利用蜂蚜同接技术规模饲养烟蚜茧蜂

利用蜂蚜同接技术饲养烟蚜茧蜂,结果表明,蚜源的寄生率控制在47％左右,平均每株接蚜2.8头/株,饲养18d后最高繁蚜量可达11万头/m2,饲养23d后单位面积可获得4.9万头/m2以上的僵蚜量,繁蚜和繁蜂效益较高.     

不同蜂蚜比的蜂蚜同接对规模化繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的影响

以漂浮育苗为载体,研究了不同蜂蚜比的蜂蚜同接后烟蚜茧蜂的繁殖效果。结果表明,蜂蚜比为1：100的蜂蚜作为蜂蚜同接的蚜源和蜂源,其初始寄生率为52.28%,按4头/株同接饲养25 d后,累计繁殖僵蚜量为261.66头/株,其寄生率高达97.3%,繁蜂效果最好。其次是蜂蚜比为1：200,再次是蜂蚜比为1：50。蜂蚜同接技术适用于烟蚜茧蜂的规模化繁殖,其繁蜂效果均优于先繁蜂再繁蚜的分接繁殖技术,在实际运用中蜂蚜比控制在1:100~1:200.     

蓝莓贮藏期病原菌的分离鉴定及植物粗提物抑菌效果研究

以湖南省长沙县的兔眼蓝莓(粉蓝)为试材,分离并鉴定出自然贮藏过程中引发蓝莓果实腐烂变质的3株主要病原真菌(LM-1、LM-2和LM-3),同时采用牛津杯法开展21种植物乙醇粗提物对其中2株低温贮藏中重要致病真菌的抑菌活性筛选,并确定其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。经形态学观察和18S r DNA序列分析将3株病原真菌分别鉴定为灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)、互隔交链孢霉(Alternaria alternata)和类阿达青霉(Penicillium adametzioides)。抑菌实验结果表明,丁香对灰葡萄孢菌和互隔交链孢霉的抑制能力最强,0.5 g/m L丁香提取液对灰葡萄孢菌和互隔交链孢霉的平均抑菌圈直径分别达47.55、40.66 mm,MIC分别为15.63、31.25 mg/m L,MBC分别为31.25、62.5 mg/m L。     

猕猴桃和青菜病原真菌的分离、鉴定及生物学特性

目的:猕猴桃和青菜在储存和运输的过程中容易因病原菌导致腐烂而造成经济损失,因此,了解其病原菌的种类和特性对病原菌的防治十分必要。方法:本研究通过致病性鉴定、形态学鉴定及ITS鉴定从发病猕猴桃及青菜中分离得到病原真菌,并且对其进行了生物学特性的探究。结果:从发病猕猴桃中分离纯化得到4株病原真菌,经鉴定为壳囊孢属Cytospora sp.、波兰青霉Penicillium polonicum、加州灰霉菌Botrytis californica和盖姆斯木霉Trichoderma gamsii。从发病青菜中分离纯化得到3株病原真菌,经鉴定为圆形镰刀菌Fusarium circinatum、枝孢梭菌Cladosporium angustiterminale和加州灰霉菌Botrytis californica。壳囊孢属在10~28 ℃范围内均可生长,其余6株病原真菌在4~30 ℃范围内均可生长,并且最适生长温度为20~28 ℃。除枝孢梭菌外,其余6株病原真菌的的最适pH在6~8之间。枝孢梭菌的耐酸性较强,其最适pH可能在4以下。壳囊孢属在pH为4~9范围内均可以生长,其余6株病原真菌在pH为4~10范围内均可以生长。结论:经致病性鉴定后,发现这7株真菌均可对应地引起猕猴桃和青菜腐烂,而其中的加州灰霉菌Botrytis californica可同时引起猕猴桃和青菜的腐烂。波兰青霉、加州灰霉菌、盖姆斯木霉和枝孢梭菌在4 ℃情况下均可以生长,说明冰箱冷藏的温度并不能防止这些病原菌侵染蔬果。本文为猕猴桃及青菜病原真菌的防治提供了参考依据。     

芒果采后病原菌的分离及天然抗菌物质的筛选

以云南省元江县的三年芒果为材料,分离并鉴定贮藏过程中引起腐烂的主要病害及病原真菌,同时采用滤纸片扩散法,用25种植物提取液对病原菌进行抑菌实验,以找到对病原菌有抑制作用的天然物质.结果表明,从贮藏中的芒果上分离、鉴定出盘长孢状刺盘孢(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz)、色二孢(Diplodia mangiferae)、大茎点霉(Macrophoma mangiferae Hingoroai & Sharma)、拟茎点霉(Phomposis mangiferae Ahmad)4种病原真菌;确定了对4种病原真菌有抑制作用的天然植物提取液及其最低抑制浓度(MIC),其中对盘长孢状刺盘孢有抑制作用的提取液有100g/L的黄连水提取液、1OOg/L的高良姜水提取液、6.25g/L的连翘乙醇提取液、50g/L的丁香乙醇提取液和25g/L广霍香乙醇提取液;对色二孢有抑制作用的有100g/L的百部水提取液和12.5g/L的广霍香乙醇提取液;对大茎点霉有抑制作用的是12.5g/L的连翘乙醇提取液、25g/L的广霍香乙醇提取液和50g/L的桉叶乙醇提取液:对拟茎点霉有抑制作用的有25g/L的连翘乙醇提取液、50g/L的丁香乙醇提取液和6.25 g/L的广霍香乙醇提取液.     

烟草根茎部病原真菌的分离与鉴定

为系统了解烟草根茎部主要病原真菌,采集根茎部发黑腐烂病株进行室内分离与鉴定,共分离到病原真菌64株。根据菌落、菌丝和孢子形态特征观察以及多基因位点系统发育分析对病原菌进行分类鉴定,并在烟草叶、茎和根部进行病原菌致病力测定。结果表明,分离得到的病原菌包括：尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）、接骨木镰刀菌（F. sambucinum）、共享镰刀菌（F. commune）、苏拉威镰刀菌（F. sulawesiense）、柑橘镰刀菌（F. citri）、番薯镰刀菌（F. ipomoeae）、条纹孢壳属（Lasiodiplodia brasiliense）、小孢根霉（Rhizopus microspores）和枝状枝孢菌（Cladosporium cladosporioides）。致病力测定表明,这些病原真菌对烟草都有致病力,其中接骨木镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌、共享镰刀菌和L. brasiliense的致病力较强,苏拉威镰刀菌、番薯镰刀菌、柑橘镰刀菌、小孢根霉和枝状枝孢菌致病力稍弱。病原真菌的分离与鉴定结果将为科学、合理、有效地防治烟草根茎部病害提供依据。     

蜂头虫草无性型——蜂头层束梗孢活性成分分析

测定了蜂头虫草无性型——蜂头层束梗孢(Hymenostilbe sphecophila Kob)HS01胞外多糖含量、5种核替代谢量和氨基酸含量。结果表明,胞外多糖含量最高可达1.75 g/L,胞内多糖含量最高可达2.423%;发酵液与菌丝体中均含有尿苷、鸟苷、肌苷、胸腺嘧啶核苷和腺苷5种核苷,其含量均高于对照品冬虫夏草生药;HS01发酵菌丝体与天然虫草生药在氨基酸种类上一致,但氨基酸总量和人体所必须氨基酸总量明显高于冬虫夏草生药,氨基酸总量为8.330 mg/g。     

高山被孢霉对5种抗生素的敏感性研究

以固体培养基上菌落数为指标,研究高山被孢霉在5种抗生素(氨苄青霉素、红霉素、潮霉素B、卡那霉素和氯霉素)的不同浓度下的生长情况。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,高山被孢霉对潮霉素B最敏感,当浓度300μg/m L时,致死率为91.7%;对卡那霉素和红霉素较敏感,在400μg/m L卡那霉素中的致死率为73.3%,在400μg/m L红霉素中的致死率达到70%;对氨苄青霉素和氯霉素不敏感,300μg/m L氨苄青霉素、250μg/m L氯霉素不能抑制高山被孢霉生长,致死率只有20%以下。     

蓝莓采后病原真菌分离及其生物学鉴定

为了深入研究贵州麻江县蓝莓果实采后贮藏过程中的病原真菌及其生物学鉴定,首先对贮藏库中蓝莓果实的病害真菌进行分离、纯化和观察;然后采用真菌ITS区特异性引物对所分离的蓝莓病原真菌ITS区进行PCR扩增测序,将病原真菌的ITS区序列与NCBI中核酸数据库进行比对分析,确定蓝莓病原真菌的生物学分类。同时对病原真菌在不同贮藏条件下的生长状况进行初步研究。在采后蓝莓果实的贮藏期分离得到12株蓝莓真菌,其中引起采后腐烂的病原真菌主要为1号拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis)、2号Neofusicoccum、3号青霉(Penicillium)、6号地霉(Geotrichum)和8号枝孢霉(Cladosporium)。对病原真菌进行初步研究后发现青霉是低温贮运过程中的主要病原菌、Neofusicoccum和地霉是高温贮运过程中的主要致腐菌。该试验分析结果可为微生物污染途径分析以及生物防治蓝莓腐烂提供一定的理论依据。     

高浓度卤代海因水溶液杀菌剂的制备及性能研究

制备了较高浓度的复方溴氯海因水溶液杀菌剂（FBCH）和复方二溴海因水溶液杀菌剂（FDBH）,测定了不同助剂对卤代海因在水中溶解性的影响;研究了FBCH对大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌黑色变种芽的杀菌效果;测定了FDBH对金黄色葡萄球菌和SRB的杀菌效果及持效性;并对FBCH和FDBH对金属的腐蚀性进行考察。结果表明：复方卤代海因水溶液杀菌剂较适宜质量比是：卤代海因/A/B（增溶剂）为4∶3∶4,卤代海因最高溶解量可达100g/L,溶解度提高了50倍。40.40mg/LFBCH对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢作用20min,杀菌率达100.00%;78.10mg/LFBCH溶液对大肠杆菌作用45min,杀灭率可达99.76%以上;10mg/L左右的FDBH对金黄色葡萄球菌作用5min（0.08h）,杀菌率就可达99.99%以上,且在16天以后,杀菌率仍保持100%;50mg/LFDBH和与十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵（1227）的复配混合杀菌剂1h的杀菌率超过99%且持效时间能达15d以上;1000mg/L的FDBH对不锈钢和铝无腐蚀,适宜工业应用。     

生物农药"力杀死"对烟青虫和烟蚜的药效试验

为更有效地防治烟田害虫,测定了生物农药4%“力杀死”乳油对烟青虫和烟蚜的室内毒力和田间药效。结果表明,4%“力杀死”乳油对烟青虫和烟蚜的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.896 mg/L和0.03mg/L。4%“力杀死”乳油2500倍液对烟蚜的校正防效,施药后第4d和第6d达98%以上,和“甲胺磷”2000倍液没有显著差异;对烟青虫的防效低于烟蚜,但施药后第5d时,2500倍“力杀死”的防效达79.4%,与“甲胺磷”没有显著差异。     

Integration of strobilurins and other fungicides for the control of powdery mildew on grapes

The strobilurin fungicides Amistar (azoxystrobin) and Flint (trifloxystrobin) were evaluated in 1999/00 and 2000/01 in programs that included various combinations with Thiovit (sulfur) and Topas (penconazole) for the control of powdery mildew on grapes. In most experiments the application of 6 sprays per season that included Thiovit (3 g/L) followed by various combinations of Topas (0.125 mL/L), Amistar (0.5 g/L), Flint (0.15 g/L) and Thiovit (2 g/L) controlled powdery mildew. Although strobilurins were applied from flowering to after fruit set, the order in which various fungicides were applied had little influence on the level of powdery mildew control. In experiments where the bunch or leaf area diseased was 60% or higher in unsprayed plots, the severity was less than 5% where combinations of Thiovit and Topas with either Amistar or Flint were applied. In one experiment, 3 applications of either Legend (quinoxyfen) or Prosper (spiroxamine) following 2 applications of Thiovit also provided excellent control of powdery mildew. In programs where the application of Amistar and Flint were directly compared, Flint was the most effective fungicide for controlling powdery mildew. In the experiments where downy mildew also developed, Amistar was more effective than Flint in controlling this disease.     

肉桂醛抗菌复合保鲜剂涂膜对采后荔枝的保鲜效果

对贮藏期荔枝的主要致腐菌进行科赫氏验证、形态学分析和ITS序列鉴定,优化肉桂醛抗菌复合保鲜剂的配方,探究其在荔枝保鲜中的应用效果。结果显示：引起荔枝腐烂的主要致腐菌为黑根霉（Rhizopus nigricans）,肉桂醛复合保鲜剂可明显抑制荔枝的霉变。复合保鲜剂的组分（壳聚糖、玉米醇溶蛋白、甘油）均可显著减缓荔枝果实的可溶性固形物质量分数的下降和质量损失率的上升,延长荔枝的贮藏期;根据综合平衡法从正交试验组合中优选出复合保鲜剂最佳配方,即壳聚糖质量浓度1.2 g/100 mL、玉米醇溶蛋白质量浓度1.6 g/100 mL、甘油质量浓度0.7 g/100 mL、肉桂醛质量浓度750 mg/L。优选配方处理荔枝常温贮藏8 d时,果皮腐烂指数0.16,商品果率92.3%,贮后果皮色泽鲜亮,感官品质好,保鲜效果佳。     

Radiation processing for elimination of Salmonella typhimurium from inoculated seeds used for sprout making in India and effect of irradiation on germination of seeds

The effect of radiation processing on the germination of the sprout seeds mung (Phaseolus aureus), matki (Phaseolus aconitifolius), chana (Cicer arietinum), and vatana (Pisum sativum) in terms of percent germination, germination yield, sprout length, vitamin C content, and texture was investigated. Gradual decreases in the percent germination, germination yield, and sprout length with increases in radiation dose (0.5 to 2.0 kGy) were observed. Vitamin C content and texture remained unaffected for the seeds treated with doses of up to 2 kGy. To determine the efficacy of radiation treatment in elimination of foodborne pathogens, seeds inoculated with 4 log CFU/g of Salmonella Typhimurium were treated with radiation doses of 1 and 2 kGy. A reduction in counts of Salmonella Typhimurium in inoculated seeds after radiation treatment was observed. A radiation dose of 2 kGy resulted in the complete elimination of 4 log CFU/g of Salmonella Typhimurium from the inoculated seeds. However, on sprouting for 48 h, the count of Salmonella Typhimurium reached 8 log CFU/g for the control seeds and the seeds treated with a 1-kGy radiation dose. The aerobic plate counts for seeds were 2.0 to 2.6 log CFU/g, which were reduced to 0.9 to 1.2 log CFU/g on treatment with a 2-kGy radiation dose. On sprouting for 48 h, the aerobic plate count reached 8 log CFU/g for both the control and radiation-treated seeds. The study demonstrates that irradiation can control bacterial levels on seeds but not contamination introduced during posttreatment handling. Therefore, radiation processing of the final product (sprouts) is recommended, rather than of the seeds.     

烘烤期烟叶霉烂病的病原鉴定

摘 要:福建省政和县发现红花大金元烟草在烘烤变黄期发生霉烂。霉变先从叶柄开始发生,逐渐向主脉和叶片扩展,引起烟叶大面积霉烂。为了明确病因和发病条件,进行了病原菌分离培养、病原菌形态特征观察、生长温度试验、致病性测定及病害发生条件观察。研究结果表明病原菌为米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）,烟叶变黄期烤房温度达36～40℃,相对湿度75%～85%的条件下有利病菌的生长和侵染。首次确认烘烤期烟叶霉烂是由病原菌引起的一种新的侵染性病害,该病害命名为烟叶霉烂病（tobacco leaf mildew rot）。      

不同晾房晾制吐鲁番无核白葡萄的干燥特性及品质比较

针对吐鲁番地区的土坯晾房、砖结构晾房和棚架晾房3种不同材料建造的晾房,比较西南、东南、南北、东西4个走向下的无核白葡萄干燥时间、绿品率、糖度、维生素C含量、感官指标及色泽(包括L*、a*、b*平均值及R、G、B值)。结果表明:在砖结构晾房和土坯晾房中,西南走向中的无核白葡萄干燥时间均为24d,绿品率分别为32%,24%,糖度分别为721.3,719.6 mg/g、维生素C含量分别为7.84,7.65mg/100g,效果显著优于东南、南北、东西走向。而棚架晾房除干燥时间较短外,其他各方面品质均显著低于砖结构晾房和土坯晾房。结合L*、a*、b*平均值及R、G、B值综合分析可知,长轴迎风建造的西南走向的砖结构晾房在干燥速率及葡萄干品质方面都优于其他几组晾房,为最佳干燥晾房。     

An evaluation of biological and abiotic controls for grapevine powdery mildew. 2. Vineyard trials

Grapevine powdery mildew ( Erysiphe necator) affects grape yield and fruit quality worldwide. Managers of conventional vineyards rely mainly on synthetic fungicides and sulfur to control powdery mildew, while in organic vineyards sulfur is the main control agent, often in rotation with canola-based oils, bicarbonates and biological control agents. The efficacy of those materials has not been evaluated critically under field conditions in Australia. Accordingly, a range of materials showing most promise in previous greenhouse trials (Crisp et al. 2006 Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 12 , pp. 192–202) were assessed via field trials in commercial vineyards. Applications of either milk or whey (alone, or mixed with a canola oil-based product), as well as applications of potassium bicarbonate (commercial formulation), all reduced the severity of powdery mildew compared with untreated vines. Eight applications of a 1:10 dilution of milk, 45 g/L whey powder or programs comprising rotations of potassium bicarbonate plus oil and whey, applied at 10–14 day intervals, reduced the severity of powdery mildew to levels not significantly different from that on vines sprayed with sulfur (wettable powder, 3–6 g/L). However, the relative control of powdery mildew by the test materials in field trials was dependent on the susceptibility of the grapevine cultivar and the extent of spray coverage achieved. In vineyards where highly susceptible cultivars were planted, and spray coverage was compromised, the resultant control of powdery mildew was reduced; and sometimes to commercially unacceptable levels.     

储烟霉变机理与防霉技术研究进展

从烟叶霉变的病原学、发病规律、霉变检测和防霉技术等方面,综述了国内外在储烟防霉学领域取得的进展,对今后储烟防霉的研究进行了展望。     

生防菌株LB-1对烟草白粉病的抑制效果及对病菌孢子萌发的影响

  目的  为检测近缘毛壳菌（Chaetomium subaffine）LB-1对烟草白粉病的抑制效果。  方法  以中烟90为供试烟草品种,分析了LB-1对烟草白粉病的抑制效果及对病菌分生孢子萌发的影响。  结果  LB-1菌悬液叶面处理对供试烟草盆栽苗和离体叶段白粉病的发生无明显影响,但LB-1发酵液叶面喷施盆栽苗和浸蘸处理离体叶段均能显著抑制烟草白粉病的发生,防效和抑制率分别为44.90%和53.11%;显微镜检发现,LB-1发酵液能够引起白粉病菌孢子的皱缩和畸形。  结论  近缘毛壳菌株LB-1可用于防治烟草白粉病。      

Determination of the optimal amount of protein in the diet in chronic enteritis

In patients with chronic enteritis the curative effect of diets containing 135 and 160 g of protein was studied. The optimal action was found to produce a diet containing 135 g of protein. An increase of the protein proportion up to 160 g does not improve the clinical efficacy of the diet, nor does it increase the retention of nitrogen. It augments above the normal level the elimination of epinephrine with urine, which is followed by the appearance of creatinuria and an elevated oxygen deficiency in the urine. The dietary with 135 g of protein is to be continued for a lengthy period of time, for it is no sooner than after 1 1/2-2 months of the cure that there appears a tendency toward normalization of the body mass and concentration of ninhydrin-positively responding compounds in the blood serum.