TBM滚刀贯入度及受力影响研究

掘进机(TBM)刀盘滚刀间距布置是否合理关系着其破岩速率的高低。为了探究滚刀间距对TBM破岩的影响,文章采用离散元软件PFC~(3D)模拟滚刀的线性切割实验,对不同贯入度的滚刀破岩效果进行研究。研究结果表明:(1)随着贯入度增大,平均滚动力和平均侧向力逐渐增大;后滚刀的平均滚动力和平均侧向力略大于前滚刀。(2)随贯入度增大,前滚刀平均垂直力逐渐增大。贯入度为4 mm时,岩石未产生贯穿裂缝,形成岩脊,后滚刀平均垂直力小于前滚刀;贯入度为6 mm时,裂缝分布较密且扩展连接形成贯通裂缝,后滚刀平均垂直力相对前滚刀降低10%;贯入度为8 mm时,裂缝贯通且岩石过度破碎,后滚刀平均垂直力相对于前滚刀大幅度降低,降低幅值达51%。     

不同控制模式对TBM滚刀破岩性能影响的室内试验研究

为研究不同控制模式对隧道掘进机(TBM)滚刀破岩力的影响,采用盾构与掘进国家重点实验室的机械破岩平台,分贯入度控制模式和推力模式对水泥砂浆试件进行室内全尺寸旋转切削试验.分析不同控制模式下法向力、滚动力、切削系数、比能和岩体可掘进指数的变化规律,结果显示恒推力模式的岩石切削效率比恒贯入度控制模式高.     

复合地层TBM滚刀破岩性能离散元数值试验

全断面岩石掘进机(TBM)因其安全性好、掘进速度快、机械化程度高等优点,已被引入煤矿岩石巷道掘进施工中。煤矿地质条件复杂,复合地层对全断面岩石掘进机掘进效率的影响不容忽视。为了探究煤系复合地层对滚刀破岩效率的影响,建立了滚刀和岩石的颗粒流离散单元模型,开展TBM滚刀的贯入度数值实验。研究结果表明:在相同破岩情况下复合地层破坏的范围小,在滚刀破岩的过程中不易形成贯通区。两种地层裂纹数目随着贯入度变化的规律大致相同。滚刀在相同破岩情况下复合地层所需要的滚刀法向力要大于单一地层硬岩所需要的。单一地层滚刀破岩最优贯入度约为4mm,复合地层滚刀破岩最优贯入度约为9mm。     

线性和旋转切割方式滚刀破岩试验对比研究

隧道掘进机(TBM)的施工中破岩效率直接影响了工程的进度、造价。室内试验可以较真实地模拟滚刀破岩的过程,优化TBM设计参数。由于试验设备的限制,此前室内试验均为线性切割,与实际施工的旋转滚刀旋转破岩有一定差异。基于北京工业大学自主研制的机械破岩试验平台,采用19in(483mm)常截面盘形滚刀,以80mm刀间距、0.5mm贯入度为间隔,分别对某引水工程花岗岩进行线性切割和旋转切割破岩试验。对比分析了两种切割方式对滚刀力、比能的影响,发现两种切割方式下法向力、滚动力和比能变化趋势大体相同,只有侧向力存在明显差异。     

节理间距对滚刀破岩影响的线性破岩试验研究

掘进机(TBM)开挖过程中受到各种地质因素的影响,其中节理间距是影响TBM滚刀破岩的一个重要因素。设计节理间距为100mm和400mm两组试验方案。试样为甘肃北山花岗岩,应用北京工业大学自行研制的大型机械破岩实验平台,选用17英寸(432mm)的常截面盘形滚刀进行线性切割破岩试验。试验过程中记录滚刀三向力、滚刀下岩样裂纹扩展并收集了岩片。从三向力、裂纹的扩展模式和岩片等角度分析节理间距对滚刀破岩的影响。结果表明:节理间距100mm的岩体切入所需要的推力小于完整岩石的推力,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程中推力有一突变的过程。节理间距100mm岩体滚刀作用下存在两种破坏模式,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程则包括了正常破岩和节理面影响破岩两个过程,并且节理对竖向主裂纹向节理面扩展有加剧的作用。节理面下方岩石较完整,节理面阻碍裂纹朝节理面下方岩石传播。     

自由面对滚刀破岩机制影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究自由面对滚刀破岩机理的影响,运用UDEC方法建立了滚刀贯切岩石的二维数值系列模型,对TBM滚刀破岩过程进行了仿真。分析表明：在合理的刀间距和贯人度情况下,破碎坑自由面的存在使裂纹扩展能耗降低,裂纹密度增大,起裂方式增多,容易实现体积破碎,提高滚刀破岩效率。     

不同刀具配置下隧道掘进机高效破岩机理与推力预估

为解决隧道掘进机刀盘刀具破岩的安全性、可靠性、高效性这一隧道掘进机施工难题,从高效破岩机理和刀盘刀具与围岩耦合作用规律两个方面进行了研究,对单刀及多刀破岩理论体系进行了完善。结合理论分析和滚刀岩机作用综合实验台上的实验结果,提出了红砂岩、石灰岩和花岗岩等3种常见岩石的最优破岩刀间距,并给出了当岩石强度位于40～170 MPa之间时的最优刀间距计算式。综合考虑各种因素对隧道掘进机总推力、刀盘扭矩的影响,提出了复合式隧道掘进机总推力、刀盘扭矩估算的理论公式。通过工程实例验证,该理论计算式具有较高的科学性和精确性。研究成果可直接用于刀具选型布置、推力、扭矩设计,从而降低隧道掘进机的制造成本、提高施工效率。     

复合岩层中TBM滚刀与围岩相互作用机理的数值模拟研究

为提高硬岩隧道掘进机(tunnel boring machine,TBM)在复合岩层的掘进效率,采用PFC2D(particle flow code 2D)探讨了不同围压下复合岩层裂纹扩展机制,同时采用定量的方法揭示了滚刀间距、贯入度及岩层倾角对破岩效率的影响。结果表明:1)滚刀同软岩直接接触时,滚刀下部裂纹较多,而消耗的能量较少。相反,滚刀同硬岩直接接触时,滚刀下部裂纹较少,消耗的能量却较多。2)岩层倾角对破岩效率的影响较大,45°、90°为破岩效率较高的2个极值点。3)刀间距为70和120mm时比能较小,破岩效率高。4)滚刀破岩以张拉破坏为主,剪切破坏为辅。研究结果可以为复合岩层中TBM刀盘设计及TBM施工提供一定的理论依据。     

全断面岩石掘进机盘形滚刀前倾安装与传统安装破岩能耗对比分析

为提高全断面岩石掘进机施工过程中的能量利用率,提出盘形滚刀前倾安装概念.在设定条件下,通过建立的传统(正)安装盘形滚刀和前倾安装盘形滚刀破岩过程中的摩擦力矩理论式对盘形滚刀的两种安装方式进行比较研究.理论计算显示,在6～10 mm贯入度条件下,采用前倾安装的432 mm(17 in)、483 mm(19 in)和533 mm(21 in)盘形滚刀在滚压破岩过程中的能量利用率较高且提高量基本相同;而贯入度在10～12 mm范围时,前倾安装的483 mm(19 in)盘形滚刀较传统安装的同规格盘形滚刀在破岩过程中的能量利用率提高量约为10％;而前倾安装的533 mm(21 in)盘形滚刀较传统安装的同规格盘形滚刀破岩过程中的能量利用率提高量在10～12 mm贯入度范围却降低了约46％.     

TBM滚刀破碎节理岩体效率分析及刀间距优化方法研究

在全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)开挖隧道过程中,常遇到节理岩体.为了研究不同刀间距下的滚刀破岩效率,对刀间距进行优化,对不同节理间距和节理情况岩体开展二维滚刀贯入试验.试验中,节理倾角设为0°、30°、45°、60°、90°,节理间距设为30mm、40mm、50mm、60mm、70mm,滚刀间距S设为60mm、80mm、100mm、120mm.试验结果表明:当节理倾角为60°时,破岩效率最高;随着刀间距的增加,破岩效率逐渐降低;不同节理条件下,刀间距为100mm,滚刀的破岩效率均达到了最优,最佳s/p值约为10.     

Study on the influence of joint spacing on rock fragmentation under TBM cutter by linear cutting test

Joint spacing is one of the most important geological factors influencing rock fragmentation by TBM cutters and TBM performance. In order to study the influence of joint spacing, full-scale linear cutting tests have been conducted for the Beishan granite samples with different joint spacing (i.e. one intact sample, two jointed samples with joint spacing of 100 mm and 400 mm). For different joint spacing, the influence of penetration depth on rock fragmentation was also explored by varying the penetration depth with an interval of 0.5 mm. During the test process, the three directional forces acting on the TBM cutter were recorded, and the rock chips formed by each cutting pass were weighed, respectively. By analysing the cutting force, crack initiation/propagation and rock chips, the influences of joint spacing on rock fragmentation process by TBM cutter were investigated. The test results showed that the increase of penetration depth cannot improve the TBM breakage efficiency after reaching a certain value for the intact rock sample, and the normal force for intruding the intact rock is larger than that for intruding the rock jointed samples. It is also found that the sample part below the joint plane is intact, thus joint can restrain the crack propagating cross the joint plane and facilitates the chips formation on the cutting surface. For the rock sample with joint spacing of 100 mm, two rock fragmentation modes were found during the cutting process. One mode is that the cracks initiate from the crushed zone under TBM cutter, and the cracks propagate to the joint plane, consequently form large rock chips. The other one is that the cracks initiate from the joint plane and then propagate to the rock cutting surface, and the cracks initiate before the formation of the crushed zone under the cutter. For the rock sample with joint spacing of 400 mm, there are two rock fragmentation stages, i.e., the normal rock fragmentation stage and the joint-controlled rock fragmentation stage. There is a transitional process between these two stages, and also the median crack can be promoted to propagate vertically to joint plane due to the joint existence. This study can provide useful guidance for operation optimization and performance prediction for TBM operating in jointed rock masses.     

基于耦合FDM-DEM方法的TBM滚刀最优化研究

为确定TBM盘型滚刀的最优布置,结合有限差分法(FDM)和离散元法(DEM)的优点,采用FDM-DEM耦合的数值模拟方法,对不同刀间距和贯入度条件下TBM双滚刀破岩过程进行三维动态仿真模拟,分析研究了不同滚刀配置对岩石破碎效果的影响。为了验证所提出方法的可行性和准确性,利用线性切割机(LCM)对科罗拉多红色花岗岩进行了切割试验,通过对比分析线性切割试验数据,验证了所提出方法的可行性。数值模拟结果表明：对于科罗拉多红色花岗,滚刀法向力和切向力会随着刀间距和贯入度比值的增加先减少后增大,当刀间距和贯入度的比值为20左右,滚刀法向力和切向力最小。线性切割试验和数值模拟结果均表明,当间距和贯入度的比值在17～20左右,岩石切割的比能量最低,此时TBM切割效率最高。文章提出方法的方法可以为TBM滚刀刀头配置提供重要依据。     

Disc cutting tests in Colorado Red Granite: Implications for TBM performance prediction

A series of full-scale laboratory disc cutting tests was conducted with a single disc cutter (432 mm diameter and a constant cross-section profile) and a single rock type (a coarse-grained red granite). Normal, rolling, and side forces were measured for a series of spacings and penetrations, from which other cutting parameters also were calculated. Although the increases of normal and rolling forces with increased spacing and penetration are as expected, the results illuminate additional aspects of performance prediction. Specific energy (SE) considerations indicate that a spacing of 76 mm is close to optimum in this hard, brittle crystalline rock. At this spacing, penetration has very little effect on SE. These results show why spacings near 76 mm are commonly found on tunnel boring machines operating in hard rock. The relationship of rolling force to normal force was close and consistent: A nearly linear rise of the ratio of rolling force to normal force with increased penetration, and, conversely, a nearly unchanged ratio with increases in spacing. The results tend to validate performance prediction methodologies based on normal force-penetration models.     

TBM滚刀破岩动态特性与最优刀间距研究

在对实际工况合理简化的基础上,从岩土细观角度出发,采用颗粒离散元法建立滚刀侵入岩体的二维模拟模型,研究双滚刀作用下岩体的动态响应机制,找出滚刀侵入过程中岩体裂纹、贯入度以及切削力三者的关系。在此基础上,通过数值模拟对常见切深下滚刀最优刀间距问题进行分析,得到不同切深下比能耗与刀间距的规律,并通过试验对双滚刀破岩过程中岩体动态特性以及最优刀间距问题进行验证,最后以工程实例验证研究结论。研究表明：仿真过程中,切削力随贯入度的变化与岩体的跃进破碎特性相一致,岩体破坏服从格里菲斯理论;较小切深下岩体为剪切破坏,较大切深下岩体发生拉应力破坏;切深为10 mm时比能耗有明显拐点,此时刀间距为100 mm;切深为6 mm时,60 mm刀间距下比能耗最小;切深小于2 mm时,实际工况下岩体不能产生贯穿裂纹。     

滚刀线性侵入试验中岩石破裂模式研究

采用北京工业大学自主研制的大型机械破岩试验平台,研究了北山花岗岩在单个滚刀单次及多次线性侵入试验中的岩石破裂情况。试验采用直径17英寸（432 mm）的常截面盘形滚刀,对尺寸1000 mm×1000 mm×600 mm的花岗岩试样进行了侵入试验。研究发现在滚刀切槽周边,随距离远近,岩石破裂程度不一。基于试验观察和裂纹数字化处理结果,将岩样分划为岩粉区、破裂区和原岩区3个区域,并对各区的尺寸和面积加以统计。同时对波速和回弹指标进行测试,发现各区内的指标存在明显差异。随着侵入次数增多,岩石中破裂各区的面积有明显增大,但相应区域内的指标变化并不显著。     

围压对TBM滚刀破岩影响规律的线性切割试验研究

 随着TBM技术在深埋隧道工程领域的应用及发展,TBM开挖过程中由高埋深或各向异性引起的岩石应力问题越来越受到人们的重视。应用北京工业大学自行研制的大型机械破岩试验平台,对4组双向等围压水平下(0,5,10和15 MPa)的大尺寸(1.0 m×1.0 m×0.6 m)北山花岗岩岩样进行线性切割试验,研究不同围压条件下滚刀破岩时作用力的曲线特征,分析围压对滚刀法向力、滚动力、岩体特征掘进指数、破岩岩片厚度和破岩比能的影响效应,并探讨围压对TBM现场掘进速率的影响。研究结果可为不同地应力条件下TBM开挖时刀盘动力参数设计与施工运行参数优化提供参考。     

Numerical modelling of the effects of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters

The influence of joint spacing on tunnel boring machine (TBM) penetration performance has been extensively observed at TBM site. However, the mechanism of rock mass fragmentation as function of the joint spacing has been scarcely studied. In this study, the rock indentation by a single TBM cutter is simulated by using the discrete element method (DEM), and the rock fragmentation process is highlighted. A series of two-dimensional numerical modelling with different joint spacing in a rock mass have been performed to explore the effect of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by a TBM cutter. Results show that the joint spacing can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation, as well as the fragmentation pattern, and can hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. Two crack initiation and propagation modes are found to fragment the rock mass due to the variation of joint spacing. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with in situ measurements.     

Study on the influence of confining stress on TBM performance in granite rock by linear cutting test

Rock stress problems induced by overburden or anisotropic stresses are significant to the TBM tunneling. In this paper, the effect of different confining stressed conditions on TBM performance are investigated by using full-scale cutting tests with large intact granite specimens (1000 mm × 1000 mm × 600 mm). In these tests, the effects of confining stresses on the normal force, rolling force, the cutting coefficient and specific energy are analyzed. It is found that the confining stress has significant impact on the normal force and rolling force. Specifically, for the same cutting spacing and penetration depth, the normal force increases with increasing confining stress due to enhancement of the rock resistance strength; meanwhile the rolling force decreases gradually with increasing confining stress. The stress deviation between two confining directions affects the optimum penetration that corresponds to small specific energy. The results provide better understanding of the effect of confining stress on the TBM performance and also recommend some guidelines for TBM tunneling under stressed geological condition.     

基于协同破岩的TBM刀盘优化策略

岩石隧道掘进机工作时的刀具受力情况是影响刀盘破岩性能的关键。为了分析滚刀之间的协同破岩效应,提出3种基本的协同破岩模式,并将多把滚刀协同破岩过程等效为3种破岩模式的组合。不同破岩模式下,滚刀切割岩石的先后顺序不同,结合线性切割试验,证实了不同模式下3种滚刀力等级的大小关系。以引汉济渭岭北隧洞TBM工程为背景,研究得出名义磨损量与破岩模式的叠加效应具有较强的相关性,其中,由内而外模式占比与滚刀名义磨损量具有明显的正相关性,据此提出了考虑刀具磨损量的TBM刀盘刀具优化策略。