静/动载作用下埋地管道力学性能的试验分析

针对埋地管道开展了静载和循环荷载试验,综合分析了荷载类型、加载角度、管道外径和管道材质等因素对管道力学与变形性能以及管周土压力分布规律的影响。结果表明:静载作用下,管周土中垂直土压力大小与加载位置关系密切,水平土压力受“土拱效应”影响显著;管道呈现水平向外鼓胀、垂直径向压缩的椭圆状变形,且承压板荷载越大,管道变形越严重,同时管顶“土拱效应”越显著。循环荷载对埋地管道上方土层的沉降影响明显大于静载;改变承压板角度时效果差异明显,当加载范围关于管道轴线对称时埋地管道所受影响显著。对比不同外径和材质的埋地管道,发现当厚径比相同时,管径越大,壁厚越大,弹性模量也越大,管道的抗变形性能也就越好;公称压力相同时,聚丙烯管道抗变形能力强于外径相等的高密度聚乙烯管道。     

循环荷载作用下格栅防护柔性埋地管道的性能分析

交通循环荷载下埋地管道性能与防护是当前研究的重点问题,首先针对格栅加筋柔性管道开展试验研究,分析管道埋深H为3D(D为管道外径)时循环荷载水平和频率、首层格栅埋深、长度、层间距和筋材层数对管道力学与变形性能的影响,试验结果表明:首层格栅最佳埋深u为0.4B(B为加载板宽度),最佳层间距ug为0.5B,最佳铺设长度L为5D;增加格栅层数能显著增强土体,从而有效减少管道变形和加载板沉降;提高荷载水平或降低荷载频率使管道变形、加载板沉降和格栅应变整体显著增加;格栅应变随其与加载板中心的距离增加而减小,格栅中心点应变随循环次数增加呈现先增加后减少的趋势。进而,基于有限元数值模拟分析管道埋深H、加载板宽度B和管径D对管道力学性能的影响,数值结果表明增加管道埋深或减小加载板宽度,管道径向变形减小;同等荷载作用下,减小管径时管道径向变形增大,筋材加筋效果减弱,适当增加管道直径,有利于筋材加筋作用的充分发挥,从而减小管道径向变形。     

砂埋管道上浮地基破坏机理的离散元模拟

本文采用离散单元法(DEM)建立的砂土中管道上浮模型来研究管道上浮时地基的破坏机理。首先考察不同密实度砂土在不同围压下的宏观力学特性,然后通过土体局部变形和颗粒位移场等微观变量分析不同密实度和不同埋深比对管道上浮地基破坏模式和上浮抗力的影响。结果表明:伴随土体变形,上覆土体的渐进破坏主要分布在上覆土体区域和管道周围;松砂中,与应力-应变关系类似,上浮抗力随着上浮位移的增长呈硬化性增长,管道周围土体回填进管道下部形成的空隙中,呈现局部流动破坏模式;密砂中,上浮抗力随着上浮位移的增加先上升后下降,规律与应变软化一致,管道上方先剪切形成倒梯形的上覆土楔,然后管道周围土体回填下部空隙形成流动,呈现先整体剪切破坏后局部流动的破坏模式;随着埋深的增加,上浮抗力增加,密砂中以先整体剪切破坏为主,同时局部流动破坏有明显的趋势。     

静载作用下土工格栅加筋防护埋地管道力学性能的实验研究

 针对土工格栅加筋防护埋地管道开展了静力载荷实验,研究管周填土相对密实度(Dr)、管道埋深(H)、筋材长度(L)和层数(n),以及首层筋材埋深(u)等对埋地管道防护性能的影响。实验结果表明：首层筋材最佳埋深为0.4B(加载板宽),筋材最佳铺设长度为4D(管道外径),筋材层数以3～4层为宜;同等条件下随着Dr持续增加,管道极限承载力增加,加载板沉降相应减少,且二者变化率明显降低,表明管周土相对松散时加筋效果愈加明显;同等条件下管道水平和竖向径向变形均随地表载荷增加而增加,且竖直径向比水平径向变形略大,通过增加筋材层数能显著提高土体刚度,能有效地分散管道上方载荷,为管道提供减载保护;管道外壁监测点环向应变值位于－1.5%～1.0%之间,顶部以压缩变形为主,其两侧45°处为压缩和拉伸变形过渡区,而水平径向以拉伸变形为主;随着Dr增加,管周环向应变减小,且应变的对称性愈加显著,表明因Dr增加引起土体自身刚度增加,能有效地限制管道移动及变形。     

The influence of geosynthetic reinforcement on the mechanical behaviour of soil-pipe systems

Buried pipes may transport substances that can be harmful to people and the environment. These structures may be subjected to damages caused by soil movements and external interference, such as surcharges and excavations. Different applications of geosynthetics have demonstrated that they can be used to protect buried pipes and to minimize the consequences of pipe burst. This paper discusses results of large scale laboratory tests on a flexible pipe buried in unreinforced and geosynthetic reinforced soils subjected to surface surcharges. The pipes were buried in a cohesionless soil and different types of reinforcements were tested, with a wide range of tensile stiffness values. The results obtained show that the arrangement of the reinforcement enveloping the pipe reduced significantly pipe displacements and deflections. The efficiency of the reinforcement depended on its type and physical and mechanical properties. The open geogrid tested showed less reinforcement efficiency due to the passage of soil particles through its aperture during the tests. A theoretical solution available for pipes in unreinforced soils was extended to the reinforced situation with good agreement between predictions and measurements and showed that the presence of the reinforcement is equivalent to the pipe being buried in a significantly stiffer unreinforced soil.     

地层沉陷中埋地HDPE管道力学状态及模型试验分析

地层沉陷致埋地HDPE管道事故频发,主要原因之一是地层沉陷过程中所诱发的管道附加应力和变形剧增,从而导致管道破坏。已有研究成果大多集中于固定尺寸沉陷区域管道与周围土体力学特性的分析,尚无相关理论预测沉陷发展过程中管道力学响应特征变化规律。利用自制室内足尺大型模型试验系统,以粗砂为管道开挖沟槽回填料,通过调整模型箱底板的下沉模拟地层沉陷形成过程,研究埋地HDPE双壁波纹管道的受力变形特性及其上覆回填料土体的沉降分布规律。试验结果表明:1地层沉陷过程中HDPE管道的竖向变形符合修正高斯分布曲线;2随着土体沉陷的发展,管道顶部土压力随之增大,且试验管道顶部的土拱率由0.7增大到2.05,呈现出明显负土拱效应;3对于相同抗弯刚度管道,土体沉陷变形所致管道附加变形随管道上覆土层厚度的减小而减小;4随着管道抗弯刚度增加,埋地管道对于土体的沉降抑制作用愈加明显。     

Parametric study of frost-induced bending moments in buried cast iron water pipes

While the features of frost susceptible soils have been examined in various studies, the mechanisms by which volume changes due to ground freezing can influence cast iron water pipes buried below the frost line have not been explained, and the hypothesis that frost-induced ground deformations can induce ring fractures due to longitudinal bending of these pipes has not been proven. Therefore, a parametric study employing three dimensional finite element analysis is reported, where the soil–pipe interaction associated with a pipe crossing under an intersection of a major arterial road with a residential street are examined. The arterial road is modeled as having non-frost susceptible sub-base and the local street is represented as having a lower grade pavement with frost susceptible sub-base. One specific frost loading case featuring both isotropic pore water expansion and orthotropic ice lens formation is modeled.The analysis demonstrates how volume changes due to ground freezing in soil strata above the buried pipe can induce bending moments sufficient to cause ring fracture. Changes in the relative axial stiffness of the pipe were found to have only a small effect on pipe moments. Decreases in the relative flexural stiffness of the pipe resulting from reductions in pipe modulus also had only a small effect on pipe deflections and normalized moments. Changes due to soil modulus had a significant effect on deformations, but little influence on moments. Decreases in pavement stiffness decrease pipe deflections and moments. Trench backfill conditions greatly affect deflection and moment. Reduction in burial depth from 2 m to 1.5 m increases deflections, and increases moments beyond the failure capacity of the grey, cast iron pipe considered in the study, and this computational result is directly supported by field evidence.     

砂土对埋设管线约束作用的模型试验研究

屈曲剧变是海底管线失稳破坏的重要形式之一。运营中的高温、高压是导致海底管线发生屈曲剧变的直接条件,而地基土体对管线的约束作用是导致管线屈曲的根本原因。研究表明地基土对管线作用力的大小决定着管线发生屈曲变形的形态。采用取自渤海湾的细砂进行了室内管土相互作用试验,研究不同直径、不同埋深的管线竖直向上运动、水平向运动以及轴向运动时土体抗力的发挥过程。试验结果表明土抗力的发挥过程与管线的埋置率有关;埋深相同的管线水平向运动时受到的抗力比竖直向运动时大2倍以上;结合试验结果提出了适于计算渤海湾砂土地基对埋设管线约束力的经验公式。     

Combining EPS geofoam with geocell to reduce buried pipe loads and trench surface rutting

This paper reports full scale experiments, under simulated heavy traffic, of geocell and EPS (expanded polystyrene) geofoam block inclusions to mitigate the pressure on, and deformation of, shallow buried, high density polyethylene (HDPE) flexible pipes while limiting surface settlement of the backfilled trench. Geocell of two pocket sizes and EPS of different widths and thickness are used. Soil surface settlement, pipe deformation and transferred pressure onto the pipe are evaluated under repeated loading. The results show that using EPS may sometimes lead to larger surface settlements but can alleviate pressure onto the pipe and, consequentially, result in lower pipe deformations. This benefit is enhanced by the use of geocell reinforcement, which not only significantly opposes any EPS-induced increase in soil surface settlement, but further reduces the pressure on the pipe and its deformation to within allowable limits. For example, by using EPS geofoam with width 0.3 times, and thickness 1.5 times, pipe diameter simultaneously with geocell reinforcement with a pocket size 110 × 110 mm² soil surface settlement, pipe deformation and transferred pressure around a shallow pipe were respectively, 0.60, 0.52 and 0.46 times those obtained in the fully unreinforced buried pipe system. This would represent a desirable and allowable arrangement.     

交通荷载作用下埋地承插口排水管道动力响应分析

近年来,由于市政排水管道灾变导致的道路坍塌事故频发,水泥混凝土管是目前应用最为广泛的市政排水管道,其在交通荷载作用下的力学响应特征尚不明确。基于ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了带承插口结构排水管道三维数值模型。在考虑承插口、橡胶圈和无限元吸收边界等的基础上计算分析了不同脉冲幅值、不同荷载作用位置和不同管道埋深对管道动力响应的影响。结果表明：管节处受力高度不连续,交通荷载对其作用位置两侧一节管长范围内的管道影响显著;承口和插口环向以受拉和受压为主;交通荷载作用位置对管顶、管底和管侧纵向Mises应力最大值无明显影响,但对管顶和管底纵向Mises应力分布有影响;管道纵向Mises应力及环向竖向应力与管道埋深成正比,应力增量与埋深增量成反比。计算结果为进一步研究交通荷载作用下排水管道的力学机理提供参考。     

Evaluation of geocomposite compressible layers as induced trench method applied to shallow buried pipelines

This paper suggests as a rather simple and innovative alternative of the induced trench method with the use of geocomposite replacing EPS geofoam for protection of shallow buried pipes. Laboratory model tests and the numerical studies have been conducted on induced trenches constructed with relatively thin drainage geocomposite, as compressible layers, placed into sand. A parametric study using numerical modelling was conducted considering different arrangements of compressible layers in order to optimize the use of these geosynthetics in rehabilitation and maintenance of shallow buried pipes. It was concluded that geocomposites have compressibility enough to replace EPS using diminished area, which favor the applicability for shallow pipelines protection. Reduction on vertical soil pressures over the crown of the pipe reached values of 90%. The stress reduction at the crown was found to be significant affected by the width of the geocomposite and its distance from the crown of the pipe. The use of a more compressible condition of sand backfill provide more efficiency as far the geocomposite is from the crown of the pipe. Results from numerical modelling also indicate that using more than two geocomposite layers led to negligible stress reductions compared to one layer solution.     

顶管管路整体变形模式的原型试验研究

受曲率半径、地层条件等影响,顶管顶进时管道受力变形并不均匀,现有成果主要针对单节管道及接头的力学特性,对顶进过程中管路整体的力学行为研究尚显不足。采用两节1∶1比例的钢筋混凝土管进行原型试验,试验选取直线及曲线顶进两种典型工况,逐级加载到最大顶力后再逐级卸载,监测加卸载过程中两节顶管内外壁的应变值及管道接头间距。试验结果表明直线顶进时,管道轴向应变呈左右对称分布,相比曲线顶进时应变集中的趋势有所缓和。两种工况下管间接头处的钢套筒都起到了分担轴力的作用。传力衬垫受力变形特性影响顶力沿管路的传递,并最终影响管路整体的变形模式。     

Explanation of Cyclic Mobility of Soils: Approach by Stress-Induced Anisotropy

In this paper, a new constitutive model is proposed to describe the mechanical behaviors of soils under different loading conditions. New evolution equations for the development of stress-induced anisotropy and the change of overconsolidation of soils are proposed. By combining systematically the above two evolution equations with the evolution equation for the structure of soil proposed by Asaoka et al. (2002), the newly proposed model is able to describe not only the mechanical behavior of soils under monotonic loading, but also the behavior of soils under cyclic loading with different drained condition. Special attention is paid to the behavior of sand subjected to cyclic loading under undrained condition. That is, for given sand with different densities, very loose sand may liquefy without cyclic mobility, medium dense sand will liquefy with cyclic mobility while dense sand will not liquefy, which is just controlled by the density, the structure and the anisotropy of the sand. A suitable model should uniquely describe this behavior without changing its parameters. Present research will show the possibility of the proposed model.     

地埋管群全年蓄热取热同步模式下岩土传热特性

结合内蒙古包头地区的地域特性,基于有限体积法,在实验验证的基础上,数值仿真研究了全年地埋管管群蓄热取热同步模式下的岩土传热特性,分析了蓄热取热同步过程中的蓄热地埋管流体温度、取热地埋管流体温度、岩土结构以及地埋管管群排列方式等因素对岩土温度场的影响规律。研究结果发现:地埋管群全年蓄热取热同步模式可使岩土温度得到快速恢复,进而可缓解岩土热失衡问题;取热流体温度不变的情况下,取热地埋管周围岩土温度随蓄热地埋管流体进口温度的增加而增加;岩土热扩散系数越大,取热地埋管与蓄热地埋管周围岩土温度分布越均匀越不易出现岩土热堆积现象;取热地埋管与蓄热地埋管叉排列时岩土温度分布较顺排列时均匀。     

Uplift of Sewage Manholes and Pipes During the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu Earthquake

About 1,400 sewage manholes were uplifted during the 2004 Niigataken-chuetsu earthquake in Japan. Many buried sewage pipes were also uplifted. Before the restoration work, detailed soil investigations were carried out to reveal the mechanism of the uplift. Based on the investigations, it was clarified that uplift occurred in mainly clayey grounds. No sand boils were observed on the clayey ground. However, boiled sands were observed just beside the uplifted manholes and above the buried pipes. During the construction of buried pipes and manholes, the ground was excavated first, the pipes and manholes were placed in the ditches, then the ditches were filled with sand. The soil investigation of the sand fill after the earthquake revealed that the sands were very loose and easy to liquefy. It was concluded that the uplift of the manholes and pipes occurred due to the liquefaction of the sand fill. In preparation for the restoration work, appropriate countermeasures for future earthquakes were discussed, and finally, the cement mixing method was selected.     

跨断层地下管线振动台模型试验研究Ⅱ:试验成果分析

针对跨断层地下管线进行振动台模型试验研究。试验中将钢管埋设在一个盛装砂土、可以模拟走滑断层错动作用的模型箱中,研究地下管线在承受断层错动时应变的分布规律和管周动土压力变化规律,并考察地下管线与断层的夹角以及管内水体的影响。试验结果表明:在跨断层地下管线中,管-土系统本身的动力效应的影响较小,可以忽略不计,而管内液体可能有较大的影响,不可忽略;在无法避开断层区域的情况下,地下管线最好与断层垂直;管线的最大应变发生在断层附近一定距离的位置;管-土动力相互作用及其变化规律对管道响应影响很大。     

Structural performance of buried prestressed concrete cylinder pipes with harnessed joints interaction using numerical modeling

Broken prestressing wire wraps are the main cause of failure in buried prestressed concrete cylinder pipes (PCCP), which form the backbone of water and wastewater infrastructure networks in North America. Advanced numerical modeling using non-linear finite elements is used to model the effect of the number and location of broken wire wraps on the structural performance of Class 125-14, 96-in. PCCP. The modeling technique used is unique in that it considers full interaction between adjacent pipes with harnessed joints, as well as combined internal and external loading with full soil–pipe interaction. Performance indicators in the various components of PCCP are monitored as internal pressure is increased. A sensitivity analysis is presented for how manipulating the severity of the damage affects the failure pressure of the pipe. The results show that the internal fluid pressure required to cause failure can be as much as 34% lower when the damage is at the barrel of the pipe, and that the internal pressure that causes yielding of the wire wraps decreases by 66% as the damage worsens from 5 to 100 wire breaks.     

渗流条件下地埋管换热器传热特性研究

基于有渗流工况下地埋管管群的有限长线热源模型,通过Matlab软件模拟计算了深度为50 m平面处的地下温度场,根据地下温度场的温度分布,分析了布管方式,运行年限,孔隙率对地埋管管群传热效果的影响。研究表明:在物性参数,地埋管布管区域及地埋管总数不变的情况下,将地埋管等间距布置在布管区域内最有利于地源热泵系统的运行。地埋管布管区域冷热量累积效应在初始阶段较为明显,随着运行年限的增加,冷热量累积将在某一时刻达到动态平衡,此后将不随时间的增加而继续累积。对于冬夏季冷热负荷不平衡地区,孔隙率越大的区域越有利于地源热泵系统的运行。     

松散填土埋地柔性排水管的计算方法研究

埋地柔性排水管的受力性能主要取决于回填土的变形模量,当回填土松散时,土对管道变形引起的反作用力很小,现有的设计理论将不适用。本文针对这种情况,提出了松散填土埋地柔性排水管的补充设计方法。对实际工程进行了土压力的测试,并采用补充设计方法对实际工程进行了计算,与按Spangler埋地柔性管理论的计算结果进行了对比。     

Segmentation of Pipe Images for Crack Detection in Buried Sewers

Abstract:   Assessing the condition of underground pipelines such as water lines, sewer pipes, and telecommunication conduits in an automated and reliable manner is vital to the safety and maintenance of buried public infrastructure. To fully automate condition assessment, it is necessary to develop robust data analysis and interpretation systems for defects in buried pipes. This article presents the development of an automated data analysis system for detecting defects in sanitary sewer pipelines. We propose a three-step method to identify and extract cracks from contrast enhanced pipe images. This method is based on mathematical morphology and curvature evaluation that detects crack-like patterns in a noisy pipe camera scanned image. As cracks are the most common defects in pipes and are indicative of the residual structural strength of the pipe, they are the focus of this study. This article discusses its implementation on 225 pipe images taken from different cities in North America and shows that the system performs very well under a variety of pipe conditions.