工字形激光焊件中批量缺陷定位数据的自动提取

为了确定工字形焊件中批量缺陷的空间位置,采用多视角几何的方法对其进行了无损检测.提出了工字形激光焊件中小缺陷的深度与偏移量计算的数学模型,确定了精密焊缝中小缺陷的深度和偏移量.对影响缺陷定位精度的因素进行了理论分析,得出了影响缺陷定位精度的主要因素.为了实现焊件的快速检测和提高检测的鲁棒性,在缺陷分割与细化的基础上提出了缺陷投影距离自动提取的算法,并采用模拟缺陷的方法对上述算法进行了验证.结果表明,该方法是可行的.     

Research on segmentation and distribution features of small defects in precision weldments with complex structure

In order to study the segmentation and quantitative problem of small defects in precision weldments with complex structure, an automated image processing system was setup based on the Visual Basic 6.0 development environment. The weld zones were extracted by adopting the method of twice automatic threshold, and the small defects were segmented successfully by using sharpen, smoothing processing and background subtraction in the extracted weld zones. To determine the spatial distribution features of small defects, calculation formula of defects depth and deviation were deduced individually, and the projection distance of small defects can be extracted automatically also. The image processing system can achieve the goal of small defects segmentation and automatic extraction of projection distance. The depth and deviation of small defects can be obtained through the above deduced formula, and the longitudinal distribution of small defects can be obtained from the detection image, then the spatial distribution features of small defects can be determined.     

T形接头角焊缝中缺陷空间定位及分布特征

为实现T形接头焊件角焊缝中批量缺陷的空间定位及可视化,基于多视角成像方法,获取了焊件射线检测图像,并建立了T形接头焊件角焊缝中缺陷深度和偏移量的数学模型. 在射线检测图像缺陷分割的基础上,根据提出的缺陷自动对应准则和投影距离自动提取算法完成了焊件内部缺陷的空间位置数据自动提取,并实现了批量缺陷空间位置的可视化. 对焊件中自动提取的84个缺陷的空间位置数据进行了统计分析,获取了缺陷的空间分布特征. 试验结果表明,缺陷主要位于腹板中心线左侧,占总样本的73.8%;缺陷深度大多在[1.8 2.5] mm范围内,占总样本的85.7%,近86%的缺陷集中分布在翼板与腹板的结合面位置;缺陷半径在[0 0.51] mm范围内;缺陷沿焊缝纵向随机分布.     

双面T形焊件中批量缺陷空间定位数据的自动提取

提出了双面T形焊件中小缺陷的空间位置数据自动提取算法.该算法主要由两部分组成:一是自动提取投影距离和缺陷距焊缝上端的距离,二是自动提取缺陷尺寸和缺陷距焊缝上端的距离.设计了双面T形焊件左右旋转图像中缺陷的自动对应准则,实现了其内部小缺陷空间位置数据的快速提取.采用实际焊件破坏性试验的方法对上述算法进行了验证.结果表明,文中提出的算法是可行的.     

薄壁件激光锁底焊缝质量研究

针对30CrMnSiA薄壁激光锁底焊接接头的焊缝质量问题，从激光焊接中的气孔成形及分布规律入手，参照有关标准对一定焊缝长度内的不同孔径的气孔数量进行统计，同时对含气孔缺陷的焊接接头的力学性能进行了测试，结果表明：其焊缝气孔大多集中在有效焊深以外的焊缝根部，对焊接接头的性能影响不大，即使在焊缝中含有多处气孔的情况下，其焊缝力学性能依然能满足产品设计要求，据此制订了验收规范。生产应用表明：该规范对30CrMnSiA薄壁件激光锁底焊缝的质量控制合理，保证了构件性能，明显提高了生产效率。     

工字形焊件中批量缺陷的自动对应准则

为了实现工字形焊件中批量缺陷空间位置数据的自动提取,在缺陷分割与细化的基础上提出了批量缺陷的自动对应准则,探讨了影响缺陷自动对应判定的因素.应用提出的自动对应准则对实际焊件进行了批量缺陷空间位置数据的自动提取,并与手工对应的结果进行了对比.结果表明,采用文中算法对应到的缺陷与手工检测结果基本一致,但检测效率却大幅度提高,并大大减轻了检测人员的劳动强度,为该焊件的快速无损检测及接头完整性评价奠定了良好的基础.     

焊缝表面缺陷激光视觉传感HOG-SVM的检测方法

为了实现对焊缝表面缺陷的自动检测与分类,研究一种有效识别焊缝表面缺陷的激光视觉检测方法.通过激光视觉传感器采集焊缝图像并进行预处理,包括图像分割,灰度化,平滑去噪以及焊缝轮廓提取.采用方向梯度直方图(Histogram of Oriented Gradient, HOG)提取焊缝激光条纹轮廓图像的特征向量.其次,基于5折-交叉验证网格搜索方法进行模型参数寻优,最终建立了支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)智能模型识别与分类焊缝表面缺陷.通过调整焊缝轮廓提取算法、HOG特征维度得到不同特征数据并进行对比、分析焊缝缺陷的识别效果.在相同试验条件下,发现支持向量机比随机森林分类器、K最近邻分类器以及朴素贝叶斯分类器的识别率更高,达到97.86%.基于HOG-SVM的焊缝表面缺陷智能识别方法可有效提高焊缝缺陷(气孔、凹陷、咬边)及无缺陷的分类精度.     

脉冲激光-电弧复合焊接镁合金过程中熔池行为与气孔产生的关系研究

激光-电弧复合焊接镁合金过程中气孔是一种重要缺陷。本文针对复合热源焊接过程中熔池行为和激光匙孔引起的气孔之间的关系进行了实验研究。研究中重点考查了激光脉冲对熔池的冲击作用,匙孔的动态行为以及气孔的形成规律。研究结果表明激光脉冲的参数决定其对液态熔池的冲击作用,较强的激光脉冲作用可以有效抑制气孔的形成;液态金属的行为主要有匙孔行为主导;匙孔的尺寸和开-闭状态直接影响焊后气孔的形成;过高的激光脉冲功率会导致焊后气孔的形成;匙孔开口维持时间越长,焊后气孔数量越少。     

双面T形焊件中单侧投影重合缺陷的自动判别方法

为了实现双面T形焊件中单侧投影重合缺陷空间位置数据的自动提取，在原有自动判别准则的基础上提出了单侧投影重合缺陷的自动判别方法. 该方法首先对焊件左转或右转射线检测图像进行逐行搜索，通过采用缺陷中心点距图像上端距离相同的方法找出单侧投影重合的缺陷，然后通过对比单侧投影重合缺陷的左右投影距离，判别重合缺陷在焊件内部的深度位置，从而将重合缺陷区分出来. 采用提出的方法对实际焊件中的单侧投影重合缺陷进行了自动判别，试验结果表明提出的方法是可行的.     

功率分布对5A06铝合金激光摆动焊接熔池动态行为的影响

以5A06铝合金锁底对接焊缝为研究对象,在激光束摆动的基础上引入一种沿正弦摆动路径分布的激光功率(功率分布),实现功率相对于摆动路径的动态调控.基于FLUENT有限元软件,建立激光摆动焊接过程的流体动力学模型,研究光斑摆动与功率分布对焊缝成形的影响机制,模拟对比了施加等功率与功率分布2种工艺下的焊缝截面形貌、熔池动态行为及气孔形成过程.结果表明,与等功率焊接相比,施加功率分布焊缝成形更优,未出现咬边和烧穿等缺陷;由于功率分布的特点,有效缓和了熔池的平均流速,熔融金属呈现更为稳定的流动行为,进一步提高了匙孔的稳定性,并获得了深宽比较小的匙孔,有效降低了焊缝的孔隙率(0.9%).     

铝合金激光深熔焊气孔形成机理与控制技术

观察了铝合金激光深熔焊气孔的分布特征和形貌特征,深入分析了气孔的形成机理,研究了双光点能量分布的激光对铝合金激光深熔焊气孔的控制效果.结果表明,铝合金激光深熔焊焊缝中存在分布特征和形貌特征不同的两类气孔,即冶金类气孔和工艺类气孔.冶金类气孔的形成与氢在熔池中的析出、聚集与合并有关,而工艺类气孔产生的根本原因是焊接过程中匙孔的瞬间失稳.采用双光点能量分布的激光焊接铝合金可以扩大匙孔张口和根部直径,改善匙孔壁的波动状态,增强匙孔的稳定性,从而减少工艺类气孔的产生,但对冶金类气孔没有明显影响.     

Macrostructural and microstructural features of 1 000 MPa grade TRIP steel joint by CO2 laser welding

Bead-on-plate CO2 laser welding of 1 000 MPa grade transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel was conducted under different welding powers, welding speeds and shield gases. The macrostructural and microstructural features of the welded joint were investigated. The increase of welding speed reduced the width of the weld bead and the porosities in the weld bead resulting from the different flow mode of melted metal in weld pool. The decrease of welding power or use of shield gas of helium also contributed to the reduction of porosity in the weld bead due to the alleviation of induced plasma formation, thus stabilizing the keyhole. The porosity formation intimately correlated with the evaporation of alloy element Mn in the base metal. The laser welded metal had same martensite microstructure as that of water-quenched base metal. The welding parameters which increased cooling rate all led to fine microstructures of the weld bead.     

铝合金中厚板高功率激光搅拌焊气孔缺陷工艺调控

高功率激光焊接为铝合金中厚板高质高效焊接提供了有效手段,然而面临焊缝气孔多发的问题. 文中开展了铝合金中厚板高功率激光搅拌焊接气孔缺陷的工艺调控研究,阐明了搅拌振幅和搅拌频率对接头气孔率的影响,并提出了工艺参数优化方法. 结果表明,搅拌振幅主要影响光束运动轨迹横向分布和小孔开口面积;搅拌频率主要影响激光光束运动速度和对后方熔池的搅拌次数;搅拌振幅和频率越大,气孔抑制效果越明显,但焊缝熔深难以满足应用要求;通过控制光束运动轨迹和能量密度,可以实现工艺参数的设计,获得大熔深、少气孔的最佳工艺区间,最终得到熔深高达6.4 mm的少气孔焊接接头.     

Image segmentation of small defects in precision weldments with complex structure

In this paper, the X-ray nondestructive test method of small defects in precision weldments with complex structure was presented. To resolve the difficulty of defect segmentation in variable grey image, the image processing based on Visual Basic programming method was adopted. The methods of automatic contrast and partial grey stretch were used to enhance the X-ray detection image which has relatively low contrast, then automatic threshold method was carried out to segment the two high intensity zones, and weld zones which contain the small defects was extracted. Smoothing and sharpen processing were proceeded on the extracted weld zones, and small defects in X-ray detection image of weldments with complex structure were segmented by using the method of background subtraction in the end. The effects of raster were eliminated, and because of that the image processing was only proceeded on the extracted weld zones, the calculated speed using the above provided algorithm was improved.     

A study on the porosity of CO2 laser welding of titanium alloy

0IntroductionTitanium alloys are increasingly applied in aeronauticindustry because of its higher strength to weight ratio thansteel and superior fatigue performance to aluminum alloy.At the same time there are many newtitanium-based alloysoccurring,such as Ti3Al-Nb titanium aluminide[1].Weldsof titanium alloy are prone to porosity,presenting a poten-tial problem for many application requiring sealing,corro-sion and fatigue resistance and good fracture toughness.Many studies have demonstrate…     

Effect of active flux addition on laser welding of austenitic stainless steel

Abstract

The use of active flux in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is known to increase its weld depth. The present paper involves study of active flux laser beam welding (ALBW) of austenitic stainless steel sheets with respect to its effect on plasma plume, microstructure and mechanical properties of the resultant weldments. ALBW performed with SiO₂ as the flux significantly modified shape of the fusion zone (FZ) to produce narrower and deeper welds. Plasma plume associated with the process was considerably smaller and of lower intensity than that produced during bead on plate laser beam welding (LBW). Flux addition during LBW produced thin and rough weld bead associated with humping. The development of such a weld bead is cause by reversal in the direction of Marangoni flow by oxygen induced inversion of surface tension gradient, widely fluctuating plasma plume and presence of oxides on the weld pool surface preventing free flow of the melt. Active flux laser weldments exhibited lower ductility than that of bead on plate laser weldments.     

光束摆动法减小激光焊接气孔倾向

针对激光深熔焊过程中易出现的气孔问题,作者提出光束摆动激光焊接减小气孔倾向的工艺。利用3kW快轴流CO2激光器分别对激光焊接过程中可能出现的氮气孔和氩气孔进行了试验研究。结果表明,光束摆动激光焊接对氮气孔有显著的消除效果,随着摆动频率的增加,气孔急剧减少,并且在摆动幅度仅为0．5mm的情况下,就可以起到消除气孔的效果;光束摆动激光焊接对于抑制氩气孔也有一定作用,摆动频率越大,摆动幅度越大,对熔池的搅拌越大,越有利于气泡的逸出,焊缝中氩气孔越少。     

微间隙焊缝磁光检测神经网络修正

针对激光焊接微间隙焊缝（间隙小于0.1 mm）,研究提高磁光传感检测焊缝精度的BP神经网络修正方法.以碳钢平板对接激光焊为试验对象,利用磁光传感器检测焊缝区域磁场分布并成像.通过分析焊缝处磁场成像并应用BP神经网络修正磁光传感器得到焊缝中心数据,有效避免焊缝磁光图像低对比度和强噪声干扰问题.经过在不同焊接速度试验下的测试,四组神经网络试验的焊缝位置误差的绝对平均值都在0.015 mm左右,BP神经网络测量误差比磁光成像直接测量平均减少约28%.BP神经网络修正磁光成像测量技术可有效识别微间隙焊缝,为解决激光焊接微间隙焊缝过程自动识别和跟踪焊缝的难题提供了一种新方法.     

激光功率对2195铝锂合金光纤-半导体激光复合焊接形貌与气孔的影响

光纤-半导体激光复合焊接技术充分结合了光纤与半导体激光热源的优势,在激光加工领域拥有巨大的潜力.针对2195铝锂合金开展光纤-半导体激光复合焊接试验,并定量研究激光功率对焊接形貌与气孔的影响.结果表明,光纤激光功率显著影响焊缝熔深,半导体激光功率显著影响焊缝上熔宽.基于回归分析方法建立焊缝横截面积预测模型.此外,光纤与半导体激光均对焊缝气孔缺陷的控制起着重要的作用,较高的光纤激光功率有利于降低气孔缺陷.对于4 mm厚2195铝锂合金,采用光纤激光功率为3.0 k W、半导体激光功率为2.5～3.0 k W时,熔池温度高且光纤-半导体激光复合作用范围大,焊接接头气孔缺陷少.     

激光摆动焊接工艺参数对不锈钢焊缝成形与气孔率的影响

采用激光摆动焊接实现了5 mm厚1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的焊接,获得成形良好、低气孔率的接头.分析了焊接速度、摆动幅值、摆动频率、摆动形式对焊缝成形和气孔率的影响,从匙孔、熔池流动、气泡逸出的角度揭示了工艺参数影响气孔率的主要机理. 结果表明,对于5 mm厚不锈钢激光摆动焊接,适当提高焊接速度和摆动幅值,更利于减小气孔率;激光摆动频率在100 ~ 300 Hz可以兼顾较低气孔率和较好的焊缝成形;“8”形摆动激光可以获得相对较优的焊缝成形,焊缝气孔率最低,达到2.94%;而线性摆动激光获得焊缝成形最差,气孔率最高,达到19.13%.