广钢居住区饮用水二次污染的防治

通过对广钢居住区饮用水二次污染的原因进行分析,在管网、水池、供水系统等方面提出了改进方法,并介绍后续深度处理工艺,此工艺是未来供水模式的发展方向.     

鞍钢鲅鱼圈焦化废水深度处理工艺实践

针对鞍钢股份有限公司鲅鱼圈钢铁分公司焦化废水A2/O生物系统处理后出水COD、总氰及氨氮仍很难达标,生物处理段处理效果不好等问题,对臭氧催化氧化及电絮凝焦化废水深度处理工艺进行了研究。工业实践表明,将原A2/O生物系统出水经臭氧催化氧化深度处理后,COD和总氰化物去除率分别达到66%和84%,出水指标达到设计要求,环境效益显著。     

城市生活垃圾渗沥液处理工艺的探讨

分析了城市生活垃圾渗沥液的特点,主要介绍了国内渗沥液的处理工艺,同时对不同处理工艺的运行效果进行了比较．指出：传统的生物处理法难以使渗沥液出水迭标;单一的反渗透工艺的浓缩液处理难度大;膜生物反应器（MBR）＋纳滤（NF）/反渗透（RO）处理工艺适应新标准,值得推广。     

水解反硝化和生物催化法处理焦化污水

介绍了水解反硝化和生物催化法处理焦化污水的原理.同时结合A/O法处理过程,在现焦化污水的生化处理工艺基础上,重点介绍了生物催化法对剩余氨水的处理工艺路线和设计方案,以及在该工艺系统中所采用的新材料、新工艺、新设备.     

焦化废水浓盐水减量蒸发技术的研究

焦化废水常规生化深度处理工艺难以实现深度处理后浓盐水的零排放,需通过"膜浓缩——蒸发——结晶"特定的处理工艺技术,将浓盐水进一步浓缩至盐结晶,产水全部回用,结晶盐外排作为固废处置。结合中试试验实例,介绍了某煤化工项目针对生产过程中产生的高盐废水采取的近零排放处理工艺技术路线。该工艺主要由含盐废水膜处理单元和浓盐水蒸发结晶单元组成,提出了结晶制盐消纳的途径。     

生物医用钛合金研究进展

以第三代钛合金为研究对象,介绍了真空熔炼法、粉末冶金法、增材制造法、凝胶注模法等制备工艺,以及冷轧、时效、激光喷丸等处理工艺;综述了生物医用钛合金的生物相容性,以及微量元素添加法、冷轧和时效等处理工艺对各种铸态钛合金力学性能的影响,并对生物医用钛合金的应用前景进行了展望。     

现代生物技术在饮用水处理中的应用

饮用水源中含有多种污染物,处理这些污染物的方法主要有物理法、化学法和生物法。综述了现代生物技术在饮用水处理中的应用现状,认为应用生物技术处理污染的饮用水是一种经济、有效的技术手段。     

某铅冶炼厂废水处理与分质梯级利用研究

基于某铅冶炼厂外排废水多且污染周边环境的现状,对生活污水处理工艺、污酸废水处理工艺、酸性废水处理工艺和废水深度处理工艺等废水处理工艺进行优化,分质处理后的生产废水梯级回用,减少了新水消耗量,实现了废水零排放。     

浅谈铅阳极泥生产工艺的改进

介绍了湖南水口山有色金属集团有限公司铅阳极泥处理工艺的改进,以及深度还原工艺的基本原理和生产流程,分析对比了新旧工艺的生产技术经济指标。     

铅锌冶炼废水深度处理试验研究

通过试验验证膜处理技术应用到铅锌冶炼废水深度处理回用的技术可行性,分析研究膜处理工艺稳定运行的影响因素,确定各项工艺参数为工程设计提供依据。     

Predictors of heavy drinking during and following treatment.

Alcohol dependence has been described as a relapsing condition and it has been proposed that alcohol lapses could potentially be explained by dynamic associations between contextual, interpersonal, and intrapersonal risk factors. Yet, few studies have tested the associations between risk factors in the prediction of lapse dynamics. The current study was a secondary analysis of data from the COMBINE study (n = 1,383; COMBINE Study Research Group, 2003). The goal of the current study was to examine static (alcohol dependence severity, treatment history, marital status, psychiatric symptoms) and dynamic (negative affect, craving, stress) predictors of heavy drinking during the course of treatment and up to one year following treatment. Results from dynamic latent difference score models indicated that higher levels of static and dynamic risk and increased dynamic risk over time were significantly associated with greater increases in heavy drinking. Likewise, more frequent heavy drinking and higher static risk predicted higher levels of dynamic risk. In addition, changes in dynamic risk factors significantly mediated the association between changes in heavy drinking and both psychiatric symptoms and treatment history. It is important to note that while the effects of static and dynamic risk factors in the prediction of heavy drinking were statistically significant, the magnitude of the effects were small. The current study provided partial support for a dynamic model of relapse; however future research using intensive longitudinal data collection and more advanced statistical techniques could further elucidate lapse dynamics and potentially improve relapse prevention planning. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior of mother rats in conflict tests sensitive to antianxiety agents.

The purpose of this investigation was to observe the behavior of mother rats in conflict tests. In the punished drinking test, in which licking from a water spout is punished by electric shocks, mothers (observed on Day 1 postpartum following 24 hr of water deprivation) were found to drink more than virgins. Mothers (Day 1 postpartum) also consumed more food than controls in an unfamiliar open field. In contrast, no difference between mothers (Day 5 postpartum) and virgins was present in the exploration of an electrified shock probe. The largest maternal anticonflict effects in the drinking and feeding tests were recorded when the females were tested with their pups. Increased punished drinking was also observed in virgin rats treated with the anxiolytic benzodiazepine midazolam. Following 24 hr of water deprivation, unpunished drinking was higher in lactating females than in virgins, so the increased acceptance of punishment by mothers might have been due to their being more thirsty than virgins. However, virgins, deprived of water for 48 hr and whose unpunished drinking was similar to that of mothers deprived for 24 hr, did not accept as many punishments as the lactating females. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methotrexate suppresses nitric oxide production ex vivo in macrophages from rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis

This review discusses the relation between by-products of drinking water chlorination and cancer in the light of present toxicological and epidemiologic evidence. During the chlorination of drinking water, a complex mixture of by-products forms from chlorine and the organic and inorganic compounds present in raw water. The quality and quantity of such compounds depend on the specific nature of the organic material in raw waters, the inorganic material in raw water, pH, temperature, other water treatment practices, and the chlorine timing and dose added. Chlorination by-products are important mainly when surface water is used for drinking water as more organic compounds are present in surface waters than in ground waters. The gastrointestinal and urinary tract are the cancer sites that are most often associated with the use of chlorinated surface water or with the quantity of chlorination by-products in the water-supply network. Yet the microbial quality of drinking water should not be compromised by excessive caution over the potential long-term effects of disinfection by-products because the risk of illness and death resulting from exposure to pathogens in untreated drinking water may be several orders of magnitude greater than the cancer risks from chlorination by-products.     

Effect of monochloramine disinfection of municipal drinking water on risk of nosocomial Legionnaires' disease

BACKGROUND: Many Legionella infections are acquired through inhalation or aspiration of drinking water. Although about 25% of municipalities in the USA use monochloramine for disinfection of drinking water, the effect of monochloramine on the occurrence of Legionnaires' disease has never been studied. METHODS: We used a case-control study to compare disinfection methods for drinking water supplied to 32 hospitals that had had outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease with the disinfection method for water supplied to 48 control-hospitals, with control for selected hospital characteristics and water treatment factors. FINDINGS: Hospitals supplied with drinking water containing free chlorine as a residual disinfectant were more likely to have a reported outbreak of Legionnaires' disease than those that used water with monochloramine as a residual disinfectant (odds ratio 10.2 [95% CI 1.4-460]). This result suggests that 90% of outbreaks associated with drinking water might not have occurred if monochloramine had been used instead of free chlorine for residual disinfection (attributable proportion 0.90 [0.29-1.00]). INTERPRETATION: The protective effect of monochloramine against legionella should be confirmed by other studies. Chloramination of drinking water may be a cost-effective method for control of Legionnaires' disease at the municipal level or in individual hospitals, and widespread implementation could prevent thousands of cases.     

Effects of dichloroacetate on glycogen metabolism in B6C3F1 mice

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a by-product of drinking water chlorination. Administration of DCA in drinking water results in accumulation of glycogen in the liver of B6C3F1 mice. To investigate the processes affecting liver glycogen accumulation, male B6C3F1 mice were administered DCA in drinking water at levels varying from 0.1 to 3 g/l for up to 8 weeks. Liver glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activities, liver glycogen content, serum glucose and insulin levels were analyzed. To determine whether effects were primary or attributable to increased glycogen synthesis, some mice were fasted and administered a glucose challenge (20 min before sacrifice). DCA treatments in drinking water caused glycogen accumulation in a dose-dependent manner. The DCA treatment in drinking water suppressed the activity ratio of GS measured in mice sacrificed at 9:00 AM, but not at 3:00 AM. However, net glycogen synthesis after glucose challenge was increased with DCA treatments for 1-2 weeks duration, but the effect was no longer observed at 8 weeks. Degradation of glycogen by fasting decreased progressively as the treatment period was increased, and no longer occurred at 8 weeks. A shift of the liver glycogen-iodine spectrum from DCA-treated mice was observed relative to that of control mice, suggesting a change in the physical form of glycogen. These data suggest that DCA-induced glycogen accumulation at high doses is related to decreases in the degradation rate. When DCA was administered by single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection to na?ve mice at doses of 2-200 mg/kg at the time of glucose challenge, a biphasic response was observed. Doses of 10-25 mg/kg increased both plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. In contrast, very high i.p. doses of DCA (> 75 mg/kg) produced progressive decreases in serum glucose and glycogen deposition in the liver. Since the blood levels of DCA produced by these higher i.p. doses were significantly higher than observed with drinking water treatment, we conclude that apparent differences with data of previous investigations is related to substantial differences in systemic dose and/or dose-time relations.     

Impacts of Hydrophilic Membrane Additives on the Ultrafiltration of River Water

One of the most serious disadvantages of membrane applications in water treatment is the decreasing water permeation rate with time, which is often called fouling. This study investigates surface modification of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes as a fouling reduction strategy for drinking water treatment applications. Surface modification was achieved through the addition of three different tailor-made hydrophilic surface modifying macromolecules (LSMM200, LSMM400, and LSMM600). Flat sheet membranes were prepared via a single-step casting procedure; their surface hydrophilicity was quantified via contact angle measurements. The incorporation of hydrophilic additives produced slightly more hydrophilic membranes (contact angle reduction of up to 8°) and improved membrane performance compared with the PES membrane without blending. In the treatment of highly colored river water, LSMM400- and LSMM600-modified membranes achieved up to 32% higher final fluxes. Surface modification resulted in significantly decreased flux reductions and natural organic matter accumulation. Dissolved organic carbon removals were approximately 70% for all the membranes studied. No clear correlation between membrane hydrophilicity and fouling reduction was observed.     

包钢焦化厂节水减排措施研究

文章介绍了包钢焦化厂用排水、主要污水处理系统及循环冷却水系统情况,提出了焦化厂节水减排措施方案,即焦化厂优化用水措施、生化处理出水回用减排措施及生化处理出水的深度处理回用方案。其中优化用水措施包括循环水优化运行措施、串级用水措施及用排水全过程管理理念等内容。焦化厂节水减排措施对包钢总排水回用及减排意义重大。     

Predictive factors for outcome of treatment for alcohol problems

Two samples of problem drinkers were followed up 2 and 4 years after they completed treatment. The first consisted of 72 men and 16 women admitted to a program for alcoholics (the inpatient sample), and the second, of 57 men and 35 women who participated in a program of outpatient treatment (the outpatient sample). At start of treatment, the outpatient sample, was generally characterized by a higher degree of social integration and more moderate alcohol problems than those found in the inpatient sample. These differences were sustained during the part of the follow-up period for which comparative data existed. In both samples it was possible to identify subgroups whose alcohol consumption throughout the observation period did not exceed average consumption in a comparative group of the Norwegian population. The most important predictive factors for alcohol consumption in the inpatient sample were degree of social integration, consumption before start of treatment, and sex. In the outpatient sample the most important factors were level of consumption and relative contribution of heavy drinking to the drinking pattern before start of treatment and the client's own goals as regards to alcohol. In both samples there was a close connection between alcohol consumed, total situation, and individual degree of satisfaction. For both groups, less frequent drinking and reduction of heavy drinking were most important for feeling satisfied with the drinking outcome. The therapeutic implications of the qualitative changes in drinking patterns are discussed.     

Advances in Modeling Completely Mixed Flow Reactors for Ion Exchange

This work advances the mathematical modeling of ion exchange treatment in completely mixed flow reactors in which there is recycle and regeneration of the ion exchange resin. The most common application of this process is magnetic ion exchange resin to remove dissolved organic carbon from raw drinking water. The motivation for this work was the complex distribution of resin particle ages and sizes that result from the recycle and regeneration processes. The newly developed model uses a single “age-averaged” diffusion equation to represent resin particle age as compared with the previous Monte Carlo model that uses a large number of diffusion equations to represent various resin particle ages. Advantages of the age-averaged model over the Monte Carlo model include a closed-form analytical solution for the steady-state case of the model, advanced numerical techniques used for the nonsteady-state case of the model, and model simulations require much less computational time and yield more accurate results. The age-averaged model is a robust numerical tool that can be used to evaluate a range of treatment scenarios as a result of these advancements.     

The Renin-Angiotensin System and Thirst: A Reevaluation. II. Drinking Elicited in Rats by Caval Ligation or Isoproterenol.

Ligation of the inferior vena cava and administration of isoproterenol have been shown to stimulate renin secretion and to augment water intake in rats. However, the present experiments suggested that the plasma renin activities produced by these treatments do not account for more than 20% of the observed drinking behavior. Direct measurements of arterial blood pressure further indicated that nephrectomized rats go into hypotensive shock after caval ligation or isoproterenol treatment. Drinking was elicited in these hypotensive animals by systemic injection of hypertonic NaCl solution, renin, or Pitressin, or by intracranial injection of angiotensin, but in each case a rapid increase in blood pressure also was observed. Thus, it appears that nephrectomy reduces water intake in these animals by undermining their general capacity to behave rather than by removing a specific dipsogenic stimulus. These and other results suggested that drinking elicited in rats by caval ligation or isoproterenol is not mediated by the renin-angiotensin system. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)