Fate of sulphate removed during the treatment of circumneutral mine water and acid mine drainage with coal fly ash: Modelling and experimental approach

The treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) and circumneutral mine water (CMW) with South African coal fly ash (FA) provides a low cost and alternative technique for treating mine wastes waters. The sulphate concentration in AMD can be reduced significantly when AMD was treated with the FA to pH 9. On the other hand an insignificant amount of sulphate was removed when CMW (containing a very low concentration of Fe and Al) was treated using FA to pH 9. The levels of Fe and Al, and the final solution pH in the AMD–fly ash mixture played a significant role on the level of sulphate removal in contrast to CMW–fly ash mixtures. In this study, a modelling approach using PHREEQC geochemical modelling software was combined with AMD–fly ash and/or CMW–fly ash neutralization experiments in order to predict the mineral phases involved in sulphate removal. The effects of solution pH and Fe and Al concentration in mine water on sulphate were also investigated. The results obtained showed that sulphate, Fe, Al, Mg and Mn removal from AMD and/or CMW with fly ash is a function of solution pH. The presence of Fe and Al in AMD exhibited buffering characteristic leading to more lime leaching from FA into mine water, hence increasing the concentration of Ca²⁺. This resulted in increased removal of sulphate as CaSO₄·2H₂O. In addition the sulphate removal was enhanced through the precipitation as Fe and Al oxyhydroxysulphates (as shown by geochemical modelling) in AMD–fly ash system. The low concentration of Fe and Al in CMW resulted in sulphate removal depending mainly on CaSO₄·2H₂O. The results of this study would have implications on the design of treatment methods relevant for different mine waters.     

碱改性粉煤灰处理含铬废水

采用碱改性方法改性粉煤灰,通过单因素试验处理含铬废水,并对操作条件进行选择和优化,单因素试验表明当投灰量60 g/L,pH值14,吸附时间60 min,吸附温度为20℃,Cr~(6+)初始浓度为40μg/m L的条件下,Cr~(6+)去除率可达92.72%。吸附机理试验表明碱改性粉煤灰吸附含铬废水的过程符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

粉煤灰回收氧化铝工艺研究现状及进展

综合利用高铝粉煤灰中的高价值元素,特别是成分占比较高的铝元素,不仅可以降低我国对国外优质铝土矿的依赖度,而且可以缓解我国燃煤电厂的固废处理压力.阐述了粉煤灰的一些基本性质以及从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝的技术进展,对粉煤灰提取氧化铝的碱法工艺、酸法工艺、酸碱联合及碳热还原法、生物浸出法、气相提取法等工艺进行了介绍,并指出了不同...     

粉煤灰沸石的微波合成

以粉煤灰为原料,在微波辐射条件下,采用多段技术合成了NaP1型和NaA型沸石,考察并讨论了氢氧化钠的浓度、液固比以及添加剂等对沸石产品的阳离子交换性能（CEC）的影响.研究结果表明, 沸石产品的CEC值随着氢氧化钠浓度的升高和液固比的增加呈增加趋势,至氢氧化钠浓度为2 mol/L和液固比为8 mL/g时达到最大值.在此最佳条件下,NaP1和NaA两种沸石产品的CEC值分别为159.2 mmol/100 g和157.7 mmol/100 g.NaF、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵和95%乙醇等3种添加剂可以明显地改善NaP1和NaA两种沸石产品的CEC值.研究结果显示,微波多段合成技术在沸石合成过程中起到了重要的作用,不仅缩短了合成时间,而且保持了产品的高离子交换性能.     

粉煤灰对煤矿充填膏体性能的影响

为探讨粉煤灰对煤矿充填膏体性能的影响,试验采用坍落度试验和流变试验综合评价膏体流变性,通过干缩变形研究其长期稳定性及对接顶性能的影响,研究了水泥、煤矸石用量及膏体浓度不变的情况下粉煤灰掺量64.2%~69.8%,膏体流变性、泌水率、抗压强度和干缩率的变化情况。结果表明:1随粉煤灰掺量的增加,膏体流变性减弱,黏聚性增强,泌水率减小。2随粉煤灰掺量的增大,不同龄期膏体抗压强度变化不同,3 d强度变化不大,在0.5 MPa左右;7 d强度呈先增后降的趋势,在66.7%掺量时最大达到2.5 MPa;14 d强度于67.8%掺量前在4 MPa上下变化,在68.9%掺量时达到6.9 MPa;28 d强度发展缓慢,与14 d变化趋势相似。7~14 d水化作用显著,强度增长量能达到28 d强度的40%~60%。3膏体的干缩量随粉煤灰用量增加而减小,与龄期近似满足对数关系。且膏体干缩量曲线160 d开始趋于平稳,干缩率不超过0.2%。     

平顶山矸石电厂粉煤灰特征及其综合利用

本文采用化学分析、x射线衍射、电镜、28天抗压强度技术手段,对平顶山矸石电厂的粉煤灰样品进行了分析;结合有关国家标准和文献,对矸石电厂粉煤灰进行分类,并对其综合利用途径做出评价。     

Properties of fly ash stabilized haul road construction materials

ABSTRACT

Larger haul trucks are being used at surface mines in Canada thus requiring better haul roads to carry heavier loads. The availability of good quality aggregate to build haul roads is limited for prairie coal mines. However, most of these mines are located adjacent to coal-fired electrical power plants, which produce by-product fly ash as a waste. Fly ash can be used to increase strength and stiffness of soil and road bases.

Unconfined compressive strength tests conducted on various mixtures of fly ash, kiln dust, mine spoil, and coal seam partings showed that the cementing characteristics of unclassified fly ash from central Alberta coals was low. However, the addition of cement kiln dust, which is high in CaO, enabled the fly ash to exhibit significant cementing action.

Mixtures of fly ash, kiln dust, and mine spoil or coal seam partings had unconfined compressive strengths of about 1 MPa and elastic moduli of about 350 MPa after 14 to 28 days. This compares favourably with compacted mine spoil or coal seam partings which have estimated unconfined compressive strengths of less than 0.4 MPa and moduli of about 50 MPa. Thus fly ash stabilized mine spoil or coal seam partings were found to have potential for use in constructing haul road base and sub-base layers since maximum tire pressures on the running surface are less than 0.7 MPa.     

粉煤灰资源综合利用现状研究

我国以煤炭为主的能源结构,在保障着我国能源供给的同时也带来了大量的粉煤灰,尤其在我国西北地区,由于较低的粉煤灰利用率,造成了严重的环境污染及耕地占用等问题。目前有用组分的提取已然成为粉煤灰高值化利用的研究热点,特别是粉煤灰中非晶态硅的提取是提升粉煤灰资源化利用价值的重要手段。本文论述了碱浸法和酸浸法两种从粉煤灰中提取非晶态硅的工艺,剖析其原理及工艺特点,并探讨了提硅产物在绝热保温材料、白炭黑、分子筛、造纸填塑等方面的应用情况。相较于传统硅基产品的制备,利用粉煤灰提硅产物制备各种硅基制品具有产品性能好、成本低、应用广泛等优点,不失为一条实现粉煤灰高值化、精细化、梯级化利用的有效途径。     

粉煤灰中难浮未燃炭的柱式浮选脱除试验研究

采用粒度分析、X射线衍射、接触角测量和X荧光分析等手段对矿样的物理化学性质进行表征,从表面性质的角度探讨未燃炭可浮性较差的内在原因;研究黏性起泡剂KD对浮选体系的泡沫稳定作用;采用实验室型旋流-静态微泡浮选柱研究未燃炭的柱式浮选行为。研究结果表明：黏性起泡剂可有效提高浮选体系的泡沫稳定性,在起泡剂KD用量400 g/t、表观充气速率1.8 cm/s、泡沫层厚度150～200 mm、浮选柱循环压力0.22 MPa的优化试验条件下,可以得到烧失量3.15%的低炭灰产品,炭脱除率达91.88%。     

粉煤灰制多孔玻璃微珠

摘要：以电厂的废弃物粉煤灰为原料,研究了1273K温度下,粉煤灰和添加剂粉末制得了孔隙率较高的多孔玻璃微珠的过程。并对其吸附性能做了初步研究。用氮吸附静态容量法,测得该多孔玻璃微珠的氮吸附等温线、比表面和孔分布曲线。探讨了多孔玻璃微珠吸附特性和成珠条件。     

粉煤灰在熔融NaOH体系中的脱硅过程研究

根据粉煤灰的化学组成,通过正交试验优化粉煤灰在熔融NaOH体系中的脱硅过程,考察反应温度、反应时间和碱矿比对粉煤灰中SiO2脱硅率的影响,利用XRD和SEM分析浸出渣的物相组成和结构。结果表明:粉煤灰在熔融NaOH体系中脱硅过程优化试验条件为:反应温度为450℃,反应时间为90 min,碱矿比为5∶1。在优化试验条件下进行多次重复试验,脱硅率可达96.5%。浸出渣的XRD分析结果表明:随着反应时间的延长,SiO2与NaOH反应趋于完全。     

粉煤灰中未燃炭回收的试验研究

用粒度分析、X射线衍射和X荧光分析等手段对山西某电厂的粉煤灰的物理化学性质进行分析。对试验样进行了浮选机探索试验和浮选柱工艺优化试验。研究结果表明,优化工艺条件为柴油捕收剂用量400 g/t,起泡剂用量400 g/t,矿浆浓度15%,循环压力0.10 MPa,泡沫层高度3 cm,可得到产率为75.99%的尾灰,烧失量为1.17%,精煤产率为24.01%,烧失量为52.47%。在尾灰烧失量达到一级粉煤灰的指标要求下,柱式浮选的产率要高于浮选机的产率。     

Adsorption of Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cr(III) on coal fly ash porous pellets

In the present work the application of fly ash porous pellets as adsorbent of lead(II), zinc(II) and chromium(III) ions from aqueous solution was studied. Experiments were carried out using porous pellets developed from fly ash derived from Megalopolis, Greece coal-burning power plant. The material was shaped into spherical agglomerates, after wetting and tumbling in a laboratory scale granulator. The adsorption of heavy metals on fly ash pellets was studied as a function of the initial metal concentration, solution pH and temperature. Kinetic studies indicated that sorption follows a pseudo-second-order model. Adsorption isotherms of lead, zinc and chromium were determined for agglomerated material using the Langmuir equation. The adsorption capacity of fly ash pellets reached at 0.22 mmol Pb/g pellet, 0.27 mmol Zn/g pellet and 0.44 mmol Cr/g pellet. Furthermore adsorption from bimetallic solutions (Cr–Zn, Cr–Pb and Pb–Zn) took place in order to study presumable antagonistic effects on adsorption of heavy metals. Finally, the stabilization of metal saturated pellets was studied. The stabilization procedure took place in structures made of concrete, where 75% of cement was replaced by raw fly ash. The evaluation of the procedure through leaching tests showed excellent heavy metals stabilization in concrete blocks.     

浮选法脱除粉煤灰中未燃碳的研究

为提高粉煤灰资源化利用水平和有效保护环境,对广东坪石发电厂粉煤灰的粒度特性和未燃碳的粒级分布进行分析,并采用接触角测量仪分析未燃碳粒的表面疏水性,基于此进行浮选脱碳试验。试验结果表明:该粉煤灰粒度极细,<0.074 mm粒级产率约为89.81%,未燃碳粒接触角仅为21°,可浮性差;当柴油用量为10 kg/t、仲辛醇用量为3.5 kg/t时,浮选尾煤产率为73.85%,烧失量为4.89%,浮选精煤产率为26.15%,灰分为45.45%,发热量为14.34 kJ/kg,综合回收率较高。     

Effect of fly ash characteristics on the behaviour of pastes prepared under varied brine conditions

To meet the escalating demand of energy more coal ash and brines are inevitably produced as by-products. Large volumes of these wastes and increasing environmental awareness necessitate the development of more sustainable methods to mitigate the environmental footprint. Paste backfill is one of the potential solutions to keep the energy industry sustainable. The behaviour of pastes was investigated by strategically varying brine composition mixed with the two types of fly ash. The results showed that fly ash plays a more prominent role in the behaviour of pastes than brines. It is therefore imperative to consider both fly ash and brine characteristics i.e. constituents of paste for the development of an environmentally sound paste backfill practice. Technically there are numerous benefits in pursuing the proposed solution.     

碳热还原粉煤灰物相变化规律

在感应炉中,空气气氛下,以粉煤灰为原料,木炭为还原剂,不同温度条件下对粉煤灰还原反应过程及合金进行研究。利用XRD,SEM-EDS技术对还原产物进行分析检测。结果表明,碳还原粉煤灰分为4个阶段：（1 373～1 673 K）Fe2O3和碳反应生成铁;（1 773～1 873 K）石英和碳反应生成SiC,莫来石发生分解并与碳反应生成SiC和Al2O3;（1 973～2 173 K）石英除生成较多SiC,还有少量Si生成,部分Al2O3和空气中的氮气生成Al5O6N,并最终分解成Al2O3和AlN;2 273 K氧化铝和SiC,C反应生成Al,Si,AlN和碳反应生成Al。高温下有气态的SiO,Al2O产生,造成部分铝硅损失。合金由3个相组成,3者相互混合存在,除含有较多Al,Si,Fe,Ca外,还含有部分SiC。在合适的配碳量下,Al2O3对SiC的生成有抑制作用。     

不同加碱活化方法对粉煤灰合成沸石的影响

粉煤灰中含有一些活性较差的莫来石和石英结晶体,在直接水热条件下,它们很难参与沸石晶体的合成反应,严重影响了粉煤灰合成沸石晶体产品的纯度和结晶度。通过对湿法加碱-煅烧和干法加碱-煅烧两种活化方法的比较,证明了湿法加碱-煅烧方法不仅完全消除了粉煤灰中原有的结晶,生成了大量高活性的硅铝酸盐矿物,而且能在后续的水热合成过程中促进沸石向单晶转化。本文的研究对粉煤灰合成高质量沸石晶体具有一定的指导作用。     

粉煤灰对煤矸石酸性重金属淋滤液的修复作用

采用批处理吸附实验和柱状淋溶模拟实验,分析粉煤灰吸附重金属、处理煤矸石酸性重金属淋滤液的效果及机理。结果表明：① 粉煤灰对Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+ 和Zn2+的吸附等温线符合Freundlich等温模式,吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,且均在30 min内达到吸附平衡,随着pH增加,4种重金属离子吸附率逐渐增加并趋于平衡（Pb、Cu、Cd、Zn分别在pH=3.5、6.0、7.5、8.0时达到平衡）,在酸性环境下粉煤灰对4种金属离子具有较好的吸附性能;② 在重金属竞争性吸附中,共存离子的存在抑制了目标离子的吸附,其中Pb受共存离子的影响最小,粉煤灰吸附强弱顺序为Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn;③ 煤矸石柱状淋溶试验中,煤矸石淋滤液呈现较强酸性、较高重金属浓度的酸性矿山废水特征,而在粉煤灰处理中,淋滤液的pH值呈中性,重金属离子浓度显著下降,其主要机制为粉煤灰吸附、碱性中和、重金属与Fe共沉淀等。研究表明,实验用粉煤灰具有修复煤矸石酸性重金属淋滤液的潜力。     

粉煤灰对酸性矿井水中Cd2+的吸附动力学研究

分析研究了粉煤灰对模拟酸性矿井水中Cd²⁺的吸附.实验中选取Cd²⁺的初始浓度为0.000 1~0.010 0 mol/L.结果表明,粉煤灰对Cd²⁺的吸附符合Freundlich型吸附等温式，吸附反应符合一级反应动力学特征.在不同温度下得到了速率常数方程，表观活化能E_a=28.95 kJ/mol，指前因子A=68.9 min^-1.     

Application of coal fly ash to circumneutral mine waters for the removal of sulphates as gypsum and ettringite

South African power stations generate large amounts of highly alkaline fly ash (FA). This waste product has a serious impact on the environment. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is another environmental problem associated with mining. AMD has high heavy metal content in addition to high sulphate concentrations. Several studies have shown that 80–90% of sulphates can be removed when FA is co-disposed with AMD rich in Fe and Al. In South Africa, sources of contaminated mine waters, unlike AMD have circumneutral pH and much lower concentrations of Fe and Al, but rich in Ca and Mg. Treatment of such waters with FA resulted in no significant removal of sulphates when treated to pH less than 10. Subsequent treatment of circumneutral mine water to pH greater than 11 resulted in more than 60% sulphate removal. Treatment of circumneutral mine water to pH greater than 11 with FA followed by seeding with gypsum crystals and the addition of amorphous Al(OH)₃ resulted in removal of sulphate to levels below the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) water quality effluent limit (500 ppm).