好氧堆肥腐熟的促进技术

好氧堆肥化技术已成为废弃农作物秸秆返田的重要途径之一。随着稀土农用越来越普及,研究稀土元素对废弃秸秆堆肥腐熟进程及产品品质的影响具有较为重要的学术意义。结果表明,稀土元素镧有利于提高堆体中Bacillus thermophiles GX5及其他土著微生物的代谢活性,促进木质纤维素的降解转化,提高堆体的腐熟度。当堆肥体系中存在镧同时添加菌株Bacillus thermophilus GX5时,堆体温度可在第3天升高至70.3℃,且在55℃以上维持5天。此时,堆体的脱氢酶活性为11.02U/g,纤维素降解酶、木质素过氧化物酶和漆酶的酶活分别为4.55U/g、2.82U/g和0.21U/g。腐熟阶段,半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别达47.6%、40.6%和31.1%,堆体的E4/E6值为3.24,硝化指数为1.87,种子发芽指数为221.80%。堆肥产品的品质符合我国《有机肥料》（NY/T 525—2021）等相关标准。     

禽畜粪便好氧堆肥研究进展

规模化禽畜养殖业使得大量的禽畜粪便给城市环境带来了巨大的压力。好氧堆肥是利用好氧微生物作用使禽畜粪便稳定化、无害化、资源化的一种有效方法。由于该法具有速度快、能耗低、占地少、经济实用等优点,近年已成为资源、环保领域的一个研究热点。本文介绍了禽畜粪便好氧堆肥的机理及控制条件如C/N比、填充剂、高效菌种及腐熟指标等。     

城市污水污泥好氧堆肥的研究概述

本文通过对城市污水污泥的堆肥机理及其过程的分析,论述好氧堆肥的主要影响因素包括堆肥填充料、初始含水率、通气供养条件、有机质含量、碳氮比(C/N)、pH以及温度等,并在此基础上进一步分析污泥好氧堆肥的腐熟度指标,分别给出物理指标、化学指标、生物指标以及毒性指标,评价各指标特点及其局限性。     

污水处理厂污泥好氧发酵堆肥试验研究

采用强制通风好氧静态方式对污泥进行堆肥试验研究,结果表明:通过调节污泥水分和C/N比,经过好氧反应器堆肥处理,污泥有机质发生降解,含水率不断下降,最终达到30%左右;工况A和B都达到最高温度,分别为58.90℃和59.9℃,并维持了 6天,有效杀灭病原菌,实现城市污泥无害化、稳定化和减量化的要求;工况A、B的种子发芽指数鄙达到100%以上,腐熟的污泥成为肥料产品,实现资源化.     

制药废水剩余污泥好氧堆肥制备土壤改良剂

为实现制药企业剩余污泥的资源化处置,将剩余污泥进行好氧堆肥制备成土壤改良剂。以剩余污泥、玉米秸秆、牛粪、砂子为原料,考察C/N,含水率和翻堆频次对好氧堆肥后腐植酸含量的影响,筛选合适的堆肥条件。结果表明,当好氧堆肥条件设置为碳氮比35,含水率60%,翻堆间隔为3天时,产物的腐植酸含量最高,腐熟程度好,且种子发芽指数达到95%,堆肥产物可用作土壤改良剂。     

养殖场猪粪超高温好氧堆肥试验研究

针对国内畜禽粪便处理的现状,鹏鹞环保集团选址某养猪场粪便处理厂,开展本次试验研究,利用YM菌超高温好氧处理技术,对养猪场粪污进行处理,设置YM菌与猪粪不同配比的堆体,堆肥的减容减量效果主要通过在持续高温环境下,蒸发去除水分实现。     

园林废弃物好氧堆肥处理技术的研究进展

从堆肥处理工艺、堆肥过程控制、堆肥机械研制等方面介绍了我国园林废弃物好氧堆肥研究的现状。现有研究存在的问题主要是针对园林废弃物堆肥专用菌剂,以及对园林废弃物与其它易腐有机废弃物混合堆肥工艺和装置的研究较少。     

油茶壳-蚕沙堆肥过程中理化参数变化及其腐熟度评价

对油茶壳和蚕沙按照不同配比进行好氧堆肥处理,探讨堆肥过程中理化参数变化,并选取≥50℃高温持续时间、碳氮质量比、种子发芽指数为评价指标,运用灰色关联分析法进行堆肥腐熟度评价。结果表明：添加蚕沙的处理其pH为中性或弱碱性,且最高温度、≥50℃高温持续时间及阳离子交换量均高于对照;发酵后各处理碳氮质量比均有明显降低,阳离子交换量随发酵进程总体呈上升趋势,种子发芽指数均在70%以上,对植物毒性小;灰色关联分析结果显示,堆肥40 d时,初始碳氮质量比为20处理完全腐熟,初始碳氮质量比为25处理达到较好腐熟,其余处理全程未腐熟。综上所述,添加蚕沙能有效促进油茶壳腐解,初始碳氮质量比在20～25为宜。     

城市污泥好氧堆肥资源化利用项目环境影响评价的关键问题探讨

根据城市污泥好氧堆肥资源利用项目在环境影响评价过程中的一些经验,探讨此类项目的污染识别和治理。     

三个污水处理厂污泥好氧堆肥对比试验

以三个污水处理厂的脱水污泥为研究对象,采用秸杆作为调理剂,考察污泥性质对堆肥过程的影响。结果表明,东区水质净化厂、南桥污水处理厂及奉贤区西部污水处理厂好氧发酵过程最佳污泥与秸杆干物料体积比(V泥:V调)分别为1∶0.8、1∶0.65和1∶0.8。初始污泥有机质、含氮量越丰富,高温期持续时间越长,减容率、减重率越高;初始污泥种子发芽率高时,发酵后趋势将持续,种子发芽率仍会很高。     

对畜禽粪便发酵腐熟指标判定的探讨

以猪粪为例,通过加入腐熟剂发酵与自然发酵对比,探讨了畜禽粪便好氧发酵堆肥腐熟度的判定指标。实验表明,松散度、感官气味、温度、pH值、含水量、铵态氮、碳氮比、蛋白酶活性、大肠杆菌数、蛔虫卵死亡率、种子发芽率等可作为判定畜禽粪便腐熟度的指标,另外,重金属和抗生素也应作为重要指标进行检测,随着研究的深入还应从生物学、物理学、生物化学等方面综合判断。     

The availability and binding of heavy metals in compost derived from household waste

Organic waste can be recycled as compost which has traditionally been used as a soil improver. As more waste is recycled as compost, it is becoming increasingly important to find alternative uses for compost. Leachability data are used to determine the environmental availability of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contained in natural compost. Batch sorption data are used to determine uptake of additional Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn by compost and assess its potential use in remediation work, as an alternative to natural materials such as peat. The relative binding of these additional metals to compost is found to be in the order Pb > Cd ≈ Cu > Zn. The sorption of metals on compost takes place, at least in part, by exchange of calcium bound to the compost and there is evidence that the sorption occurs in both humic and non‐humic sites in the compost. The use of compost to bind metals in remediation work is discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于制氧站的安全评价分析

制氧站氧气生产、储存、装卸运输过程中的各种不安全因素,通过合规性安全评价、技术改造和优化管理可逐步消除。只有抓好气体充装环节的安全和质量,危险事故,特别是恶性爆炸事故的发生率才能得到有效的控制。     

Experimental study and mathematical modeling of gaseous toluene biofiltration by thermophilic active compost

The main goal of this work was to develop a mathematical model of the process of toluene biofiltration by thermophilic active compost. The model parameters were determined in laboratory-scale experiments with a biofilter, as well as in microcosm experiments. Our experiments have shown that there are two distinctive shapes of compost particles: flat and round ones. The retention time distribution was also determined experimentally. The experimental results of the kinetics, retention time distribution and particle shape were used to develop a mathematical model of the process. Toluene and oxygen concentration profiles were calculated as a function of the particle depth. It has been shown that the oxygen concentration is always is excess and therefore, no anaerobic zones can be expected. A significant intraparticle mass-transfer resistance was predicted for the case of round particles while the effect of internal mass-transfer was not that important in the flat particles. The toluene concentration profile as a function of the bioreactor axial coordinate was calculated and compared to the experimental data.     

化学需氧量分析仪工作原理及故障处理

化学需氧量是水质分析与监测的主要指标之一,能够有效反映废水有机污染的程度,化学需氧量分析仪又名COD在线监测仪,主要应用于城市和企业污水站、河流、自来水厂等,化学需氧量指标的重要在线实时监控设备,本文着重介绍其设备的工作原理,快速解决实际工作中故障,提高设备的使用效果及数据准确性。     

Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in a compost biofilter

Two laboratory‐scale biofilters filled with the same type of packing material were operated at different gas flow rates and influent concentrations of toluene and xylene in order to investigate their performance in treating waste gas streams. The columns contained a mixture of municipal compost as a base material and wood chips as a bulking agent in an 80:20 ratio; the porosity was 54%. Microbial acclimation was achieved by addition of nutrient‐enriched solution along with pollutants for a week by daily mixing and natural aeration. During the start‐up of the systems with inlet concentrations of 20 and 70 ppm for toluene and xylene, respectively, high biomass growth resulted in pressure drops in excess of 2000 Pam^?1. Under steady state conditions, the response of each biofilter to variations in contaminant mass loading was studied by either changing the influent concentration or flow rate of the inlet waste stream. The results show that organic loading rates of up to 110 and 150 gm^?3h^?1 can be handled without any indication of the elimination capacity being saturated. However, maintaining the pressure drop below 1000 Pam^?1 to avoid operational problems, optimal organic loading rates for toluene and xylene of 78 ± 8 and 80 ± 14 gm^?3h^?1 respectively are suggested for an HRT value of 60 s. Under these conditions, elimination capacities of 73 ± 4 and 73 ± 14 gm^?3h^?1 and removal efficiencies of 94 ± 6% and 91 ± 8% were achieved for toluene and xylene, respectively. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

氯碱-PVC化验室中氧含量分析方法

综述了铜氨吸收法、焦性没食子酸钾吸收法、气相色谱法、电化学法、便携式测氧仪等氧含量分析技术在氯碱-乙烯法PVC生产工艺各环节样品分析中的应用及方法改进。     

Effect of compost and soil properties on the availability of compost phosphate for white clover (Trifolium repens L.)

Wide variation in results exists in the literature on the effectiveness of composts to sustain the phosphorus (P) nutrition of crops. The aim of this work was to assess the importance of some soil and composts properties on the utilization of compost-P by white clover (Trifolium repens L.). This study was carried out with samples collected from four composts made from solid kitchen and garden wastes, and with two soil samples taken from the A horizon of a P-rich sandy acidic Dystrochrept and of a P-limited clayey calcareous Eutrochrept. Changes in the amount of inorganic P (Pi) isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E_1min) were measured during 32 weeks in incubated soil-composts or soil-KH₂PO₄mixtures where P sources had been added at the rate of 50 mg P kg^–1 soil. Uptake of compost-P or KH₂PO₄-P by white clover was measured on the same amended soils during 16 weeks. In both soils, the application of composts resulted after 32 weeks of incubation in E_1min values ranging between those observed in the control without P and those observed in the KH₂PO₄treatment, i.e., in values ranging between 4.2 and 5.9 mg P kg^–1 in the sandy acidic soil and between from 1.6 to 4.3 mg P kg^–1 in the clayey calcareous soil. The total coefficient of utilization of compost-P (CU-P) by white clover reached values in both soils for the four composts ranging between 6.5% and 11.6% of the added P while in the presence of KH₂PO₄ the CU-P reached values ranging between 14.5% in the clayey calcareous soil and 18.5% in the sandy acidic soil. Results obtained in the sandy acidic soil suggest, that white clover initially used a fraction of the rapidly exchangeable compost P, while at a latter stage plant roots enhanced the mineralisation of compost organic P and took up a fraction of the mineralized P. These relations were not observed in the clayey calcareous soil probably because of its high sorbing capacity for P. In the sandy acidic soil, composts application increased the uptake of soil P by the plant from 31.4 mg P kg^–1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 37.9 to 42.7 mg P kg^–1 soil in the presence of composts. This indirect effect was related to a general improvement of plant growth conditions in this soil induced by compost addition (from 9.9 g DM kg^–1 soil in the control without P to values ranging between 14.0 to 16.1 g DM kg^–1 soil in the presence of composts) and/or to the release of Al- or Fe bound soil P to the solution due to soil pH increase following compost application. Finally the total coefficient of utilization of P (CU-P) derived from KH₂PO₄ and composts was related to the total amount of N exported by white clover in the P-limited clayey calcareous soil but not in the P-rich sandy acidic soil. This suggests that in a soil where N₂ biological fixation is limited by low P availability, the CU-P of a compost by white clover is not only related to the forms of P present in the compost but also to its effect on N nutrition. However, it is not clear whether this improved N nutrition was due to compost mineralisation, or to an indirect compost effect on the N₂ biological fixation.     

Optimization of extraction of bulk enzymes from spent mushroom compost

The profiling of ligninase, hemicellulase and cellulase of Pleurotus sajor‐caju after inoculation of spawn in bags containing sawdust was done at monthly intervals for a period of 6 months. Xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8) was produced throughout the 6 months studied with the productivity range from 5.60 to 7.51 U g^?1. Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4) and β‐glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) productivities were highest at 4 months, producing 3.31 U g^?1 and 121.13 U g^?1 respectively. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) productivity was highest at 2 months with a value of 7.59 U g^?1. Lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) productivity was highest at 5 months with a value of 206.20 U g^?1. Total soluble proteins were highest at 4 months with a value of 0.139 mg cm^?3. The profiling of lignin peroxidase in 5‐month‐old spent mushroom compost was monitored over a period of 10 months. It was observed that lignin peroxidase was produced throughout the period but productivity was variable. The average lignin peroxidase productivity ranged from 30 to 110 U g^?1. The activities of the enzymes extracted in tap water at pH 8.4 were comparable to that extracted in 50 mmol sodium citrate buffer at pH 4.8 and distilled water at pH 5.2 at 4 °C using an incubator shaker at 200 rpm for 18 h. The optimum extraction time was 1 h using an incubator shaker at 4 °C. When an incubator shaker was used, there was no significant difference in the recovery of xylanase, cellulase and laccase at different pH values at 4 °C and 28 °C. No significant difference was observed in the recovery of β‐glucosidase using an incubator shaker at different pH values at 4 °C although the enzyme recovery was slightly higher at pH 8.12, with a value of 29.27 U g^?1. The optimum extraction of β‐glucosidase was at pH 4 at room temperature using an incubator shaker. For the lignin peroxidase enzyme, the optimum pH for extraction was 6 at 4 °C and pH 7 at room temperature using an incubator shaker at 200 rpm for 1 h. Homogenization for 8 min at 8000 rpm using tap water at pH 4 had an advantage over the use of the incubator shaker for the extraction as high titers of enzymes were recovered. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry