高模量、低热膨胀系数聚酰亚胺杂化薄膜的制备

通过在聚酰胺酸中加入正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和硅烷偶联剂(KH550),制备了不同SiO2含量的PI/SiO2杂化薄膜.采用FTIR、TMA、SEM以及TGA分析了PI/SiO2杂化薄膜的性能和结构.结果表明,TEOS经水解缩合与聚酰亚胺(PI)形成了有机-无机杂化网络结构,SiO2均匀分散在聚酰亚胺基体中;SiO2和偶联剂的引入提高了杂化薄膜的热稳定性;随着SiO2含量的增加,PI/SiO2杂化薄膜的拉伸强度降低,但当SiO2含量达到20%时,弹性模量增大到3.4GPa.     

含偶联剂的聚酰亚胺/SiO2杂化膜的制备与性能

采用二酐(HQDPA)和二胺(ODA)合成了聚酰亚胺,以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为无机前驱体,通过溶胶-凝胶法在溶剂DMF中制备出SiO2不同含量的PI/SiO2杂化膜,偶联剂GOTMS用来加强聚酰亚胺与SiO2的相容性。采用SEM及万能拉力实验机对膜材料的微观结构和力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,质量分数为10%SiO2的杂化膜力学性能得到加强,20%,30%的膜力学性能下降;加入偶联剂有效地抑制了SiO2的团聚,20%,30%的杂化膜力学性能得到了改善。     

固体含量对PI/SiO2纳米杂化薄膜聚集态结构的影响

以均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和4,4'-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)为有机单体,正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为无机前驱体,制备了SiO2含量一定,PAA杂化胶液固体含量不同的PI/SiO2纳米杂化薄膜.利用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD)分析了PAA杂化胶液固体含量对PI/SiO2纳米杂化薄膜聚集态结构的影响.研究结果表明,当PAA杂化胶液固体含量为10%～20%时,团聚的SiO2粒子粒径尺寸随固体含量增加而增加,有机相与无机相界面变清晰,两相作用减弱.随固体含量增加,PI分子链有序度降低,但固体含量对PI分子链有序度的影响很小.     

QCS/SiO_2有机/无机杂化膜的制备及其溶胀动力学研究

以季铵化壳聚糖(QCS)为主体膜材料,二氧化硅(SiO2)为无机前躯体通过溶胶-凝胶法制备QCS/SiO2有机/无机杂化膜,通过傅利叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和热失重分析(TGA)对制备得到的膜的结构、形貌以及热稳定性进行表征。同时,对QCS/SiO2杂化膜的溶胀机理、SiO2含量对该杂化膜溶胀度、溶胀速率和溶胀动力学的影响等因素进行了考察。结果表明:无机物质SiO2的含量对膜的溶胀过程有显著影响,随着SiO2含量的增加,溶胀速率常数呈现先增大而后减小的趋势。而且,该系列杂化膜在pH=7的水溶液中吸水溶胀时,溶胀过程遵循Schott’s二级溶胀动力学模型。另外,无机物质的引入优化了杂化膜的吸水溶胀过程,当杂化膜中无机物质SiO2含量为15%时(质量分数),初始溶胀速率(KsW2∞)为769.23,吸水速度较快。     

纳米SiO2的加入对PVDF/SiO2超滤膜结构和性能的影响

将普通纳米SiO2、疏水纳米SiO2、亲水纳米SiO2分别加入到聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)铸膜液中,通过相转化法制得PVDF/SiO2杂化超滤膜,重点探讨了SiO2加入量及上述三种类型纳米SiO2对PVDF杂化超滤膜水通量、截留率和抗污染性能的影响.结果表明:膜的孔隙率、平均孔径、水通量、截留率和抗污染性随SiO2含量增加而先增大后减少;SiO2含量为2%时,膜水通量由大至小为:普通纳米SiO2杂化膜、疏水纳米SiO2杂化膜、亲水纳米SiO2杂化膜,抗污染性由大至小为:亲水纳米SiO2杂化膜、普通纳米SiO2杂化膜、疏水纳米SiO2杂化膜.     

纳米SiO_2/有机硅改性聚丙烯酸酯复合材料性能研究

采用无皂乳液聚合技术和溶胶-凝胶技术,合成了纳米SiO2/有机硅改性聚丙烯酸酯无皂乳液,采用TEM和SEM观察了乳液和膜的微观结构。纳米复合无皂乳液具有优良的耐化学稳定性,随着纳米SiO2含量增加,乳液的离心稳定性降低;纳米SiO2/有机硅改性聚丙烯酸酯杂化膜的耐溶剂性显著好于有机硅改性聚丙烯酸酯膜,且随着纳米SiO2含量增加,杂化膜的耐溶剂性增加;杂化膜的透光性能好,且具有紫外光吸收特性;杂化膜含有的SiO2粒子的尺寸100nm,且均匀分散于聚丙烯酸酯组分中。     

自组装的壳聚糖/SiO2杂化膜

以硅溶胶为晶种,使硅酸钠在壳聚糖膜中自组装形成SiO2微粒和晶须,并得到壳聚糖/SiO2杂化膜(以下简称杂化膜).用电子扫描电镜观察了SiO2微粒和晶须的形貌,研究杂化膜在水中的溶胀率,杂化膜的拉伸强度、伸长率和弹性模量等力学性能,杂化膜的热稳定性能.结果表明:杂化膜内SiO2为长3.0～6.0 μm,宽150m的晶须,以及直径为3.0μm的微粒;当膜内SiO2质量分数为7.5%时,杂化膜的力学性能达到最佳,其拉伸强度、弹性模量和断裂伸长率分别为38.39MPa、2383.02MPa、19.82%;随着杂化膜内SiO2质量分数从2.5%增加到12.5%,其溶胀率从112.0%下降到83.7%;杂化膜在200～800 nm波长范围的吸光度也逐渐降低;杂化膜的分解温度为314℃,高于单纯壳聚糖膜的分解温度290℃,表明SiO2晶须与壳聚糖杂化可提高壳聚糖膜的热稳定性.     

聚四氟乙烯/二氧化硅杂化材料的性能研究

为解决纳米粒子在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)树脂中难分散均匀的问题,使用PTFE乳液通过原位溶胶-凝胶法(Sol-Gel)制备了聚四氟乙烯/二氧化硅(SiO2)杂化材料,并对其性能进行了表征与研究.研究表明:杂化材料的拉伸强度在SiO2含量为1.05%(记为FS-2)时达到最大值20.96 MPa,为纯PTFE的两倍;断裂伸长率随着SiO2含量的增加而降低,硬度逐渐升高,接触角由121°降至79°.由SEM结果发现,试样FS-2中SiO2的粒径仅为100 nm左右,但随着SiO2含量的增加,粒径变大.杂化材料的耐热性较PTFE有一定提高,当杂化材料中SiO2含量达到5.00%时,热分解温度由纯PTFE的503℃上升至528℃.     

表面改性纳米TiO2粒子杂化PI薄膜的制备与性能研究

采用硅烷偶联剂(γ-巯丙基三乙氧基硅烷)对纳米TiO2粒子进行表面处理,通过原位聚合和流延成膜法制备了不同TiO2含量的PI/TiO2杂化膜,研究了杂化膜的热性能、力学性能,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)和广角X衍射(WAXD)研究了杂化膜的微观形貌结构,同时也对杂化膜的接触角和介电常数(ε)进行了研究分析.结果表明,杂化膜较纯膜的热分解温度(T5％)降低,但平均热分解温度仍然高于520℃,且膜的尺寸稳定性得到了提高,即热膨胀系数( CTE)降低;表面形貌分析表明,1％～5％的表面改性纳米TiO2能较好地分散在PI膜里,杂化膜的介电常数(3.50左右)均高于纯膜的的介电常数(2.91),杂化膜的接触角随着TiO2含量的增加呈现先减少后增加的趋势.     

有机-无机杂化非离子型水性聚氨酯/SiO_2复合材料的合成及性能

以表面接有十六烷基的新型疏水气相SiO2(R816)为改性剂,采用原位聚合法合成非离子型水性聚氨酯/SiO2杂化材料(NPU/R)。以红外分析表征了产物的结构,通过扫描电镜、原子力显微镜和动态力学分析考察了疏水气相SiO2的分散性、NPU/R膜表面形态和微相结构,研究了疏水气相SiO2含量对膜防水性、紫外光透过率、热稳定性等性能的影响。结果表明,疏水气相SiO2的引入增大了聚氨酯材料的微相分离;随着SiO2质量分数的增加,杂化膜表面粗糙度增加,紫外光透过率降低,热稳定性增强;当SiO2质量分数为1%时,其在聚氨酯中分散均匀,成膜水接触角为94.1°,溶胀率降为26.2%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.