空间机器人抓捕目标后基于任务相容性的消旋策略

针对双臂空间机器人抓捕自旋目标后的镇定操作,在考虑机器人系统输入约束的条件下,提出了一种基于任务相容性的消旋规划与控制方法。首先,给出空间机器人抓捕目标后的组合系统的动力学模型,作为规划与控制的基础。然后,根据动力学可操作度和任务相容性设计了目标的快速消旋策略,其期望加速度的方向和大小分别取作速度的反方向和机器人系统输入约束允许的最大值。最后,基于所推导的运动学和动力学模型,通过对目标和机械臂末端分别建立柔顺度等式,提出了一种跟踪期望运动轨迹同时对末端接触力进行调节的柔顺控制方法。通过双臂7自由度空间机器人消除目标自旋运动的仿真结果,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

空间机器人姿态稳定方法研究

研究机器人动态优化问题,空间机器人的动力学耦合特性会影响系统的稳定性.空间机器人由于机械运动基座产生扰动,影响姿态稳定.通过建立空间机器人的动力学模型,结合动力学耦合特性分析了空间机器人的零反作用空间.提出基于零反作用空间的基座姿态稳定方法,实现了机械臂与基座的动力学解耦.不采用反作用飞轮或反作用喷气装置,即可使空间机器人的基座姿态达到稳定,达到了节省星上能源,延长空间机器人使用寿命的目的.在Matlab上进行数值仿真实验,结果验证了方法的有效性和可行性.方法能够为空间机器人在轨操作提供理论依据.     

空间机器人双臂捕获卫星操作的事件采样输出反馈神经网络避撞柔顺控制

讨论漂浮基空间机器人双臂捕获非合作卫星过程避免关节冲击破坏的避撞柔顺控制问题,提出在机械臂与关节电机之间加入一种旋转型串联弹性执行器(rotatory series elastic actuator,RSEA)作为柔顺缓冲机构,其作用在于:1)捕获碰撞过程,通过其内置弹簧的拉伸或压缩吸收捕获操作过程中被捕获卫星对空间机器人关节产生的冲击能量;2)捕获完成后的镇定过程,利用设计与之配合的避撞柔顺控制策略保证关节冲击力矩限制在安全范围.利用第二类拉格朗日方程推导得到捕获操作前含柔顺机构双臂空间机器人系统及目标卫星的各分体系统动力学模型;基于系统动量守恒关系、系统运动几何关系及牛顿第三定律,得到捕获操作后双臂空间机器人与被捕获卫星混合体系统综合动力学方程;针对捕获操作后受碰撞影响而产生不稳定运动的混合体系统,提出一种基于事件采样输出反馈的RBF神经网络避撞柔顺控制方案.上述方案与柔顺机构相结合不仅能有效吸收被捕获卫星的冲击能量,还能在冲击能量过大时应时开、关双臂空间机器人关节电机,以防止关节电机发生过载和破坏.通过李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明系统的全局稳定性,并通过仿真结果验证所提避撞柔顺控制方案的有效性.     

空间机器人捕获目标的自适应控制

本文首先推导了基座姿态受控空间机器人系统运动学关系,得到了广义雅可比矩阵。根据目标的运动来规划机械臂末端在惯性空间的期望轨迹。对机器人动力学和运动学关系进行线性参数化,分别对动力学待估参数和运动学待估参数设计在线修正律,在关键空间采用自适应控制。对于存在动力学参数不确定性的机器人系统,该自适应控制算法保证了系统的渐近稳定,在完成目标捕获任务的同时,控制基座姿态保持在期望范围之内。以平面两关节空间机器人系统为对象进行了仿真,结果表明了算法的可行性和有效性。     

阻抗控制在挖掘机器人中的应用与研究

针对挖掘机器人工作装置的力/位控制这一热点课题,本文建立了挖掘机器人工作装置的运动学方程和动力学方程。在此基础上,推导出力约束空间的阻抗控制律,并把阻抗控制用于挖掘机器人工作装置的力/位控制。     

保持基座稳定的双臂空间机器人轨迹规划研究

针对双臂空间机器人在轨执行任务中需要利用平衡臂稳定基座的问题, 提出了两种典型应用需求——基座质心位置稳定、基座姿态和质心位置同时稳定的协调规划方法.首 先,提出了“系统质心等效机械臂”的概念并推导其运动学模型,基于此模型的位置级反解规 划平衡臂的运动轨迹,使基座质心位置稳定在期望位置;其次,根据角动量守恒定律确定反作用飞 轮的运动速度,将飞轮与平衡臂的运动相结合,同时稳定基座姿态和质心位置;最后,建立双臂空间机器人系统的多体动力学模型并开展仿真研究.所提出的方法克服了以往基于微分运动学所无法回避的奇异问题,且不对平衡臂的质量特性和安装位置作特殊规定,仿真结果证明了方法的有效性.     

基于变阻抗控制的冗余驱动并联机器人多目标内力优化

由于冗余驱动的存在,冗余驱动并联机器人系统逆动力学模型存在无限组可跟踪期望轨迹的控制力矩解,这使得机器人在运行过程中具有完成附加任务的能力.以实现骨科机器人的安全精准操控为目的,提出了基于变阻抗控制的冗余驱动并联机器人多目标内力优化方法.首先,采用支链分解法对冗余驱动并联机器人的动力学进行建模.其次,为实现机器人的安全操作,设计了冗余驱动并联机器人时变阻抗控制器,利用李雅普诺夫理论分析了系统的稳定性;在此基础上,以消除冗余驱动并联机器人运动过程中的传动间隙为附加任务,提出了一种以力矩传递性能、驱动功率和控制力为优化目标的多目标融合驱动力优化方法.最后,通过仿真实验与对比分析,验证了所提方法的有效性,实现了机器人系统传动间隙的消除.     

空间充气展开绳网系统捕获目标自抗扰控制研究

空间充气展开绳网系统是依靠充气梁展开绳网进行目标捕获的航天器系统,具有更好的稳定性和可操控性.然而由于充气梁和绳网的大柔性变形以及捕获失稳自旋目标后的未知碰撞,使得捕获后的航天器姿态稳定控制困难.本文主要基于自抗扰控制解决了空间充气展开绳网系统捕获目标后的姿态稳定和消旋难题.首先,基于理想薄膜充压失效理论和绝对节点坐标方法建立充气展开绳网系统动力学模型,而后设计了航天器姿态稳定自抗扰控制器,用于实时估计并补偿系统捕获过程中未知惯量目标与捕获机构的碰撞干扰.仿真结果表明,动力学模型能够模拟捕获过程中充气梁的屈曲失效及碰撞特性,自抗扰控制器能够有效抑制碰撞带来的干扰,实现空间充气展开绳网系统捕获后的高精度姿态稳定控制,同时能够在有限时间内对自旋目标实现消旋.     

弹性基和弹性关节空间机器人的自适应鲁棒抗扰控制及振动抑制

研究不确定弹性基和弹性关节空间机器人的抗扰运动控制及基座和关节弹性振动同步抑制问题.在对基座和关节弹性进行等效线性弹簧假设的基础上,建立了弹性基和弹性关节空间机器人的动力学方程,并推导了基于等效刚度思想的奇异摄动慢、快变子系统.对传统参数自适应控制律进行σ修正并与鲁棒抗扰控制相结合,对不确定参数和有界外部扰动影响下的慢变子系统提出了基座姿态和臂杆关节刚性运动轨迹跟踪的改进自适应鲁棒抗扰控制方案.使用高增益线性状态观测器对快变高阶量进行实时观测,针对快变子系统设计了基座和关节弹性振动同步抑制的改进最优控制方案.仿真示例分析,表明了所提混合控制方案在空间机器人抗扰运动控制及振动抑制上的有效性.     

空间机器人目标捕获的自适应规划

与地面固定基座机器人不同的是,空间机器人的运动学方程中含有动力学参数。在执行目标捕获任务时,目标动力学参数的不精确会给空间机器人的规划带来致命的影响。针对目标捕获后动力学参数不精确情况下的关节空间规划问题,在建立了自由飘浮空间机器人运动学模型的基础上,给出了雅可比矩阵及其动量守恒方程中的惯性参数以及惯性参数的组合参数线性化的具体形式,提出了一种关节空间的自适应规划方法。以平面二连杆空间机器人为研究对象进行仿真验证。结果表明,所提出的自适应规划方法可以有效降低惯性参数不精确给运动规划带来的影响,为空间机器人执行目标捕获等任务时提供了任务空间内精确轨迹跟踪的能力。     

Reaction torque control of redundant free-floating space robot

This paper presents the reaction torque based satellite base reactionless control or base disturbance minimization of a redundant free-floating space robot. This subject is of vital importance in the study of the free-floating space robot because the base disturbance minimization will result in less energy consumption and prolonged control application. The analytical formulation of the reaction torque is derived in this article, and the reaction torque control can achieve reactionless control and satellite base disturbance minimization. Furthermore, we derive the reaction torque based control of the space robot for base disturbance minimization from both the non-strict task priority and strict task priority control strategy. The dynamics singularity in the proposed algorithm is avoided in this paper. Besides, a real time simulation system of the space robot under Linux/real time application interface (RTAI) is developed to verify and test the feasibility and reliability of the method. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of online reaction torque control of the redundant free-floating space robot.     

Optimal Capture of a Tumbling Object in Orbit Using a Space Manipulator

This paper introduces an optimal capture strategy for a manipulator based on a servicing spacecraft to approach an arbitrarily rotating object, such as a malfunctioning satellite or a piece of orbital debris, for capturing with minimal impact to the robot’s base spacecraft. The method consists of two steps. The first step is to determine an optimal future time and the target object’s corresponding motion state for the robot to capture the tumbling object, so that, at the time when the gripper of the robot intercepts the target the very first instant, the resulting impact or disturbance to the attitude of the base spacecraft will be minimal. The second step is to control the robot to reach the tumbling object at the predicted optimal time along an optimal trajectory. The optimal control problem is solved with random uncertainties in the initial and final boundary conditions. Uncertainties are introduced because sensor and estimation errors inevitably exist in the first step, i.e., determination process of the initial and final boundary conditions. The application of the method is demonstrated using a dynamics simulation example.     

Optimal space station detumbling by internal mass motion

This investigation deals with the use of a movable mass control system to stabilize a tumbling asymmetric spacecraft about the maximum inertia axis. A first-order gradient optimization technique is used to minimize angular velocity components along the intermediate and minimum inertia axes, thus, permitting a wide range of initial guesses for mass position history. Motion of the control mass is along a linear track fixed in the vehicle. The control variable is taken as mass acceleration with respect to body coordinates. Motion is limited to defined quantities and a penalty function is used to insure a given range of positions. Numerical solutions of the optimization equations verify that minimum time detumbling is achieved with the largest permissible movable mass, length of linear track, and positions of the mass on the two coordinates perpendicular to the linear motion. The optimal method permits detumbling in about one-fourth the time when compared to a force control law formulation available in the literature.     

Two‐Layer Terminal Sliding Mode Attitude Control of Satellites Equipped with Reaction Wheels

This paper addresses the global stability and robust attitude tracking problem of a near polar orbit satellite subject to unknown disturbances and uncertainties. It is assumed that the satellite is fully actuated by a set of reaction wheels (RW) as control actuators because of their relative simplicity, versatility and high accuracy. The terminal sliding mode control (TSMC) approach is utilized in a two‐level architecture to achieve control objectives. In the lower layer a detumbling‐like controller is designed which guarantees the finite‐time detumbling and tracking of the desired angular velocities and based on this result a robust attitude tracking controller is designed in the upper layer to achieve 3‐axis attitude tracking in the presence of unknown disturbances and bounded uncertainties. Robust stability and tracking properties of designed controllers are proved using the Lyapunov theory. Finally, a set of numerical simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed control method.     

自由飘浮空间机器人系统基座姿态调整

规划机械臂的运动以调整作为其基座的卫星的姿态，既节约姿控燃料，又可作为常规姿控系统的备份手段．首先，建立自由飘浮空间机器人系统的状态方程，其状态变量为关节角和卫星姿态角，输入变量为关节角速度．基于系统能控性理论，规划连接系统初始状态和期望状态的路径，实现了仅通过机械臂关节的运动同时控制基座姿态和机械臂关节角的目的．从理论上分析了机械臂的能量消耗，给出了使能量指标最小的近似最优算法．仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性．     

Task-level approaches for the control of constrained multibody systems

This paper presents a task-level control methodology for the general class of holonomically constrained multibody systems. As a point of departure, the general formulation of constrained dynamical systems is reviewed with respect to multiplier and minimization approaches. Subsequently, the operational space framework is considered and the underlying symmetry between constrained dynamics and operational space control is discussed. Motivated by this symmetry, approaches for constrained task-level control are presented which cast the general formulation of constrained multibody systems into a task space setting using the operational space framework. This provides a means of exploiting task-level control structures, native to operational space control, within the context of constrained systems. This allows us to naturally synthesize dynamic compensation for a multibody system, that properly accounts for the system constraints while performing a control task. A set of examples illustrate this control implementation. Additionally, the inclusion of flexible bodies in this approach is addressed.     

Stabilization of tethered satellites during station keeping

After deriving a set of dynamic equations governing the dynamics of a tethered satellite system (TSS), stabilizing tension-control laws are derived in feedback form. The tether is assumed to be rigid and massless, and the equations of motion are derived using the system Lagrangian. It is observed that, to stabilize the system, tools from stability analysis of critical nonlinear systems must be applied. Tools related to the Hopf bifurcation theorem are used in the construction of the stabilizing control laws, which may be taken purely linear. Simulations illustrate the nature of the conclusions and show that nonlinear terms in the feedback can be used to significantly improve the transient response     

基于物体目标阻抗的多指手协调混合阻抗控制的研究

本文在多指手协调控制的基础上,提出了协调混合阻抗控制方法。在不同方向引入位置或力控制的物体目标阻抗,根据多指手协调控制的动力学方程设计计算力矩控制器,并对ＢＨ－１手抓持物体在自由空间和受限空间运动进行了仿真研究。结果表明,采用协调混合阻抗控制可使物体在被抓持过程中按期望的位置和力轨迹运动,且具有较好的动态性能。