microstrip filters

Abstract

One of the critical design aspects in ferroelectric tunable microstrip filters is choosing the right bias configuration, for large tunability as well as to maintain the filter's passband characteristics. This work is based on strontium titanate (STO) ferroelectric thin-film based tunable microstrip filters for cryogenic temperature applications. Large tunability factors have been demonstrated in YBCO/STO/LAO two-layered microstrip filters when operated at or below 77 K. The effect of the dc electric field (primarily responsible for tuning) and critical design parameters such as the insertion loss, frequency tunability, return loss, and bandwidth of superconductor/ferroelectric/dielectric microstrip tunable K-band microwave filters is discussed in this work.     

Pressurizing and sub-cooling effects on electrical breakdown of LN2 in modeled HTS coils

Pressurizing and sub-cooling of liquid nitrogen are considered to have advantageous aspects in electrical insulation and the critical current in high temperature superconducting (HTS) coils. This paper deals with experimental studies on bubble behavior and partial breakdown (PBD) characteristics in a simulated electrode system of HTS coils immersed in pressurized liquid nitrogen, following our previous reports with saturated liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The tested electrode system consists of a coaxial coil layer to a cylindrical electrode with an insulation barrier and spacers. A heater is mounted inside the coil electrode to generate boiling which appears on quenched superconducting coils. Liquid nitrogen is pressurized to 0.2 MPa under constant temperature of ~77 K. The experimental results show that the partial discharge (PD) voltage is affected markedly by the bubble behavior which depends on the applied pressure to liquid nitrogen. Pressurization suppresses bubble growth in the insulation space and increases the inception voltage of PD. The charge quantity associated with a single PD at a given applied voltage increases with the applied pressure, and deterioration of solid insulation such as spacers and barriers is accelerated compared to that at atmospheric pressure if the PBD occurred     

YBa2Cu3O7-x/SrTiO3//LaAlO3 heterostructures obtained by injection MOCVD

Abstract

YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x /Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ /LaAlO₃ heterostructures can be used as a basis for devices with voltage control in microwave circuits.

Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ (x=0–0.1) (BST) thin films have been epitaxially grown on LaAlO₃ substrates using injection MOCVD. The excellent crystalline quality of the obtained BST films can be proven by a FWHM of <0,2° for the rocking curve of the (002) BST reflection. An AFM study revealed flat surfaces, showing a surface roughness R_s as low as 1nm. YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x/Ba_xSr_1-x TiO₃//LaAlO₃ heterostructures were than optimised. The YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x (YBCO) layers obtained on Ba_xSr_1-xTiO₃ films are epitaxial with a FWHM of 0.45° for the (005) YBCO rocking curve and display very promising superconducting properties of T_c=92K.

Finally the microwave properties of the superconducting films were studied. For YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x layers directly deposited on LaAlO₃, surface resistance values of 0,32mΩ were obtained, while for YBa₂Cu₃O_7-x /SrTiO₃//LaAlO₃ heterostructures, higher values of 1mΩ at 8.5GHz were measured.     

超导限流储能系统的建模与优化

超导限流储能系统(SFCL-MES)是将超导储能系统与桥路型超导限流器集成起来实现的, 二者共用一个超导磁体。文中分析了SFCL-MES的集成建模与优化的原理。根据SFCL-MES的 限流集成原理,提出了它的限流集成模型。基于SFCL-MES在故障限流时的动态拓扑分析,建立 了它的动态数学模型。在此基础上,根据不同的优化目标,建立了相应的优化模型,并对优化结果 进行了比较分析。最后对于SFCL-MES集成后可以减小超导磁体容量的原理进行了讨论。     

高温超导变压器的开发动态

概述了高温超导变压器的结构和特点,介绍了国外高温超导变压器的开发动态及今后的研究课题。     

超导电力技术在未来智能电网应用研究

智能电网将成为电力工业的重要发展方向,超导电力技术为智能电网的发展提供解决方案。本文基于我国目前电力系统现状,从电力系统角度出发,对超导电力技术在智能电网的应用做出具有前瞻性的探讨,重点讨论了超导储能技术、超导电缆技术、超导限流器技术等超导新技术在智能电网的应用前景及其主要研究发展方向。