基于相关系数和BP神经网络的轴承剩余寿命预测

为了评估机械设备的退化状态,准确掌握轴承剩余寿命信息,提出了一种基于相关系数和BP神经网络(BP Neural Network,BPNN)模型的轴承剩余寿命预测方法。该方法包括线上和线下两个步骤,首先利用相关系数法对预测模型的输入特征进行约简,其次线下步骤是通过机器学习来构建轴承的退化模型,而线上步骤则是利用退化模型来预测轴承剩余寿命。通过对轴承的全寿命退化实验数据进行分析预测,该方法与传统的技术相比能降低预测误差,表明该方法能够有效地模拟轴承退化过程并预测轴承剩余有效寿命(RUL)。     

基于AFCM-SVM的滚动轴承退化状态评估与剩余寿命预测

针对支持向量机模型状态数需要人为设定的不足,提出了一种基于自适应模糊C均值-支持向量机(AFCM-SVM)的滚动轴承退化状态评估与剩余寿命预测方法。该算法采用相对特征建立敏感特征数据集,利用聚类评价指标构造自适应函数,实现了模型聚类结果的自动更新,获得了轴承运行过程中的最佳状态数;基于AFCM-SVM模型与各个运行状态的一一对应关系,确定轴承在不同退化状态下的时间间隔,实现轴承的健康等级评估与寿命预测。根据美国NSFI/UCR智能维护中心提供的滚动轴承全寿命数据对所提算法进行了验证。结果表明,不受轴承个体差异的影响,AFCM-SVM能有效实现自动聚类,识别结果符合轴承退化演变规律;与分层狄利克雷(HDP)和K-means算法相比,AFCM-SVM具有更快的运算速度和更准确的辨识能力。     

基于相似性与GA-RF的航空发动机剩余寿命预测

针对单参数不能准确表征发动机性能退化过程，以及传统智能学习模型难以准确拟合发动机退化模型等问题，提出一种融合数据构建发动机健康指数（HI），并结合多模型相似性匹配与集成模型进行发动机剩余寿命预测的方法。利用层次聚类与轮廓系数筛选参数，并融合为发动机健康指数。采用遗传算法优化随机森林拟合发动机性能退化过程，并将多模型相似性匹配用于回归模型预测，优化模型的预测结果。选择某涡扇发动机仿真数据集（C-MPASS）验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明：该方法的RMSE为6.128、MAE为4.901,且融合健康指数和多模型相似匹配极大地提高了发动机剩余寿命预测精度。     

基于监测状态和寿命随机效应辨识的剩余寿命预测北大核心

当监测状态不能直接反映设备退化程度时,需要联合考虑寿命和监测状态值来评价其退化状态,从而进行剩余寿命预测,常使用联合分析方法。针对退化过程,通常假设样本存在相同失效阈值,然而在实际应用中,受到监测过程差异性以及环境工况等因素的影响,导致样本间退化具有一定的差异。因此通过考虑退化过程中样本间差异的随机效应,提出了一种基于监测状态和寿命随机效应辨识的剩余寿命预测方法。实验结果表明,该剩余寿命预测方法能够有效提高预测准确度。     

基于主元数据的大型复杂机电设备寿命预测方法

针对单一表征参数的大型复杂机电设备寿命预测方法无法全面表征设备退化轨迹以及多表征参数之间存在相关性从而影响寿命预测准确性的问题，提出一种基于表征参数数据融合的大型复杂机电设备的寿命预测方法。先提出一种加权主成分分析法，对多种表征设备退化的参数进行融合，得到可以表征设备退化且相互之间不存在相关性的主元数据；然后，建立基于主元数据的维纳退化过程模型；最后，选取数控机床进给系统的双向定位精度、双向重复定位精度、反向间隙误差、直线度4种表征参数对应的数据对模型进行了具体的分析和验证。试验结果表明：与基于单一表征参数和多表征参数的寿命预测模型相比，融合后的主元参数能够更好地表征设备的退化过程，从而可以更精确地实现设备的剩余寿命估计。     

基于维纳退化过程的海底腐蚀管道可靠性分析

目的研究海底腐蚀管道的寿命可靠性,提出基于维纳过程(Wiener Process)和贝叶斯方法估参的可靠性分析模型。方法首先以管道内壁腐蚀退化数据和维纳过程为基础,建立针对海底管道的腐蚀退化模型,并针对不同时段的腐蚀退化数据,以正态-逆伽马分布作为模型未知参数的先验分布。然后采用一种优化的贝叶斯方法递推计算,得到未知参数值,最终实现腐蚀管道的可靠性分析,并以某海底腐蚀管道为例进行验证。结果可靠性分析得到腐蚀管道在运营前期的12年几乎完全可靠,可靠性达99.22%;13年之后,腐蚀进程开始加快,当可靠度为90%时,该段管道的可运营时间为13.6年;运行15年时,可靠度为68.97%;运行20年时,可靠度为2.4%;而到设计寿命25年时,管道可靠度几乎为0,求得管道的平均剩余寿命为15.99年。结论以海底管道的腐蚀退化数据为切入点,为长寿命、小子样的海底管道可靠性提供了一种较直观的分析方法。分析模型可以处理不同时间段测量的管道腐蚀数据,并且随着管道运营时间的增加,能够不断更新可靠性分析结果,而不需要反复处理历史数据,进而可以用于海底腐蚀管道的实时可靠性分析。     

基于改进LSTM的航空发动机寿命预测方法研究

发动机剩余寿命(RUL)预测时，进行数据特征提取易导致预测效率低下。为解决此问题，提出一种改进的长短期记忆(LSTM)算法模型。通过引入深度稀疏自动编码器(SDAE)完成时序数据的处理与特征提取，优化LSTM模型，改善航空发动机RUL预测效果。利用SDAE进行特征提取，构建健康因子(HI)曲线；同时考虑运行工况、故障模式和传感器3个因素，并分别训练其权重。利用LSTM模型进行发动机剩余寿命预测。利用涡扇发动机退化过程数据集C-MAPSS开展实验，并与DNN、BiLSTM、单层LSTM进行对比分析。结果表明：与上述3种算法相比，改进后算法的均方根误差和〖JP2〗评分函数值至少分别降低6.6%和39.1%；该方法寿命预测结果和实际寿命曲线拟合度高，验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

基于多信息融合与GRU的轴承剩余寿命预测

为解决单一传感器信号易受干扰且能提取的退化信息有限，导致轴承剩余寿命预测精度低的问题，提出一种基于双通道信息融合与门控单元(GRU)神经网络的轴承剩余寿命预测方法。进行轴承寿命试验时，在振动传感器采集信号的基础上增加声发射传感器，弥补单一信号易受干扰的缺点；使用卷积神经网络自动挖掘出包含轴承退化信息的特征，避免传统算法过分依赖专家判断的弊端；通过归一化处理对信息进行融合；最后使用这些数据训练GRU神经网络，利用训练好的门控单元神经网络预测高铁牵引电机轴承的剩余寿命。结果表明：相比单通道数据，双通道数据训练出的门控神经网络模型的预测结果更为准确；门控单元神经网络相比长短时记忆神经网络有更高的轴承寿命预测精确度。     

工程机械用液压马达剩余寿命预测

为了进行工程机械用液压马达剩余寿命预测,基于容积效率、Wiener过程以及支持向量机回归,提出一种剩余寿命预测方法。开展液压马达全寿命试验,运用非线性支持向量机回归算法处理原始数据,基于极大似然估计法和贝叶斯更新策略建立Wiener过程模型,完成液压马达剩余寿命预测。结果表明：液压马达容积效率随冲击次数变化有明显下降趋势;非线性支持向量机回归在考虑退化数据随机性的基础上提高了规律性;基于Wiener过程的剩余寿命预测方法能够准确、可靠地预测液压马达的剩余服役寿命。     

基于数字孪生的带锯床状态实时监控方法

针对传统金属带锯床加工过程中运行状态不稳定以及对运行状态实时监控效果差的问题，结合数字孪生技术，提出一种基于数字孪生的金属带锯床运行状态实时监控方法，构建了虚拟实体与物理实体互联的数字孪生体。首先，构建基于数字孪生五维模型的带锯床运行状态实时监控系统框架；其次，在获取锯床实际运行数据后，使用TWINCAT模拟PLC运行，通过XML文件的TCP/IP通信协议进行数据通信，完成数据的实时传输，最终将数据上传至MySQL数据库中存储；再次，开发了支持实时三维监测锯床运行状态的场景漫游功能、支持通过查询历史运行数据以再现锯床历史运行状态的历史重现功能；最后，测试验证了系统的实时性与有效性。结果表明：此系统实时性、交互性较好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.