Effect of clearance on new shearing method with horizontal tool movement of 1100 aluminum sheet

Sheet metal cutting is a general metal forming process. A new cutting method has been invented for sheet metal by the authors. It has been named the MM-shearing method. There are several advantages in the method, for example small cutting force, beautiful cutting surface and no burrs on the cut surface. Moreover, the equipment used in the method is inexpensive. However, there are some important parameters to consider in the MM-shearing method, such as tool angle, clearance between the tool and die, sheet thickness, and cutting speed. In this paper, a series of experiments was carried out to examine the suitable clearance. The experimental material is 1100 aluminum sheet (Japanese Industrial Standard). The cutting force, ratio of sheared and fractured surfaces, inclination angle, burr height, roughness, and Vickers hardness of the cutting surface are examined corresponding to the clearance change. The principle and characteristics of the MM-shearing method are made clear in this paper in terms of the clearance between the tool and die.     

Characterization and modeling of burr formation in micro-end milling

Mechanical micromachining is increasingly finding applications in fabrication of components in various fields, such as, biomedical devices, optics, electronics, medicine, communications and avionics. In order to ensure adequate functionality, there are stringent requirements for form and finish in case of biomedical devices like cochlear implants and metallic optics. This necessitates that the post machined surface must be burr free. To address these issues in micromachining, this paper presents results of an experimental study to investigate the influence of main process parameters i.e. speed, feed rate, depth of cut, tool diameter and number of flutes on the formation of the various types of burrs i.e. exit burrs and top burrs produced during micro-end milling operation. The experiments performed using Taguchi method shows that three types of burr formation mechanisms prevail during micro-end milling operations; these are: lateral deformation of material, bending and tearing of the chip. Also, three types of burrs were observed include: Poisson burr, rollover burr in down milling and tear burr in up milling. Further, it is observed that the depth of cut and the tool diameter are the main parameters, which influence the burr height and thickness significantly. However, the speed and the feed rate have small to negligible effect on the burr thickness and height. Besides the experimental analysis, the paper presents an analytical model to predict the burr height for exit burr. The model is built on the geometry of burr formation and the principle of continuity of work at the transition from chip formation to burr formation. Note that prediction of burr height in micro-end milling is extremely challenging due to the complex geometry of material removal and microstructural effects encountered during cutting at that length scales. The model fares well and the prediction errors range between 0.65 and 25%.     

铝合金车削工艺的研究及应用

通过多种切削试验,对影响铝合金车削加工表面质量的主要因素进行了探讨。结果表明:对于6063铝合金宜采用的刀具材料有聚晶金刚石(PCD)和YT15,当刀具的前角为10°、后角为5°-10°、切削速度为40-100m/min、进给速度为0.06-0.12mm/r、且在干车削条件进行车削时,可以获得较低的表面粗糙度。     

Modeling and optimization of burr height in drilling of Al-7075 using Taguchi method and response surface methodology

This investigation presents the use of Taguchi and response surface methodologies for minimizing the burr height and the surface roughness in drilling Al-7075. The Taguchi method, a powerful tool to design optimization for quality, is used to find optimal cutting parameters. Response surface methodology is useful for modeling and analyzing engineering problems. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the influence of cutting parameters, such as cutting speed and feed rate, and point angle on burr height and surface roughness produced when drilling Al-7075. A plan of experiments, based on L₂₇ Taguchi design method, was performed drilling with cutting parameters in Al-7075. All tests were run without coolant at cutting speeds of 4, 12, and 20 m/min and feed rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm/rev and point angle of 90^°, 118°, and 135°. The orthogonal array, signal-to-noise ratio, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to investigate the optimal drilling parameters of Al-7075. From the analysis of means and ANOVA, the optimal combination levels and the significant drilling parameters on burr height and surface roughness were obtained. The optimization results showed that the combination of low cutting speed, low feed rate, and high point angle is necessary to minimize burr height. The best results of the surface roughness were obtained at lower cutting speed and feed rates while at higher point angle. The predicted values and measured values are quite close to each other; therefore, this result indicates that the developed models can be effectively used to predict the burr height and the surface roughness on drilling of Al-7075.     

Determination of optimum parameters for multi-performance characteristics in drilling by using grey relational analysis

The theory of grey systems is a new technique for performing prediction, relational analysis and decision making in many areas. In this paper, the use of grey relational analysis for optimising the drilling process parameters for the work piece surface roughness and the burr height is introduced. Various drilling parameters, such as feed rate, cutting speed, drill and point angles of drill were considered. An orthogonal array was used for the experimental design. Optimal machining parameters were determined by the grey relational grade obtained from the grey relational analysis for multi-performance characteristics (the surface roughness and the burr height). Experimental results have shown that the surface roughness and the burr height in the drilling process can be improved effectively through the new approach .     

Finite element simulation of diamond tool geometries affecting the 3D surface topography in fly cutting of KDP crystals

Diamond tool has significant influences on the finished surface quality in fly cutting of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. In this work, the nanoindentation and dimensional analysis are employed to establish the material constitutive equation of KDP crystals, i.e., the variation curve of flow stress vs. plastic strain. As expected, a novel 3D finite element (FE) model is developed for diamond fly cutting of KDP crystals, and the generation of 3D surface topography is simulated by multi-run cutting calculations, in which the movements of diamond tool are configured to be identical to the actual feed rate and cutting velocity. Subsequently, the coordinates of the nodes on the topmost surface as freshly machined are collected to evaluate the surface roughness, which enables the detailed analyses of the effect of diamond tool geometries on the achieved surface roughness of KDP crystals. The results suggest an optimal selection of tool geometries, i.e. ?25° rake angle and 8° clearance angle. With the increment of tool nose radius, surface roughness decreases correspondingly. Moreover, the larger defect or sharpness of tool cutting edge produces the worse surface roughness. Diamond fly cutting experiments are carried out with different rake angles, in which the cutting parameters are the same as the values used in FE simulations. The measured surface roughness has a satisfied consistency with the simulated data, which demonstrates that the developed 3D FE cutting model and the related simulations are reliable.     

Micro-burr formation and minimization through process control

This paper presents an investigation on micro-burr formation in machining. Micro-cutting is compared with conventional cutting in terms of cutting process characteristic and cutting conditions. In this paper, tungsten–carbide micro-mills were used to cut holes (in a drilling-like process) to investigate top burr formation. The size and type of burr created in stainless steel 304 are studied as a function of machining variables, which are feed, cutting speed and cutting edge radius, to help illuminate the micro-burr formation mechanisms. A series of experiments was conducted to study tool life as a function of cutting conditions. Tool life, here, is defined as the number of holes created before a significant increase in burr height. Based on experimental results, contour charts for predicting burr formation as well as tool life are developed to minimize burr formation and to improve tool life. The model, which includes the effect of feed, cutting speed, and the interaction between the two, predicted the burr height and tool life values with an accuracy of about ±15%.     

Methodology of Taguchi optimization for multi-objective drilling problem to minimize burr size

Formation of exit burr on part edges during drilling has several undesirable features with regard to product quality and functionality. Hence it is essential to select optimum drilling process parameters to minimize burr size at the production stage. This paper presents the application of the Taguchi optimization method for simultaneous minimization of burr height and burr thickness influenced by cutting conditions and drill geometry. The Taguchi design approach to the multi-objective optimization problem is based on the introduction of a new concept of fitness function for each trial of orthogonal array. The fitness function is derived through mapping the objective functions of the drill optimization problem. In the present work, optimal values of cutting speed, feed, point angle and lip clearance angle are determined for selected drill diameter values to minimize burr height and burr thickness during drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel workpieces. The details of experimentation, analysis of means and analysis of variance are presented in the paper.     

Evaluation of cutting quality of PMMA using CO2 lasers

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a versatile thermoplastic that is well suited for engineering and many common applications. This article presents a study to evaluate the effect of the processing parameters (laser power and cutting velocity) under the quality of the cut of PMMA. A plan of experiments was established considering CO₂ laser cutting with prefixed processing parameters in plates of PMMA with 6 mm thickness. The objective was to evaluate the quality of the cut (surface roughness, dimensional precision and heat affected zone-HAZ) in linear and complex 2D cutting. The obtained results show that PMMA in complex 2D cutting presents dimension of HAZ between 0.12 to 0.37 mm, without burr and low surface roughness Ra?<?1 μm. The results present good repeatability.     

Development of artificial neural network models to study the effect of process parameters on burr size in drilling

Burr size at the exit of the holes in drilling is a quality index and hence it becomes essential to predict the size of the burr formed in order to cater to the demand of product quality and functionability. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN)-based models have been developed to study the effect of process parameters such as cutting speed, feed, drill diameter, point angle, and lip clearance angle on burr height and burr thickness during drilling of AISI 316L stainless steel. A multilayer feed-forward ANN; trained using error back-propagation training algorithm (EBPTA) has been employed for this purpose. The input-output patterns required for training are obtained from drilling experimentation planned through Box-Behnken design. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of ANN models to analyze the effects of drilling process parameters on burr size.     

超长铝蜂窝夹层板的高精度直线切割

介绍了铝蜂窝夹层板的结构特点及力学性能,对铝蜂窝夹层板的加工性能、切割刀具的选择作了深入分析,并设计了一种超长铝蜂窝夹层板的高精度组合式切割装置,合理解决了小批量超长铝蜂窝夹层板的切割毛刺较大、较多、切割端面直线度差等问题。     

基于ANN的冲裁合理间隙的预测研究

冲裁间隙是冲裁工艺中非常重要的工艺参数,其大小会影响冲裁件的表面质量、板料的后续成形和使用性能。不同材料,不同厚度板料的合理冲裁间隙均不同,现有方法是通过实验或查询已有的冲裁实验数据库获得。本课题应用人工神经网络技术和航空材料冲裁间隙数据库,建立板料厚度及冲裁零件的尺寸精度、光亮带比、毛刺高度与合理间隙之间非线性映射的神经网络模型,可以方便地获得不同厚度材料的冲裁合理间隙,用以指导实际生产。本文采用贝叶斯规则化的训练方法,训练好的BP网络较常用的训练方法具有更好的精度和泛化能力。预测数据和实验数据的比较证实,预测模型有效并具有实际推广应用价值。     

PCD面铣刀切削刃对低刚性的缸盖面的毛刺影响

在夹具系统刚性不足的情况下,铝合金缸盖燃烧室和覆盖面很容易出现毛刺。文中介绍了PCD铣刀出现毛刺的原因。研究PCD面铣刀切削刃的几何参数对于毛刺影响的研究。提出了一种在刚性不足的切削系统下,达到既没有振纹又没有毛刺的方法。     

Optimisation Technique for Face Milling Stainless Steel with Multiple Performance Characteristics

An optimisation technique for face milling stainless steel based on the Taguchi method with multiple performance characteristics is proposed in this paper. Three cutting parameters namely, cutting speed, feedrate, and depth of cut, are optimised with consideration of multiple performance characteristics including removed volume, surface roughness, and burr height. In this study, not only are the multiple performance characteristics improved, but also the optimal cutting parameters and the weighting factor that significantly affect the multiple performance characteristics are obtained. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of this approach.     

Influence of size effect on burr formation in micro cutting

Burr is an important character of the surface quality for machined parts, and it is even more severe in micro cutting. Due to the uncut chip thickness and the cutting edge radius at the same range in micro cutting process, the tool extrudes the workpiece with negative rake angle. The workpiece flows along the direction of minimum resistance, and Poisson burr is formed. Based on the deformation analysis and experiment observations of micro cutting process, the factor for Poisson burr formation is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the ratio of the uncut chip thickness to the cutting edge radius plays an important role on the height of Poisson burr. Increasing the uncut chip thickness or decreasing the cutting edge radius makes the height of exit burr reduce. A new model of micro exit burr is established in this paper. Due to the size effect of specific cutting energy, the exit burr height increases. The minimum exit burr height will be obtained when the ratio of uncut the chip thickness to the cutting edge radius reaches 1. It is found that the curled radius of the exit burr plays an important role on the burr height.     

铝合金高速切削表面粗糙度影响因素研究

为有效降低高速切削中铝合金的表面粗糙度值,通过多因素正交试验和单因素试验对各铣削参数进行研究,结果显示:各参数对铝合金表面粗糙度影响程度从大到小的顺序是:切削深度、主轴转速、每齿进给量、行距,且转速为18000r/min,每齿进给量为0.075mm,行距和每齿进给量一致,选择较小的切削深度时,在铝合金表面可获得较好的加工质量。     

普通冲孔与无飞边精密冲孔的瞬时间隙及对冲孔质量的影响

提出了瞬时间隙的概念 ,研究了瞬时间隙对冲孔剪口质量的影响 ,对普通冲孔工艺与精密无飞边冲孔工艺凸、凹模间的瞬时间隙进行了对比分析 ,认为普通冲孔时瞬时间隙不定常是造成剪口质量差的根本原因 ,而无飞边精密冲孔时凸、凹模间为负间隙 ,其瞬时间隙保持定常 ,因此可使剪口光洁剪切带长度提高 1.5倍 ,且冲制的孔无纵向飞边     

高速铣削铝合金叶片表面质量的试验研究

使用硬质合金球头铣刀对铝合金叶轮叶片进行了高速铣削试验。研究了切削速度和进给量对加工表面粗糙度的影响。试验结果表明:在高速加工中,每齿进给量比铣削行距对加工表面质量的影响更大;提高切削速度和减少每齿进给量有利于降低加工表面粗糙度。但当切削速度超过某一范围后,进一步提高速度对降低表面粗糙度的作用并不明显;每齿进给量减小到一定范围后,表面粗糙度反而会有所增加;对于铝合金叶片曲面的加工,合理选择切削速度、进给量和行距可获得较低的表面粗糙度值和较高的加工效率。     

微铣金属表面微沟槽结构的粗糙度及形貌分析

为了提高和改善微沟槽表面质量,设计了高速微铣削实验,研究了微沟槽底面表面粗糙度和侧壁残留毛刺的变化规律。从理论角度引入了已加工表面的形成机理,建立了微观表面粗糙度理论模型,提出了刀具跳动对侧壁形貌变化影响的规律。利用三轴联动精密微细铣削机床加工微细直沟槽,并选取主轴转速、轴向切深、进给速度、刀具跳动量和材料组织结构为研究因素。采用多因素正交实验和极差分析法,对表面粗糙度值进行数值分析。铝合金,钢和钛合金三类微沟槽底面对应的最佳表面粗糙度值变化范围分别为1.073~1.481 μm,0.485~0.883 μm,0.235~0.267 μm;无刀具跳动钛合金微沟槽壁毛刺的最大高度为7.637 μm,而当刀具存在0.3 μm的径向综合跳动量时对应的微槽壁毛刺的最大高度为21.79 μm。铣削参数对表面粗糙度值的影响按从大到小依次为进给速度、主轴转速、轴向切深,且随着进给速度和轴向切深的增大,表面粗糙度值增大;随着主轴转速的增大,表面粗糙度值先减小后增大;在相同加工条件下,若微圆弧刀刃无磨损,微刀具的跳动量对微直沟槽侧壁表面质量有较大影响。同时,不同金属材料特性也是影响微沟槽表面质量的潜在因素。     

Optimization of cryogenic milling parameters for aluminum honeycomb treated by ice fixation method

This paper presents the first comprehensive investigation that aluminum honeycomb has inevitable machining defect in milling process, such as deformation, burr, and collapse. Ice fixation method was used to clamp workpieces, and inner-injection liquid nitrogen was employed for a series of cryogenic milling machining. In the machining process, the main machining parameters including in honeycomb orientation, milling width, cutting depth, cutting speed, and feed were executed experimental research. Meanwhile, the machining parameter optimization, range, and significant analysis were adopted to analyze the influence of machining parameters on the machining surface quality, as well as the optimal parameter combination and milling machining surface quality were predicted and verified. The results show that the ice fixation aluminum honeycomb method with cryogenic milling is much advanced than that of conventional ones, and many machining defects are effectively restrained. At the same time, the influence of machining parameters on machining qualities in descending order is cutting depth, cutting speed, honeycomb orientation, feed, and milling width. The minimum roughness value (Ra?=?0.356 μm) of the predicted machining surface is similar to the actual machining result (Ra?=?0.362 μm). It verifies the feasibility of the optimization method. Furthermore, it is proved that the ice fixation + liquid nitrogen cooling method has a positive effect on the high milling quality and implement efficiency for aluminum honeycomb and other difficult-to-machine materials.