潜流人工湿地处理城市污水氮和有机物的研究

在自行建造的模拟人工湿地装置上,通过改变水位来控制小型潜流人工湿地DO浓度,从而提高处理效率。试验中两种水位变化的运行都降低了人工湿地的氮和有机物,特别是对氮有较好的去除效果。第1阶段水位小幅度变化,出水DO浓度主要在2～4mg/L之间,COD、BOD5、TN、TKN去除率分别在85%～93%,91%～95%,65%～75%和75%～85%之间;第2阶段水位大幅度变化,出水DO浓度主要在1～4mg/L之间,COD、BOD5、TN、TKN去除率分别在80%～88%,85%～90%,70%～80%和80%～90%之间。     

The effect of a vertical flow filter bed on a hybrid constructed wetland system.

Data from 18 sampling wells in Kodij?rve horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetland (CW) (South Estonia) is presented and differences in purification efficiencies inside the HSSF CW are calculated. Temporarily anaerobic conditions in the Kodij?rve HSSF system did not allow efficient removal of BOD7, NH4-N, Ntot and Ptot. In 2002 a vertical subsurface flow filter was constructed to enhance aeration. The design of the system was based simply on the oxygen demand of the wastewater and on the aeration potential of vertical flow wetlands. The vertical flow system has shown satisfactory results. The purification efficiency of BOD7 in the Kodij?rve CW has improved significantly and there has been a slight increase in purification efficiencies of NH4-N and Ntot. On the ohther hand, the removal efficiency of Ptot has decreased significantly. Although, the mass loading rates have increased, mass removal rates of all four parameters have improved significantly. Nevertheless, optimization of the constructed wetland system is essential in order to meet effluent standards during wintertime.     

Effect of external organic matter on nutrient removal and growth of Phragmites australis in a laboratory-scale subsurface-flow treatment wetland.

Coconut dust, which is used intensively in horticultural applications, was tested as an external organic additive in a series of laboratory-scale subsurface-flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis. The systems were fed with a mixture of NO3(-)-N, NH4+-N, and SRP in tap water to simulate high nutrient loads. In the absence of plants, TN removal efficiency was 66%, and the efficiency increased to > 80% in the microcosm wetlands. TN and NO3- removal efficiencies were marginally increased by coconut-dust treatment in comparison with sand-bed microcosms. Analysis by ANOVA showed that the TN removal from a coconut dust-supplemented sand-bed microcosm was significantly different from a sand-bed microcosm (0.0437 < p < 0.05). All the systems showed an equal capacity to treat NH4+ nitrogen under low influent concentration levels. Phosphorus removal efficiencies were > 98% in all three systems, and a difference between planted and unplanted systems was not observed. Shoot height and shoot densities of P. australis grown in the coconut dust-supplemented medium were significantly higher than those grown in the sand-bed medium. The difference in P. australis growth in response to the coconut dust addition revealed that the added material has the potential to create favourable conditions for plant growth.     

Membrane-flocculation-adsorption hybrid system in wastewater treatment: micro and nano size organic matter removal .

Cross flow microfiltration with in-line flocculation reduces the fouling of membranes thus leading to high quality product water. A detailed experimental study conducted with an artificial suspension (particle size distribution similar to that of surface water) revealed that the filtration rate can be increased by several times by adopting in-line flocculation. In-line flocculation-microfiltration is therefore an attractive technique to reduce internal clogging while improving the permeate flux significantly. A detailed ultrafiltration (UF) study was conducted with biologically treated sewage effluent with pretreatment by flocculation and powdered activated carbon adsorption. The TOC removal by the NTR 7410 UF membrane alone was 43.6%. The TOC removal increased significantly by the use of pretreatment: 69.3% by flocculation and 91% by flocculation followed by adsorption. The organic colloidal portion (between 3,500 dalton and 0.45 microm) in the biologically treated effluent was removed up to more than 65% by the pretreatment of flocculation. The molecular weight of the biologically treated effluent ranged from 250 to about 3,573 dalton with the highest fraction in the range of 250-845 dalton. By the incorporation of pretreatment, the majority of both large and small molecular weight organic matter was removed. This hybrid system led to practically no filtration flux decline in membrane filtration.     

Effects of effluent recirculation in vertical-flow constructed wetland on treatment efficiency of livestock wastewater.

Enhancing the treatment efficiency of livestock wastewater by effluent recirculation is investigated in a pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland. The wetland system is composed of downflow and upflow stages, on which narrow-leaf Phragmites communis and common reed Phragmites typhia are planted, respectively; each stage has a dimension of 4 m(2) (2 m x 2 m). Wastewater from the facultative pond is fed into the system intermittently at a flow rate of 0.4 m(3)/d. Recirculation rates of 0, 25%, 50%0, 100% and 150% are adopted to evaluate the effect of the recirculation rate on pollutants removal. This shows that with effluent recirculation the average removal efficiencies of NH4-N, BOD5 and SS obviously increase to 61.7%, 81.3%, and 77.1%, respectively, in comparison with the values of 35.6%o, 50.2%, and 49.3% without effluent recirculation. But the improvement of TP removal is slight, only from 42.3% to 48.9%. The variations of NH4-N, DO and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of inflow and outflow reveal that the adoption of effluent recirculation is beneficial to the formation of oxide environment in wetland. The exponential relationships with excellent correlation coefficients (R(2) > 0.93) are found between the removal rates of NH4-N and BOD5 and the recirculation rates. With recirculation the pH value of the outflow decreases as the alkalinity is consumed by the gradually enhanced nitrification process. When recirculation rate is kept constant at 100%, the ambient temperature appears to affect NH4-N removal, but does not have significant influence on BOD5 removal.     

Analysis of pollutant removal effect usinginnovative ridge-shaped constructed wetland

In this paper,a new type of ridge-shaped constructed wetland which combines surface flow and horizontal subsurface flow was proposed.The proposed wetland had simple structure,low construction and operating cost,less human interference and good pollution removal effect.The combination of surface flow and subsurface flow provided an aerobic and anaerobic alternating environment for the entire wetland.The performance of the proposed wetland was compared with a traditional horizontal subsurface flow wetland.The comparison results showed that the removal rates of BOD(biochemical oxygen demand),TN(total nitrogen),and TP(total phosphorus)in the ridge-shaped wetland increased up to 20.3%,17.0%,and 9.1%,respectively.The proposed wetland structure could be widely applied for treatment of rural and urban domestic sewage pollution or agricultural point and nonpoint source water pollution.     

潜流人工湿地对污染物去除率的正交实验研究

以湿地污染物去除率为考察指标,通过正交实验分析了植物、流量和水位对去除率的影响。结果表明：3种因素对BOD5、CODMn和TN去除率的影响一致,均为植物〉流量〉水位;植物是BOD5、CODMn和TN去除率的显著性影响因素,其中大薸对3种污染物的去除率显著高于凤眼莲,但其在9月底易发生二次污染,需要及早收割,流量是TN和CODMn去除率的显著性因素,水位为不显著因素;BOD5、CODMn和TN浓度在系统的前端下降速率较大,随后逐渐减小并趋于平稳,表明大部分污染物在湿地的前端被去除,湿地整体截污能力尚有较大提升空间。应用中可选择大薸在北方推广,并充分利用湿地后端潜能,最大化处理污染源水体。     

人工湿地净污效果影响因素分析

湿地是介于水、陆两种生态系统界面的特殊生态系统,被誉为“地球之肾”、“物种的基因库”、“地球上生物多样性最丰富的生态系统”等。它利用系统中物理、化学、生物的三重协调作用,通过过滤、吸附、沉淀、植物吸收、微生物降解来实现对污染物质的分解与净化。目前已经有很多有关人工湿地应用方面的报道,但是人工湿地的净污效果受多方面因素的影响,并不一定能够按照人们的要求净化污水,或者说净化效果不太理想。这些因素主要包括湿地的水力条件、湿地的类型、湿地植物、温度、湿地的宽度和面积、pH值和氧化还原电位（Eh）、湿地基质及微生物等。     

多级人工湿地-塘组合系统对微污染水体污染物去除效果的实验研究

采用多级人工湿地-塘组合系统处理微污染水体,考察水力停留时间的变化条件下系统对COD、TP、浊度、氨氮等去除效果的影响.实验结果表明:在水力停留时间为5d时,COD、TP、浊度、氨氮去除率分别为62%、75%、80%、60%,多级人工湿地-塘组合系统能够有效的去除微污染水体污染物质.     

Nitrogen removal and ammonia-oxidising bacteria in a vertical flow constructed wetland treating inorganic wastewater

Nitrogen removal performance and the ammonia-oxidising bacterial (AOB) community were assessed in the batch loaded 1.3 ha saturated surface vertical flow wetland at CSBP Ltd, a fertiliser and chemical manufacturer located in Kwinana, Western Australia. From September 2008 to October 2009 water quality was monitored and sediment samples collected for bacterial analyses. During the period of study the wetland received an average inflow of 1,109 m3/day with NH3-N = 40 mg/L and NO3-N = 23 mg/L. Effluent NH3-N and NO3-N were on average 31 and 25 mg/L, respectively. The overall NH3-N removal rate for the period was 1.2 g/m2/day indicating the nitrifying capacity of the wetland. The structure of the AOB community was analysed using group specific primers for the ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and by clone libraries to identify key members. The majority of sequences obtained were most similar to Nitrosomonas sp. while Nitrosospira sp. was less frequent. Another two vertical flow wetlands, 0.8 ha each, were commissioned at CSBP in July 2009, since then the wetland in this study has received nitrified effluent from these two new cells.     

Nitrogen dynamics in a constructed wetland system treating landfill leachate.

A pilot scale treatment system was established in 2002 at the Laflèche Landfill in Eastern Ontario, Canada. The system consists of a series of treatment steps: a stabilisation basin (10,000 m3), a woodland peat trickling filter (5,200 m2), a subsurface flow constructed wetland planted in Phragmites sp. (2,600 m2), a surface flow constructed wetland planted in Typha sp. (3,600 m2) and a polishing pond (3,600 m2). The system operates from May to December with leachate being recycled within the landfill during the winter months. Hydraulic loading was increased three-fold over four operating seasons with nitrogen and organic mass loading increasing six-fold. Excellent removal efficiencies were observed with 93% BOD5, 90% TKN and 97% NH4-N removed under the highest loading conditions. Almost complete denitrification was observed throughout the treatment system with NO3-N concentrations never exceeding 5mg L(-1). The peat filter reached treatment capacity at a hydraulic loading of 4cm d(-1) and organic loading rate of 42 kg BOD ha(-1) d(-1), which is consistent with design criteria for vertical flow wetland systems and intermittent sand filters, The first order plug flow kinetic model was effective at describing TKN and ammonium removal in the SSF and FWS wetlands when background concentrations were taken into account. Ammonium removal k-values were consistent with the literature at 52.6 and 57.7 yr(-1) for the SSF and FWS wetlands, respectively, while TKN k-values at 6.9 and 7.7 yr(-1) were almost an order of magnitude lower than literature values, suggesting that leachate TKN could contain refractory organics not found in domestic wastewater.     

Influence of biofilm on removal of surrogate faecal microbes in a constructed wetland and maturation pond.

The effect of biofilm on the attenuation of pathogen-sized particles from wastewater was compared for biofilms cultivated in a surface flow constructed wetland (SFW) and maturation pond (MP) The fate of fluorescently labelled microspheres (FLM) as surrogates for viruses (0.1 microm), bacteria (1 microm) and parasitic protozoa (4.5 microm dia) was investigated in microcosms in the presence or absence of biofilms. Rates of FLM removal from suspension were higher in the presence of biofilms for all particle sizes (kd 0.02-0.11 h(-1)) in MP and SFW microcosms with removal efficiency related to particle size and biofilm thickness and structure. Greater removal of 0.1 microm (79-81%), 1 microm FLM (92-96%) and 4.5 microm FLM (up to 98%) from suspension were found for microcosms containing thicker (autotrophic) biofilms grown in the MP or open water zone of the SFW. Lower removal of 43% (0.1 microm), 59% (1 microm) and 84% (4.5 microm) occurred in microcosms containing thinner heterotrophic biofilms from SFW vegetated zones. Providing surfaces for attachment of photosynthetic biofilms offers potential to enhance pathogen removal in open water systems. In vegetated systems, linkage to more oxic openwater zones may allow thicker and 'stickier' epiphytic biofilms to develop, improving pathogen interception and removal.     

The role of plant uptake on the removal of organic matter and nutrients in subsurface flow constructed wetlands: a simulation study.

Plants in constructed wetlands have several functions related to the treatment processes. It is generally agreed that nutrient uptake is a minor factor in constructed wetlands treating wastewater compared to the loadings applied. For low loaded systems plant uptake can contribute a significant amount to nutrient removal. The contribution of plant uptake is simulated for different qualities of water to be treated using the multi-component reactive transport module CW2D. CW2D is able to describe the biochemical elimination and transformation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The model for plant uptake implemented describes nutrient uptake coupled to water uptake. Literature values are used to calculate potential water and nutrient uptake rates. For a constructed wetland treating municipal wastewater a potential nutrient uptake of about 1.9% of the influent nitrogen and phosphorus load can be expected. For lower loaded systems the potential uptake is significantly higher, e.g. 46% of the nitrogen load for treatment of greywater. The potential uptake rates could only be simulated for high loaded systems i.e. constructed wetlands treating wastewater. For low loaded systems the nutrient concentrations in the liquid phase were too low to simulate the potential uptake rates using the implemented model for plant uptake.     

Hydraulic performance of a modified constructed wetland system through a CFD-based approach

Low-cost household technologies, as horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, are important to address water and sanitation needs in the Asia-Pacific region in a more integrated and sustainable manner, and a better understanding of these technologies would benefit their engineering design. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of a modified constructed wetland system (EvaTAC) were undertaken to determine empirical effects of geometric and flow parameters on the hydraulic performance and the effluent pollutant fraction. The CFD model was validated by comparing the computed residence time distribution (RTD) with experimental results. RTD functions were then used to quantify hydraulic indexes: short-circuiting, mixing, and moment. The EvaTAC is composed of an evapotranspiration and treatment chamber (CEvaT) and a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW). For the CEvaT, length and the interaction between length and flow rate were the most important factors for the hydraulic efficiency. For the effluent pollutant fraction, the most important factor was flow rate. For the HSSF-CW, the strongest influence on the hydraulic efficiency was the length. Baffles and the interaction between length and baffles also had significant statistical influence on the hydraulic efficiency. Furthermore, the results showed that flow rate, length, and the interaction between flow rate and length influenced the effluent pollutant fraction significantly. Finally, a poor correlation between hydraulic indexes and effluent pollutant fraction was obtained, indicating that the hydraulic indexes are not good predictors of the effluent pollutant fraction.     

Slag columns for upgrading phosphorus removal from constructed wetland effluents.

The current best option to upgrade constructed wetlands (CWs) for phosphorus (P) retention, in terms of efficiency, cost and simplicity, consists in using media having a strong P affinity. The media can be used either in the planted beds or in a filtration system downstream of the beds. The use of slag filters was shown to be efficient for removing P from wastewater as it represented a slow release source of calcium and hydroxide, favouring the formation of hydroxyapatite. Our study aimed at maximising the P retention capacity of slag filters located at the outlet of CWs since electric arc furnace slag has been shown to inhibit the growth of macrophytes when used in the filtration matrix. Bench-scale columns (Vtot = 6.2 L) filled with various combinations of filter media (slag, granite, limestone) of different sizes (2-5, 5-10, 10-20 mm) were fed on-site during four months with a CW effluent (in mg/L: 30 COD, 30 TSS, 10 Pt). Results showed that the best media combination enabling the maximum o-PO4 retention (more than 80% removal without clogging) consisted in a series of a ternary mix column (slag 5-10 mm, granite 2-5 mm, limestone 5-10 mm) followed by a slag column (slag 5-10 mm). Pilot scale columns (Vtot = 300 L), filled with the best media combination, were installed at the outlet of a 28 m2 CW. These columns showed more than 75% removal efficiency during one year and were designed to be easily replaced each year.     

Domestic wastewater treatment by a constructed wetland system planted with rice

The experiments were conducted in four concrete laboratory scale free water surface constructed wetland units 1 m wide, 1.5 m long and 0.8 m deep. Paddy field soil was added to a depth of 0.4 m and rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) were transplanted into the units at a density of 25 plants/m(2). Domestic wastewater collected from Chiang Mai University was applied into each unit via two different modes to evaluate suitable conditions for wastewater treatment and rice yield. In the first experiment, the wastewater was fed intermittently (7 h/day) with a hydraulic loading rate of 2, 4, 6 and 8 cm/day. The maximum removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total kjedahl nitrogen and suspended solids were only 49.1, 58.7, 64.0 and 59.4%, respectively, due to the short hydraulic retention time for the biodegradation of organic substances. In the second experiment, the wastewater in each unit was inundated to a depth of 15 cm for 10, 15, 20 and 25 days in each unit and then drained and re-flooded. Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total kjedahl nitrogen and suspended solids were greater than in the first experiment especially at the 25 day retention time and except for suspended solids met the Thai national effluent standard. The study revealed that apart from wastewater treatment, wastewater can replace natural water to grow rice in the dry season or throughout the year. Moreover, nutrients in wastewater can be a substitute for chemical fertilizers. Rice grain production was 4,700 kg/ha and only 6% less than the production from the conventional paddy field.     

Analysis of pollutant removal effect using innovative ridge2shaped constructed wetland

In t his paper, a new t ype of ridg e2shaped co nstr ucted w etland w hich combines surface flow and ho rizontal subsurface flow w as proposed. The pro po sed wetland had simple str ucture, low co nstr uction and operating cost, less human interference and go od po llution remov al effect. T he combination of surface flow and subsurface flow pr ov ided an aero bic and anaerobic alter nating env iro nment for the entir e w etland. The performance of the proposed wetland was compared with a traditional horizontal subsurface flow wetland. The comparison results showed that the removal rates of BOD ( biochemical ox ygen demand) , T N ( t otal nitr ogen) , and T P ( tota l phospho rus) in the ridge2shaped w etland in2 creased up to 201 3% , 171 0% , and 91 1% , respectively . The pr oposed w et land structure co uld be w idely applied for t reatment of rur al and urban domest ic sew age pollutio n o r ag ricultural po int and no npo int so ur ce water po llut ion.     

人工湿地处理污水机理及效率比较

介绍国内外人工湿地处理技术的研究现状及人工湿地对有机物、氮、磷等的去除机理及效率,分析了人工湿地处理技术存在的不足.提出人工湿地污水处理系统作为一种高效、节能、低投资、运行费用低、操作简单的污水处理技术在我国尤其是中小城镇及广大农村具有应用前景.     

不同填料对阶梯式人工湿地降解农业废水的影响

针对人工湿地填料对农业废水污染物降解效果不稳定的问题,采用阶梯式人工湿地方法对农业废水进行降解,选择钢渣、石灰石、麦饭石、竹炭粒4种常见填料用于阶梯式人工湿地,研究了它们对农业废水中主要污染物的降解能力。试验结果表明:当污水停留时间(HRT)为7 d时,对污水中COD、浊度、TP、TN和NH3—N的降解率,钢渣分别为79.7%、88.7%、83.5%、74.4%和81.2%,石灰石分别为73.6%、70.7%、55.2%、50.1%和56.9%,麦饭石分别为81.3%、89.7%、78.6%、79.2%和81.5%,竹炭粒分别为67.6%、88.5%、68.3%、69.2%和73.2%,出水水质基本达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准的要求。     

人工湿地生态系统脱氮除磷机理及研究进展

介绍了人工湿地生态系统去除污水中氮磷的机理,并从工艺优化、湿地植物、基质和微生物四个方面系统地阐述了目前人工湿地系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展情况;通过优化湿地系统设计、湿地植物的筛选、基质的选择和复合、微生物种群的调控等可以有效提高人工湿地的氮磷去除率,提出了当前人工湿地研究中存在的问题和研究方向.