茉莉酸甲酯诱导烟草抗斜纹夜蛾的作用

研究了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对烟草过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、胰蛋白酶抑制剂和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂的诱导作用及其时间效应,并对不同处理烟叶对斜纹夜蛾生长的影响进行了生物学测定。结果表明:烟草喷施不同浓度MeJA后,局部和系统叶片组织内系列氧化酶活性和蛋白酶抑制剂含量显著增加。斜纹夜蛾取食不同处理的烟株叶片后,其相对生长速率明显降低;2.4mmol/LMeJA的处理能诱导烟株产生最强的防卫应答,且能持续较长的时间。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟草淀粉酶抑制剂诱导作用研究

研究了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯 ( MeJA)对烟草α-淀粉酶抑制剂诱导的时间及浓度效应,在斜纹夜蛾取食不同浓度的MeJA诱抗处理的烟草叶片1-3d后,对其中肠α-淀粉酶活性进行了检测。结果显示：0.01mmol/L、0.1mmol/L、1.0mmol/L、4.0 mmol/L和10.0mmol/L 5个梯度浓度的MeJA处理烟草后,烟叶中α-淀粉酶抑制剂含量明显增加,而4.0mmo1/L MeJA 诱抗处理48h时诱导烟草产生的α-淀粉酶抑制剂活性最强;离体检测结果表明斜纹夜蛾取食MeJA处理的烟草 叶片后,其中肠α-淀粉酶的活性降低。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟草α-淀粉酶抑制剂的诱导作用

研究了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对烟草α-淀粉酶抑制剂诱导的时间及浓度效应。在斜纹夜蛾取食不同浓度的MeJA诱抗处理的烟草叶片1～3d后,对中肠α-淀粉酶活性进行了检测。结果显示,0.01,0.1,1.0,4.0mmol/L和10.0mmol/L5种浓度的MeJA处理烟草后,烟叶α-淀粉酶抑制剂含量明显增加,而4.0mmo1/L MeJA诱抗处理48h时诱导烟草产生的α-淀粉酶抑制剂活性最强。离体检测结果表明,斜纹夜蛾取食MeJA处理的烟草叶片后,中肠α-淀粉酶活性降低。     

低浓度茉莉酸甲酯对烟草长柄腺毛发生发育的影响

茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对烟草长柄腺毛的发生具有强烈的诱导作用,但浓度过高时会抑制烟苗发育。本文以云烟87幼苗为材料,研究低浓度MeJA对腺毛发育和腺毛分泌物的影响,并利用qRT-PCR技术研究腺毛发生发育调控基因对MeJA的应答模式。结果表明,随着MeJA喷施浓度的升高,长柄腺毛的密度和腺头直径逐渐增加;喷施300μmol/L MeJA对长柄腺毛发生和发育有显著的诱导作用,且对叶片发育无明显影响;当MeJA喷施浓度达到600μmol/L时,叶片发育受到抑制。叶面化学成分分析发现,与未喷施MeJA的对照相比,喷施300μmol/L MeJA后西柏烷二萜、烷烃和蔗糖酯含量增加约一倍。基因应答模式研究发现,西柏烷二萜合成基因CBTS和CYP71D16,以及酯转运蛋白基因Nt LTP1受MeJA诱导表达;烟草腺毛发生调控基因ARF3、GIS、CD2、Wo和Cyc B2对MeJA处理均具有应答反应,其中ARF3和GIS的表达受到MeJA诱导,而CD2、Wo和Cyc B2的表达受到MeJA抑制。综上,300μmol/L MeJA可以调控腺毛发育相关基因的表达,安全、有效地促进长柄腺毛发生发育以及腺...     

茉莉酸甲酯对草莓果实品质的影响

以草莓为材料,研究不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯溶液浸泡对全熟草莓和八成熟草莓可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性5个理化指标的影响,以及同一浓度茉莉酸甲酯溶液对不同成熟度草莓品质的影响。研究结果表明,浓度为150μL/L的茉莉酸甲酯溶液浸泡不仅可以有效的减缓全熟草莓中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸以及维生素C含量的流失,而且还减缓抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性上升速度,延缓其褐变,衰老。八成熟草莓中可溶性固形物、可滴定酸以及维生素C含量都是先上升后下降,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶以及多酚氧化酶活性都在上升,其中150μL/L处理组与对照组相比贮藏效果最好,衰老速度,褐变速度最慢。而茉莉酸甲酯溶液处理的草莓其抗坏血酸过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性与草莓的成熟度没有关系。综上所述,浓度为150μL/L的茉莉酸甲酯溶液处理草莓更有利于草酶贮藏保鲜。     

茉莉酸甲酯对果蔬抗性、抗氧化活性及品质影响的研究进展

茉莉酸甲酯作为与抗损伤相关的植物激素和信号分子,外源应用可激发植物防御基因的表达,诱导其产生与机械伤害相似的防御效果。采后果蔬在贮藏和运输期间总酚、抗坏血酸以及谷胱甘肽等抗氧化物质含量下降,致使其抗氧化活性降低,且品质和抗性受到了不良影响,大大缩短了果蔬的货架期,造成了一定的经济损失。研究发现茉莉酸甲酯可通过提高果蔬抗性物质合成酶和抗氧化相关酶的活性增强果蔬抗性,有效维持果蔬的抗氧化活性、降低品质损失、延长货架期。本文对近些年国内外茉莉酸甲酯在果蔬应用上的研究进展进行了综述,聚焦于其对果蔬抗性、抗氧化活性及品质等方面的影响及作用机理,为今后茉莉酸甲酯在果蔬保鲜上的研究及应用提供参考。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟叶表面腺毛密度及蔗糖酯含量的影响

以烟草栽培品种K326、龙江911和翠碧1号3个品种为供试材料,利用组织化学染色法在体视显微镜下观察分泌蔗糖酯腺毛数,测定了蔗糖酯含量。研究了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对烟草表面单位面积上蔗糖酯的相对含量及分泌蔗糖酯腺毛密度的影响。结果显示,4个浓度的MeJA处理中,3个品种的烟草表面蔗糖酯含量及蔗糖酯分泌腺毛密度随着MeJA浓度的增加而逐渐降低。烟草的这种反应对其合理分配代价、形成对害虫强有力的抗性可能更为有利。     

茉莉酸甲酯对烟草分泌型和非分泌型腺毛形态发生的影响

为解析茉莉酸对烟草腺毛发生的影响,本文以高分泌型普通烟草T.I.1068和非分泌型普通烟草T.I.1112为材料,喷施不同浓度茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）,并对处理前后的叶片和茎表面腺毛进行形态学比较观察。结果发现:（1）T.I.1068腺毛包括长柄分泌型和短柄分泌型两类,腺毛密度随着MeJA浓度的增加而增加,但腺毛类型保持不变。（2）T.I.1112腺毛包括非分泌型和短柄分泌型两类,长柄分泌型腺毛在MeJA处理后出现,其密度随MeJA浓度的增加而增加,而非分泌型腺毛和短柄分泌型腺毛的密度并无明显变化。该结果表明,MeJA对烟草长柄分泌型腺毛发生具有强烈的诱导作用,而对非分泌型腺毛的发生并无明显影响,反映出不同类型的烟草腺毛具有不同的发生调控机制。      

茉莉酸甲酯诱导采后番茄果实抗病的作用

为寻找安全无毒的采后保鲜防病途径,探讨茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)在采后番茄果实诱导抗病性中的作用和机制。以绿熟期“丽春”番茄为材料,接种灰霉菌,并观察该菌对诱导抗病性的作用,研究MeJA对采后抗病的反应及其诱导作用,并对不同处理中番茄果实抵抗病原菌侵染能力、茉莉酸类物质含量、植物抗菌物质含量的诱导差异进行检测。结果表明：外源MeJA处理能够有效抑制番茄果实采后病害的发生,提高果实对琏格孢霉(Alternaria solani)、灰葡萄孢霉(Botrytis cinerea)、扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)、匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)病原菌侵染的广谱抗性,并通过诱导包括病程相关蛋白、酚类、番茄红素在内的抗菌物质积累,达到诱导抗病效果。     

机械损伤和茉莉酸甲酯对烟株蛋白酶抑制剂的诱导作用研究

为了进一步研究蛋白酶抑制剂对昆虫生长发育的影响,选取机械损伤和茉莉酸甲酯作为信号路径的激发子,研究了它们在不同条件下诱导烟株局部和系统性的胰蛋白酶抑制剂和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂的表达。结果显示:机械损伤或茉莉酸甲酯处理后,烟株处理叶和系统叶中胰蛋白酶抑制剂和胰凝乳蛋白酶抑制剂含量都有不同程度升高;施用2.4mmol/L茉莉酸甲酯时两者的增加量最为显著;机械损伤能明显抑制2.4mmol/L茉莉酸甲酯的诱导作用,对1.2mmol/L茉莉酸甲酯具有协同作用。      

我国烟草病虫害防治研究策略探讨

烟草病虫危害是烟叶生产的重要限制因素之一。在对我国烟草病虫害发生现状和防治中存在的问题进行探讨的基础上，提出了烟草病虫害防治研究策略。     

我国烟草病虫害预测预报工作进展与展望

烟草病虫害是烟草生产中的主要限制因子之一,我国烟草病虫害综合防治水平与国际上一些烟草生产先进国家相比还存在很大差距,为提高我国烟草病虫害综合防治水平,搞好烟草病虫害预测预报工作至关重要.笔者论述了我国烟草病虫害预测预报工作的进展,并对今后工作提出了建议.     

Observations on natural factors influencing resistance of faba bean seeds to storage insect pests

The effect of natural content of tannins and other phenolic compounds in faba bean seeds hull on the infestation by some store pests was investigated. The hull, particularly the content of phenolic compounds, does not influence the infestation and reproduction of Tribolium destructor and Trogoderma granarium. More sensitive to phenols seem to be the species Sitophilus oryzae and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. These results do not markedly confirm the checking effect of phenols on the degree of the infestation of faba beans by stored pests.     

Field evaluation of Carifend® net for the protection of stored tobacco from storage insect pests

In the present study, Carifend^® an alpha-cypermethrin-coated net, was evaluated for the control of Lasioderma serricorne and Ephestia elutella in semi-field and field tests in two storage facilities. In the semi-field tests, three Carifend^® Multi-Cubicles (CMCs), within which one carton box filled with tobacco was placed, were suspended in three separate rooms. Two MoBe traps were placed, one inside and one outside of each CMC. Three additional tobacco quantities in similar carton boxes, with a MoBe trap on them, were placed in three separate adjacent rooms and served as controls. In each room, 50 L. serricorne and 50 E. elutella adults were released outside of each tobacco quantity and the traps were inspected at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. A similar approach was followed in the field test conducted in a commercial tobacco storage facility. However, no insects were released and the test was based on the naturally-occurring immigrations of populations of E. elutella and L. serricorne from outside the facility or from unprotected tobacco. In semi-field tests, significantly more adults were captured in the first week in the control traps compared to counts from CMCs, either inside or outside. However, differences were significant only in the case of E. elutella. Only one single L. serricorne individual was found in the traps that had been placed inside CMCs, whereas no adult E. elutella were detected inside CMCs. In the field-test, traps that had been placed inside the CMCs captured only 3 and 1 adults of E. elutella and L. serricorne, respectively, during the entire survey period. Results of this study show that Carifend^® is highly effective for the control of both species on stored tobacco, and could be further successfully utilized as an alternative method over the use of traditional insecticidal treatments (such as repeated fumigations of phosphine gas) on tobacco.     

植物源农药在烟草病虫害防治上的研究与应用

简要介绍了植物源农药的特点、作用方式和开发与应用概况。对植物源杀虫剂、杀菌剂、杀线虫剂和抗病毒剂在烟草病虫害防治上的研究与应用进行了综述,并探讨了植物源农药开发与利用中存在的问题及发展前景。      

Field trials to control insect pests of farm-stored maize in Zambia

Severe infestations of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch and Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. occur in maize cobs stored under farm conditions in Zambia causing up to 92% damaged grains 8 months after harvest. Shelling the maize reduced S. cerealella damage to low levels and also stabilized the moisture content of the grain providing a more suitable substrate for insecticide application and c control of S. zeamais. Malathion at 12 ppm a.i., tetrachlorvinphos (12 ppm), and jodfenphos (12 ppm), applied as dust admixtures to shelled maize in traditional mud-walled, timber and thatch storage cribs, all kept damaged grains below 10% up to 10 months after harvest. Pirimiphos-methyl (4 ppm) and fenitrothion (2 ppm) maintained these low damage levels up to 8 months after harvest, but there was evidence of continued S. cerealella infestation with these two insecticides.     

Bioactivity of Jatropha curcas L. to insect pests of stored products

The objective of this research was to assess insecticidal activity of seeds and derivatives of Jatropha curcas to insect pests of stored grains. Lethal exposure times were estimated for 50 and 95% (LT₅₀ and LT₉₅) of the adults of Sitophilus zeamais and Rhyzorpertha dominica to seeds of four genotypes of J. curcas: Gonçalo, Paraguaçu, Filomena and Bento. Toxicity of powders and aqueous extracts from seeds and pericarps of J. curcas were tested on S. zeamais, R. dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Oryzaephilus surimanensis. A uniform toxic response was observed among the four genotypes for S. zeamais and R. dominica. The powders and aqueous extracts from seeds and pericarps were lethal to S. zeamais, R. dominica, T. castaneum and O. surimanensis. However, insect mortality was higher in the treatments from seeds, compared to the treatments from pericarps.     

Mapping of maize storage losses due to insect pests in central Mexico

Postharvest grain storage are a major problem in Mexico, influencing the economy, livelihoods, and food security of most farmers. At present, very limited information is available on postharvest maize losses and the associated insect pests in Mexico. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify and map maize storage losses in Central Mexico (State of Mexico) to analyze the effects of major pests in the different regions and to provide useful data to policymakers and local stakeholders. The study was conducted with 120 farmers dispersed across all regions of maize production in the State of Mexico. Storage losses were quantified using standardized maize samples that harvest, stored for a year, and sampled periodically. These data, together with geographic coordinates, were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to generate maps of maize storage damage and weight losses. The resulting maps show that in the southern region of the State of Mexico the standardized samples exhibited the highest maize losses after a one-year storage period, with an average of 76% loss and 100% grain damage, followed by the northern region, with an average of 18% loss and 52% damage. The eastern region reported 10% loss and 16% damage, whereas the Central region showed 5% loss and 14% damage. The main storage pests identified displayed localized geographic distributions, with the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, being mainly localized in the South, the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatu, in the East and North, and the angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella, in the Northeast and Central regions. Thus, these maps are robust tools that will help towards improving storage facilities and increasing food security for small-scale farmers.     

烟草对气候斑点病的抗性遗传研究

选择抗性不同的6个烤烟基因型,采用P(×P-1)/2双列杂交遗传交配设计方法,分析了烟草对气候斑点病的抗性(病情指数)和气孔导度的遗传方式。研究结果表明,烟草对气候斑点病的抗性和气孔导度大小均符合加性-显性遗传模型,抗病表现为隐性,感病为显性,气孔导度大表现为显性,气孔导度小表现为隐性。配合力分析表明,感病品种RG17、K326具有较高的正向一般配合力(增加病指、增大气孔导度,表现感病),抗病品种NC89、中烟90和中抗品种具有负向一般配合力(降低病指,减小气孔导度,表现抗病)。