Estimation of machine-tool dynamic parameters during machining operation through operational modal analysis

The stability of high-speed machining operations determines the reliability of machine tools and the quality of machined parts. Chatter-free cutting conditions are difficult to predict as they require accurately estimated dynamic modal parameters. A spectrogram analysis and impact tests for different configurations of the machine tools were conducted to compare the modal parameters at 0 rpm tests and during machining tests. Variations of between 2% and 8% were observed for the natural frequencies and between 2 and 10 times for the damping ratios.The operational modal analysis (OMA) is considered as a powerful tool for dynamic modal parameter estimations during machining operations. A complete methodology for applying this technique for machining operations was detailed. It was demonstrate how the OMA can be industrially exploited. The proposed approach was successfully applied during the high-speed machining of the 7075-T6 aluminum alloy to extract machine-tool parameters. Two different numerical approaches were used: the autoregressive moving average method (ARMA) and the least square complex exponential method (LSCE), both of which generated similar results. The dynamic parameters found using the operational modal analysis were used to predict machine dynamic stability lobes, and through experimental validation, it was shown that some depths of cut that are stable with standard stability lobes become unstable with dynamic stability lobes.     

An approach for measuring the FRF of machine tool structure without knowing any input force

Measuring the dynamics of a machine tool is important for improving its processing or design. In general, the dynamics of the machine tool structure is identified by the experimental modal analysis approaches that require the measurement of both the input loadings and the corresponding structural responses. However, the primary limitation for this method is that the input loadings are difficult or impossible to be measured when the machine tool is under operational conditions. In this paper, a method that is based on random decrement technology was used to identify the operational modal parameters of a machine tool without the knowledge of any of the inputs. To estimate the frequency response functions, FRFs, a structural change method was proposed. The approach is based on the sensitivity of the eigenproperties to structural modifications caused by the drive positions. The proposed method was verified experimentally by traditional hammer tests. Because no elaborate excitation equipment is used, the dynamics of the machine tool structure with arbitrarily feed rate or working position can be easily identified using the proposed active excitation modal analysis method.     

Tool point dynamics prediction by a three-component model utilizing distributed joint interfaces

In machine dynamics the tool point frequency response functions (FRFs) are employed to predict the stable machining conditions. In this paper, a combined analytical–experimental substructuring procedure is proposed to determine the tool point FRFs for different holder–tool configurations. The method employs the measured spindle-machine FRFs and analytical models of the tool and the holder to predict the tool tip FRFs for different sets of tools and holders mounted on the machine spindle without the need for repeated experimental measurements. Distributed joint interfaces are used to couple the three-component model of the machine. The machine tool tip FRFs with different tool–holder combinations are obtained assuming the clamping conditions at joint interfaces remain unchanged. An experimental case study is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method in dynamic modeling of machine tool.     

In-process measurement and assessment of dynamic characteristics of machine tool structures

In this paper, an in-process measurement procedure for a machine tool structure is illustrated. An effective technique for eliminating the effect of inteference signals is presented. The dynamic parameters of the machine tool structure estimated from the in-process measurements under various machining conditions are shown. The influence of the machining conditions on the operative receptance and the modal parameters is studied. A criterion for choosing the machining conditions of in-process measurement is proposed.     

Estimation of CNC machine–tool dynamic parameters based on random cutting excitation through operational modal analysis

Dynamic properties of the whole machine tool structure including tool, spindle, and machine tool frame contribute greatly to the reliability of the machine tool in service and machining quality. However, they will change during operation compared with the results from static frequency response function measurements of classic experimental modal analysis. Therefore, an accurate estimation of the dynamic modal parameters of the whole structure is of great value in real time monitoring, active maintenance, and precise prediction of a stability lobes diagram.Operational modal analysis (OMA) developed from civil engineering works quite efficiently in modal parameters estimation of structure in operation under an intrinsic assumption of white noise excitation. This paper proposes a new methodology for applying this technique in the case of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machine tools during machining operations. A novel random excitation technique based on cutting is presented to meet the white noise excitation requirement. This technique is realized by interrupted cutting of a narrow workpiece step while spindle rotating randomly. The spindle rotation speed is automatically controlled by G-code part program, which contains a series of random speed values produced by MATLAB software following uniform distribution. The resulting cutting produces random pulses and excites the structure in all three directions. The effect of cutting parameters on the excitation frequency and energy was analyzed and simulated. The proposed technique was experimentally validated with two different OMA methods: the Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI) method and the poly-reference least square complex frequency domain (pLSCF or PolyMAX) method, both of which came up with similar results. It was shown that the proposed excitation technique combined successfully with OMA methods to extract dynamic modal parameters of the machine tool structure.     

机床圆柱结合部的动态特性解析方法

在机床图纸设计阶段，预测机床整机的动态特性具有十分重要的意义，进行机床整机动态特性预测的难点在于如何确定结合部的刚度和阻尼参数，本文以机床结构中应用较普遍的圆柱结合部为例，研究了基于结合面基础特性参数的圆柱结合部动态特性解析方法，并编制相应解析软件，给出应用实例，证明本文的方法及软件是正确的。     

高速大推力直线电机直接驱动进给系统动态性能的分析

大推力直线电机直接驱动是一种新颖的高速数控机床直线进给系统驱动方式,它将直线电机的定子和动子分别安装在机床床身和工作台上,取消一切机械传动环节,大大提高进给系统的伺服性能,但这种驱动方式对外界干扰非常敏感,机床运行过程中切削力甚至进给系统运动部件质量的变化等均是系统的直接干扰.本文根据直接驱动进给系统的控制模型,分析了系统动态刚度的计算方法和主要影响因素,提出了提高动态性能的方法.根据系统的特点,设计动态质量估计器,实现直接驱动进给系统的动态质量在线估计和补偿.对实际系统的仿真分析表明,本文提出的基于系统动态质量在线估计与补偿方法,能大大提高系统的性能.     

坡口机床进给丝杠副刚度计算

坡口机床进给系统中自激振动是制约加工效率的主要原因,有很大一部分振动来源于进给丝杠副。应用机床动力学理论建立进给系统自激振动力学模型并进行理论分析,计算不同支承方式下丝杠轴向刚度和螺母结构刚度,提出采用两端固定支承和双螺母的结构,可有效提高刚度、抑制振动现象发生。     

Feed speed scheduling method for parts with rapidly varied geometric feature based on drive constraint of NC machine tool

As the existence of rapidly varied geometric feature and during the NC manufacturing process of this kind of parts, the actual moving speed of the workbench of the NC machine tool cannot reach the feed speed set in the NC program timely due to the drive constraint of NC machine tool. Furthermore, the machine tool would vibrate violently with the drive constraint when employing the constant machining parameter to process the parts with rapidly varied geometric feature, which seriously restricts the improvement of processing this kind of parts with high quality and high efficiency. In order to manufacture such parts with high quality and high efficiency, a sub-regional processing method with variable machining parameters is proposed. Firstly, the generation mechanism of the machining error is studied, and its mathematical model is built. Then the change rule of the machining error influenced by the curvature and the NC programmed feed speed is found out. Finally, taking the drive constraint and the machining error requirement into account, the relationship between the programmed feed speed and the curvature is established, and the corresponding programmed feed speeds to different curvatures are obtained. Taking the NC machining of the edge line of spiral microstrip antenna, which is an equiangular spiral, for example, the experiment results show that compared with the machining result with constant machining parameter, the maximum machining error of the sub-regional processing method with variable machining parameters decreases by 35.51% and the average value of the machining error decreases by 46.65%. For another example, the clover rose line is machined and the processing quality is also improved. This study proves that the method distributing the programmed feed speeds based on the curvature variation can improve the machining precision and ensure processing efficiency, and provides an effective method to manufacture parts with rapidly varied geometric feature.     

多轴机床快速有限元建模与随位动态特性预估

针对多轴机床随位动态特性难以高效求解的问题,提出一种快速有限元建模方法。该方法先根据结合部建模方案对机床进行子结构划分与前处理,再用弹簧-阻尼单元表征子结构间结合部的连接特性,最后通过局部坐标变换调节各子结构在机床中的位置与姿态,从而完成整机的参数化有限元建模。运用所提方法,建立了某型五轴动梁龙门立式车铣复合机床的参数化有限元模型。该模型仅需单次有限元前处理,即可快速预估机床工作全域内不同位姿下的结构动态特性。预估了该机床前5阶固有频率以及0~150 Hz频带内刀尖点频响函数在工作全域内的分布规律,为机床结构动力修改与加工参数优选提供了力学依据。     

Modelling machine tool dynamics using a distributed parameter tool–holder joint interface

Increasing productivity in machining process demands high material removal rate in stable cutting conditions and depends strongly on dynamic properties of machine tool structure. Combined analytical–experimental procedures based on receptance coupling substructure analysis (RCSA) are employed to determine the stability of machine operating conditions at different tool configurations. The RCSA employs holder–spindle experimental mobility measurements in conjunction with an analytical model for the tool to predict the dynamics of different sets of tool and holder–spindle combinations without the need for repeated mobility measurements. In this paper an alternative approach using the concept of tool on resilient support is adopted to predict the machine tool dynamics in various tool configurations. In the proposed model the tool, represented by an analytical model, is partly resting on a resilient support provided by the holder–spindle assembly. The support dynamic flexibility is measured by performing vibration tests on the holder–spindle assembly. Tool–holder joint interface characteristics are included in the model by considering a distributed elastic interface layer between the holder–spindle and the tool shank part. The distributed interface layer takes into account the change in normal contact pressure along the joint interface and comparing with the lumped joint model used in RCSA it allows more detailed representation of the joint interface flexibility and damping which have crucial roles in machine dynamics. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficiency of proposed model in prediction of milling operation dynamics and it is shown that the model is capable of accurately predicting the dynamic absorber effect of spindle in a tool tuning practice.     

一种新型并联机床的运动学分析及受力分析

提出了以四自由度空间并联机构作为主进给机构，辅以双向移动工作台实现多坐标数控加工的一种新型并联机床的布局设计方案。该并联机床具有工作空间大、可实现姿态角大、位置与姿态解耦等优点，建立了主进给机构的封闭形式的运动学方程，导出了一、二阶运动影响系数矩阵，通过建立机构的静力平衡方程，分析了切削加工载荷在各条驱动腿之间的分配情况，最后，给出了仿真研究的数值实例。     

Finite element analysis of machine and workpiece instability in turning

Chatter is a well-known and self-exited vibration. The stock removal rate is highly affected by this phenomenon. In this paper instability analysis of machining process is presented by dynamic model of turning machine. This model, which consists of machine tool's structure, is provided by finite element method and ANSYS software, so that, the flexibility of machine's structure, workpiece and tool have been considered. The model is evaluated and corrected with experimental results by modal testing on TN40A turning machine in which the natural frequencies and the shape of vibration modes are analyzed. Finally, the stability lobes obtained from this model are plotted and compared with experimental results.     

基于ADAMS的数控机床进给系统动力学仿真

为了分析机床进给系统在零件加工时对其精度影响,利用三维造型软件Solid Works建立数控机床进给系统的动力学模型;利用Ansys分别建立丝杠和工作台的有限元模型,将模型导入Adams,对数控机床进给系统进行振动仿真。结果表明:固定转速下,工作台在不同位置的振幅不同,改变转速其规律相近;在不同转速下,速度越大,工作台振幅越大,并呈线性关系。     

A holistic integrated dynamic design and modelling approach applied to the development of ultraprecision micro-milling machines

Ultraprecision machines with small footprints or micro-machines are highly desirable for micro-manufacturing high-precision micro-mechanical components. However, the development of the machines is still at the nascent stage by working on an individual machine basis and hence lacks generic scientific approach and design guidelines. Using computer models to predict the dynamic performance of ultraprecision machine tools can help manufacturers substantially reduce the lead time and cost of developing new machines. Furthermore, the machine dynamic performance depends not only upon the mechanical structure and components but also the control system and electronic drives. This paper proposed a holistic integrated dynamic design and modelling approach, which supports analysis and optimization of the overall machine dynamic performance at the early design stage. Based on the proposed approach the modelling and simulation process on a novel 5-axis bench-top ultraprecision micro-milling machine tool – UltraMill – is presented. The modelling and simulation cover the dynamics of the machine structure, moving components, control system and the machining process, and are used to predict the overall machine performance of two typical configurations. Preliminary machining trials have been carried out and provided the evidence of the approach being helpful to assure the machine performing right at the first setup.     

A method to predict position-dependent structural natural frequencies of machine tool

Machine tool structure has a strong influence on the dynamic properties of the tool. The change of a machine tool's structure will cause variations in the dynamic parameters of the entire tool, such as its natural frequency, which will result in changes to the stability of the tool and poor machining quality. Thus, a study on the variations of machine tool dynamics is essential for high performance cutting. In this paper, using the mass change method, a basic mathematical model for predicting the natural frequency change resulting from structural change was presented followed by an experimental validation of the model. The mathematical model indicates that structural change will lead to the outward variation of the natural frequency, which is essentially related to the change of the squared mode shape values between the original position and the modified position of the moving component. With this natural frequency change rate prediction model, the natural frequency in the case of structural change can be easily predicted. The predicted results indicate that the positional change of different moving components has differing influences on the natural frequency of the machine tool.     

The feasibility of eigenstructure assignment for machining chatter control

The eigenstructure assignment algorithm is proposed for controlling machining chatter by changing the response of the machine tool structure to dynamic cutting forces through the change of its modal properties so that the interaction between the tool and workpiece can be altered. The determination of the desired modal shapes is derived from a concept similar to gain scheduling in adaptive control system theory. By using computer simulations, the desired eigenstructure of the machine tool structure for different cutting conditions is determined and used to form the scheduling table. The gain matrix is adjusted according to the scheduling table and cutting conditions. It was found from experimental results that by changing the principal direction of the machine tool structure, the machining system could be stabilized and that the use of the proper eigenstructure to suppress machine tool chatter could significantly increase the material removal rate. Simulations have shown that the responses of the controlled machining system have been altered from unstable to stable, proving the feasibility of the proposed chatter control concept.     

数控机床进给系统静动态特性分析

进给系统作为数控机床的主要组成部分,其性能直接影响机床的加工精度和加工效率,对其静动态特性进行分析有着重大的意义.运用有限元方法对数控机床进给系统进行静动态特性分析,得到进给系统的静力变形云图、固有频率以及振动特性.分析结果表明:进给系统最大变形为5.6μm、最大屈服应力为2.8 MPa、安全系数达到15,均符合要求,...     

Receptance coupling for tool point dynamic prediction by fixed boundaries approach

The material removal capability of machines is partially conditioned by self-excited vibrations, also known as chatter. In order to predict chatter free machining conditions, dynamic transfer function at the tool tip is required. In many applications, such as high-speed machining (HSM), the problematic modes are related to the flexibility of the tool, and experimental calculation of the Frequency Response Function (FRF) should be obtained considering every combination of tool, toolholder and machine. Therefore, it is a time consuming process which disturbs the production. The bibliography proposes the Receptance Coupling Substructure Analysis (RCSA) to reduce the amount of experimental tests. In this paper, a new approach based on the calculation of the fixed boundary dynamic behavior of the tool is proposed. Hence, the number of theoretical modes that have to be considered is low, instead of the high number of modes required for the models presented up today. This way, the Timoshenko beam theory can be used to obtain a fast prediction. The accuracy of this new method has been verified experimentally for different tools, toolholders and machines.     

Optimized feed scheduling in three axes machining: Part II: Experimental validation

The optimized feed scheduling strategy, developed in part I of this paper, considers an optimal use of the feed drive systems. The low frequency dynamics of the different feed drive systems of the machine tool are identified. The resulting transfer functions are transformed into FIR filter and integrated with the planning of the tool trajectory. The effectiveness of the proposed feed scheduling strategy is demonstrated using ball end milling of a workpiece that provides variable cutting conditions along a nonlinear tool path. The performance of this strategy in terms of productivity, machining safety, and machining accuracy, is compared to a feed scheduling strategy based on control points. The proposed strategy has significantly improved the tracking and trajectory following characteristics. It achieves a good prediction of the feed rate of the different axes and consequently a better regulation of the cutting force. In addition, by increasing the feed rate, while respecting the different constraints, it improves the tool path accuracy and enhances the productivity.