Biopolishing of cotton fabrics with total cellulases of Trichoderma reesei and optimization using Taguchi methods

Biopolishing of cotton fabrics enhances appearance and handle of the fabrics without compromising on essential properties. Process of biopolishing is influenced by concentration of cellulases, temperature, pH, and duration of treatment, besides the activity levels of enzymes, method of mechanical agitations and construction features of fabrics. Optimization of process parameters, including mechanical agitations and fabric construction features, has been carried out using Taguchi methods followed by analysis of variance and confirmation tests. All the design parameters, used in the study, have predominant influence on weight loss, fabric strength after biopolishing while thickness, bursting strength, abrasion losses, and flexural rigidity of the fabrics were significantly influenced by the concentration of cellulases together with duration of treatment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Effect of purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases on formation of cotton powder from cotton fabric

The mode of action of monocomponent purified Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases (CBHI and CBHII) and endoglucanases (EGI and EGII) on cotton fabrics was studied by analyzing the weight loss of the fabric, the reducing sugars, the soluble oligosaccharides and the molecular weight of the cotton powder formed. The impact of mechanical action on these factors was also evaluated. EGI and EGII released the highest amounts of reducing sugars and soluble oligosaccharides in both treatments with or without additional mechanical action. After cellulase treatment without additional mechanical action, all of the cellulases were found to have reduced the molecular weight of cotton poplin powder. When mechanical action was combined with enzyme treatments, only EGII reduced the molecular weight. The weight loss of EG‐treated fabrics was clearly higher than the weight loss of CBH‐treated fabrics with both low and high mechanical action levels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1917–1922, 2003     

The influence of pH upon the hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose with cellulases from Trichoderma reesei

We have studied the enzymatic hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with Celluclast, a commercial preparation of cellulases deriving from Trichoderma reesei, by monitoring the variation in the concentrations of glucose and reducing sugars at a constant temperature of 50°C and different pH values. We determined both glucose and overall yield, concluding that the production of glucose directly by endoglucanase is higher than that coming from the hydrolysis of cellobiose by β‐1,4‐glucosidase and that the rate at which cellobiose is formed can be calculated via kinetic parameters that are due in the end mainly to exoglucanase activity. We observed the effect of pH upon the kinetic parameters and found that the ideal value for the hydrolysis of CMC is one of pH 4.9.     

Fed-batch production of cellulases using trichoderma reesei rutgers c-30

In the past ten years there has been considerable attention devoted to improving the microbial production of cellulases for their potential in saccharification of cellulosic materials. The Rut. C-30 strain of the fungus Trichoderma reesei has yielded some of the best enzyme activities and productivities reported to date. The use of fed-batch techniques has also been shown to improve enzyme productivities while maintaining or increasing enzyme activities and reducing problems associated with aeration, mixing and foaming. In this work on fed-batch production of cellulases using Rut. C-30 the effects of both the size of the substrate injection and the time between injections are examined. The results indicate an appropriate feeding policy and provide insight into the mechanism for cellulase production.     

Built-in lubrication on cotton fabrics

Partial cotton esters of long chain fatty acids of low degrees of substitution (D.S.<0.20) have been prepared by a variety of methods. In particular, the effects of the introduction of a stearoyl or an oleoyl group into the cellulose matrix on fabric properties, such as softness of hand and wrinkle recovery, have been studied. Attempts have been made to compare fabric properties of partial esters of like D.S. prepared by various methods of esterification and effect of a chemically attached alkanoyl group with effect of the same group deposited or adsorbed on the surface of the cotton fabric. Consideration has been given to the size of the alkyl group, its orientation on the surface of the fiber and its hydrophobicity. Data indicate that resistance to abtasion of cottons chemically modified with long chain alkyl groups is reduced whenever the finished fabric has high dry wrinkle recovery. High dry wrinkle recovery is obtained after esterification of cotton in nonaqueous media. Improvement in resistance to abrasion is pronounced when the alkyl group has not been chemically combined with the cellulose matrix in the absence of water, and usually is obtained when the finished cottons possess only high wet wrinkle recovery. One of eight papers being published from the Symposium “Surface Active Agents in the Textile Industry,” presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

木聚糖成分对木聚糖酶合成的影响

分别以两种含有不同组成的木聚糖为碳原进行产酶研究,结果发现木聚精成分对里氏木霉产木聚糖酶的效果具有重大影响。实验结果表明,用全组分的木聚糖（即用酒精等有机溶剂沉淀下来的木聚糖）诱导合成本聚糖酶的效果要比仅以水不溶性高聚合度木聚糖的效果好。当以全组分的木聚糖为碳源产酶时,不仅产酶周期缩短（仅需2．5d）,而且有利于提高木聚糖酶活力,酶活力、比活力、酶得率及酶产率分别达到34．27IU／mL、78．21;IU／g蛋白质、4895．7IU／g木聚糖和13708．0IU／L·d,酶活力和酶产率分别是以水不溶性木聚糖为碳源时的2．7倍和3．3倍。     

Flame-resistant polyester/cotton fabrics

New experimental results are reported for the modification of 50/50 polyester/cotton blend fabrics made from bromine-free and bromine-containing polyester with a reactive flame retardant compound of high phosphorus content. Reaction of the cotton in the blend with methyl-phosphonic diamide yields modified fabrics in which flame resistance is attained without impairment of fabric hand. The level of flame resistance depends on the amount of insolubilized phosphorus in the treated fabric, but the hand is essentially unchanged even for fabrics of high phosphorus content which pass the vertical test of DOC-FF-3-71. The results of this work provide a basis for improved definitions of future approaches to the development of flame resistant polyester/cotton blend fabrics.     

应用里氏木霉发酵制备纤维素酶固体曲的研究

应用本实验室筛选得到的纤维素酶高产菌株里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）150-1-1发酵制备纤维素酶固体曲,通过优化固态发酵培养基组成及发酵条件,制备得到纤维素酶活力较高的固体曲及粗酶液。实验结果表明,在原料量为10 g,麸皮与秸杆粉质量比为4：1,料液比为1：2.5,发酵时间为120 h,发酵温度为31℃,发酵起始pH值为5.5的条件下,应用里氏木霉150-1-1发酵得到的纤维素酶固体曲酶活力达到423.6 U/g。     

Colour constancy of vat prints on cotton fabrics

Colour constancy of prints with vat dyes on cotton fabrics was investigated by computing the CMCCON02 colour inconstancy index with the key element CAT02 for chromatic adaptation transform. The results show that the highest changes in colour appearance can be expected when the average daylight is replaced with fluorescent light. If D65 daylight is replaced with some other type of daylight, such as D50 or D55, only minor colour deviations occur which do not substantially change the colour appearance of the prints. The analysis of the influence of the lightness and chromaticity of prints shows that the chromaticity of the samples significantly affects their colour constancy. The change of appearance of the prints with lower chroma because of changed illumination conditions is less probable. The influence of a dye blend composition was also investigated. On average, multi‐coloured dye blends have proved to be more colour constant.     

Molecular Characterization of Xyloglucanase cel74a from Trichoderma reesei

Background: The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is used on an industrial scale to produce enzymes of biotechnological interest. This fungus has a complex cellulolytic system involved in the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. However, several aspects related to the regulation of the expression of holocellulolytic genes and the production of cellulases by this fungus are still understood. Methods: Here, we constructed a null mutant strain for the xyloglucanase cel74a gene and performed the characterization of the Δcel74a strain to evaluate the genetic regulation of the holocellulases during sugarcane bagasse (SCB) cultivation. Results: Our results demonstrate that the deletion of xyloglucanase cel74a may impact the regulation of holocellulase expression during SCB cultivation. The expression of cellulases cel7a, cel7b, and cel6a was reduced in Δcel74a strain, while the hemicellulases xyn1 and xyn2 were increased in the presence of SCB. The cel74a mutation also affected the xyloglucan hydrolysis patterns. In addition, CEL74A activity was modulated in the presence of calcium, suggesting that this ion may be required for efficient degradation of xyloglucan. Conclusions: CEL74A affects the regulation of holocellulolytic genes and the efficient degradation of SCB in T. reesei. This data makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the carbon utilization of fungal strains as a whole.     

Durable antimicrobial finish of cotton fabrics

Cotton fabrics were treated with Biopag, which does not have any functional groups that are reactive toward cellulose, using crosslinking agents or a binder, for the purpose of imparting a durable antimicrobial finish. In this respect, it was found that the crosslinking agents were more effective than the binder. It was confirmed by FT‐IR that the characteristic split peaks of Biopag were still seen even after repeated launderings. The crosslinking agents deteriorated the whiteness and tensile strength of the Biopag‐treated cotton fabrics, while the wrinkle recovery angles (WRAs) were significantly improved. The one‐step padding of Biopag and the crosslinking agent was found to be superior to the two‐step padding method in which Biopag padding was followed by padding of crosslinking agent in respect of WRA, whereas the whiteness and tensile strength were vice versa. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

里氏木酶利用预处理小麦秆生产纤维素酶的应用研究

为了降低里氏木霉生产纤维素酶的成本,研究了小麦秸秆经白腐菌和酸处理后主要成分如纤维素、木聚糖、木质素含量的变化,采用正交实验考察了里氏木霉菌发酵小麦秆生产纤维素酶的最佳条件,研究得到的最佳条件为:小麦秆∶麸皮=2∶3,培养温度30℃,起始pH 5.0,发酵时间48 h。通过对正交实验条件的优化,发酵液滤纸酶活(FPA)为6.11 IU.mL-1,羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)为29.11 IU.mL-1,纤维二糖酶活(CBA)为16.11 IU.mL-1。和原工艺相比FPA、CMCase和CBA分别提高了30.78%、26.82%和37.11%。     

培养基成分对里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的影响

以里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)Rut C-30为产酶菌,研究了碳源、氮源和碳氮比对木聚糖酶合成的影响.结果表明粗木聚糖和亚硫酸盐纸浆混合作为碳源有利于木聚糖酶的合成,碳源中随着亚硫酸盐纸浆含量的增多,合成的木聚糖酶活先上升后下降,当碳源为粗木聚糖(5g/L)与亚硫酸盐纸浆(2g/L)的混合物时,木聚糖酶活最高,与单独用7g/L的粗木聚糖为碳源相比,木聚糖酶活提高了56.66%.混合氮源的产酶效果比单一氮源的产酶效果好,其中尿素、蛋白胨和酵母浸膏按一定的比例混合作为氮源产酶效果最好,木聚糖酶活达138.56 IU/mL,单一氮源中有机氮源产酶效果比无机氮源稍好.随着碳氮比的增加,木聚糖酶活值先上升后下降,以粗木聚糖为碳源,里氏木霉合成木聚糖酶的较适碳氮比为7.2左右.     

间歇出酶/出菌丝的培养方式对里氏木霉产纤维素酶的影响

以微晶纤维素和淀粉水解液作为碳源生产纤维素酶,在里氏木霉Rut C30分批补料生产纤维素酶的过程中通过间歇取出部分酶的培养方式保护纤维素酶。实验结果显示：采用间歇出酶培养方式,在分批补料3 d后,每1、2或者3天取出部分酶液。当平均每天取出15%的酶液,酶活显著增加,总纤维素酶酶活较单纯分批补料提高26.5%~32.6%,而总β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活提高超过46%;采用间歇出酶出菌丝培养方式,当每天取出15%的酶液时,纤维素酶产量比分批补料增长35.4%,去除和酶液等量的菌丝,酶活和分批补料相比增长32.5%,而且这两种培养方式所生产的纤维素酶的酶解效率高达82%,远超商品酶Celluclast（62.03%）。     

Effect of Natural and Pretreated Soybean Hulls on Enzyme Production by Trichoderma reesei

The enzyme induction utility of soybean hulls (SBH), consisting in excess of 50 wt% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, was studied through cultivation of the carbohydrase-producing fungus Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30. Shake flask systems of T. reesei were grown in a medium consisting of defatted soybean flour as a nitrogen source and SBH, some of which were untreated and others pretreated by liquid hot water, alkaline, and supercritical carbon dioxide, as carbon source. Cellulase, xylanase, and polygalacturonase activities were measured for the systems, and the natural hull systems were found to yield optimum enzyme production. Controlled batch fermentation experiments were carried out to compare enzyme production resulting from media with Avicel^® (FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, PA, USA) versus natural SBH with and without soybean flour as the nitrogen source. Soybean hull fermentations were also performed at several pH levels to observe the effects on enzyme production. Soybean hulls induced comparable levels of cellulase, and higher levels of xylanase and polygalacturonase, than Avicel^®. With SBH, cellulase and xylanase production were enhanced at higher pH levels (6.0), and polygalacturonase was enhanced at lower pH levels (4.0–4.5). Enzyme production was largely unaffected by the presence of soybean flour as the nitrogen source.     

Effect of carrier ionic properties on cellulase productivity by immobilized filamentous Trichoderma reesei

Filamentous cells of Trichoderma reesei were immobilized by an adhesion method using carriers prepared by radition polymerization and the effects of the ionic properties of the carriers on cellulase productivity have been investigated. The cationic polymers were better than anionic polymers in the adhesion of the cells. Enzyme productivity was affected by the ionic property of the polymer, the concentration of the coating monomer and the hydrophobicity of the pre-coating polymer.     

凝胶层析法纯化纤维素酶的研究

The gel filtration was carried out for purification of cellulase.The influences of chromatographic parameters on the resolution were studied to determine the optimal conditions for purification.The purified endoglucanase was obtained by gel filtration by Superdex 75 prep grade with an activity recovery of 92.8% and the purification factor 4.2.The sample volume should be below 6% of the column bed volume and the column bed height L≥12.0 cm.The optimum catalysis temperature and pH for the enzyme were 55℃and 4.5-.0 respectively.The cellulase was stable at pH ranging from 4.0 to 6.0 and temperature below 60℃.     

两级超滤部分纯化里氏木霉纤维素酶

研究了里氏木霉纤维素酶超滤过程中pH值的影响,结果显示适宜的pH为7.0。在pH 7.0的条件下,依次用PVDF100超滤膜和PS30超滤膜对纤维素酶粗酶液进行恒体积洗滤方式超滤,以洗出其中的杂蛋白,纯化之后的里氏木霉纤维素酶系中内切葡聚糖酶、外切葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶分别被纯化了2.1、1.78和1.49倍,而且维持了里氏木霉纤维素酶系构成的稳定性。此时,相应酶组分的回收率分别为75.9%、81.8%和54.0%。