二氧化碳跨临界循环制冷的研究进展

给出了CO2跨临界制冷循环的典型流程和特点;对国内外针对超临界CO2特性的研究、CO2制冷循环的研究、CO2制冷设备的研究与开发以及CO2跨临界循环系统安全性与可靠性的研究现状等4个方面进行了综述,指出了二氧化碳跨临界循环制冷的发展趋势.     

二氧化碳跨临界循环制冷的开发与研究进展

由于近年来制冷剂对臭氧层的破坏和全球温室效应等环保问题日益突出,CO2作为理想的制冷剂开始重新得到重视。给出了CO2跨临界制冷循环的典型流程和特点;对国内外针对超临界CO2特性的、CO2制冷循环、CO2制冷设备的开发以及CO2跨临界循环系统安全性与可靠性等四个方面的研究现状进行了综述,指出了二氧化碳跨临界循环制冷今后的发展趋势。     

跨临界CO2制冷与热泵系统

概述跨临界CO2制冷和热泵循环的原理，提出几个影响该循环的技术关键。介绍跨临界CO2循环的相关应用领域，指出CO2作为性能良好的自然工质有着很好的发展前景。     

四种跨临界CO2压缩式热泵系统的热力性能研究

CO2是具有很大潜力的天然替代工质之一,CO2跨临界循环放热过程中具有较大温度滑移,与水侧温升过程相匹配,因此适合用于热泵热水器系统。国内外学者提出了许多提高跨临界CO2循环效率的方法,其中包括引入回热器、喷射器等设备,从不同角度对比分析在常规跨临界CO2热泵系统中引入回热器、喷射器后系统的性能变化。本文在前人工作的基础上,建立相关热力学计算模型,并进一步对四种不同形式的跨临界CO2热泵系统（常规跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHS）、带回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSI）、带喷射器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSE）及带喷射器与回热器的跨临界CO2热泵系统（TCHSEI））的性能进行研究,对比分析排气压力一定的情况下四种循环的热力性能;从最优排气压力的角度出发,分析对比不同系统中气冷器出口温度变化对系统最优排气压力和制热系数的影响,以及喷射器等熵效率对系统性能的影响。以上研究为CO2压缩式热泵系统的实用化进展奠定良好的理论基础。     

应用于展示柜的CO_2蒸气压缩式制冷系统循环的分析

近年来,制冷剂对臭氧层的破坏和全球温室效应等环保问题日益突出,CO2作为理想的制冷剂开始重新得到重视。本文介绍理论的跨临界CO2蒸气压缩式制冷循环,对实验室现有CO2跨临界制冷系统进行一系列研究,并与常用制冷剂的循环进行对比,认为CO2制冷循环取代传统制冷循环应用于展示柜可大大提高制冷效率。     

跨临界CO2热泵热水器系统的试验研究

介绍带回热器的跨临界CO2热泵热水试验系统。通过改变气冷器水流量对跨临界CO2水-水热泵多种工况的循环性能进行试验研究,获得一系列试验数据。试验结果表明:跨临界CO2热泵循环可获得比常规工质要高的出水温度;增加气冷器水流量可有效提高系统的制热系数。     

CO2跨临界双级压缩带膨胀机制冷循环研究

摘要针对CO2制冷能效低的特点,本文建立了双级压缩带膨胀机CO2跨临界制冷循环热力学模型,在考虑实际循环中不可逆损失因素影响在基础上,对循环进行了性能系数、热力学完善度和单位制冷量炯损失等指标进行了分析计算,并与双级压缩节流膨胀CO2跨临界制冷回热循环和R22简单制冷循环进行了比较。     

CO2制冷特性和应用分析

介绍了CO2制冷剂的的历史和发展;分析总结了CO2的物理化学性质和制冷特性;阐述了亚临界循环、跨临界循环等4种制冷循环的基本原理;介绍了CO2制冷技术在汽车空调、热泵系统和复叠式制冷系统等方面的应用。     

跨临界CO2蒸气压缩式制冷与热泵技术综述

CO2跨临界制冷循环模式因环境友好性、高温制热性、低环境温度适应性、全工况范围高效性等众多优势成为制冷领域中最热门的研究课题之一.本文分别讨论了跨临界CO2制冷或热泵技术在车辆空调、建筑采暖与热水供应、烘干产业、商超冷链等行业中的发展现状,总结并预测了跨临界CO2技术的未来发展趋势.CO2制冷技术在车辆热管理领域发展前...     

CO2食品冷冻冷藏制冷系统的性能分析

对用于食品冷冻冷藏的几种不同形式的CO2跨临界双级压缩制冷循环进行热力计算,通过性能分析对比得出,采用两级节流中间完全冷却的CO2跨临界制冷循环,系统的能耗小、运行性能好、初投资少。     

Instrumentation for the breath-by-breath determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide based on nondispersive absorption measurements.

This paper describes the development and evaluation of instrumentation for the breath-by-breath determination of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiratory gases. The method is based on nondispersive absorption and uses the 145-nm absorption band for detection of oxygen and the 4.3-micron band for detection of carbon dioxide. A xenon discharge lamp with a sharp band at 147 nm was chosen as the source for the determination of oxygen, and a carbon dioxide discharge lamp with a sharp band at 4.3 micron was chosen for determination of carbon dioxide. A vacuum photodiode was used as the detector for oxygen, and a photoconductive cell with a built-in interference filter was used for detection of carbon dioxide. Plots of absorbance (A) vs concentration (C, %) were linear for oxygen and were nonlinear for carbon dioxide. Typical least-squares calibration equations were A = 0.020C + 0.02 for oxygen (0-100%) and A = 0.0012C2 + 0.050C + 0.008 for carbon dioxide (0-8%). Comparisons of computed (y) vs prepared (x) values for the concentrations given above were linear for both gases, yielding y = (1.00 +/- 0.01)x - 0.13 +/- 0.73 for oxygen and y = (1.07 +/- 0.02)x - 0.04 +/- 0.06 for carbon dioxide. The standard deviations were 1.2% at 50% oxygen and 1.5% at 4% carbon dioxide. Records are presented to illustrate breath-by-breath monitoring of these gases in a healthy subject.     

Effect of helium in helium headspace carbon dioxide cylinders on packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography of PAHs was performed with pure carbon dioxide and helium headspace carbon dioxide at various cylinder fill levels. The retention times of the PAHs increased when helium headspace carbon dioxide was used as a carrier fluid relative to pure carbon dioxide. The increased retention times were affected by the level of the liquid phase present in the helium headspace carbon dioxide cylinder. As more liquid phase was removed from the cylinder, the effect of helium on the solvating power of CO(2) was reduced because the relative amount of helium dissolved in the liquid phase decreased. Furthermore, the effect of helium headspace carbon dioxide was investigated with methanol-modified carbon dioxide mobile phases for the analysis of steroids. We observed that the relative solubility of helium in carbon dioxide resulted in longer retention times when compared to pure carbon dioxide as the liquid level of carbon dioxide decreased.     

PET 瓶装碳酸饮料货架期影响因素研究

目的研究影响碳酸饮料货架期的各种因素。方法以PET瓶装碳酸饮料为研究对象,分析了PET瓶的二氧化碳泄漏的途径,通过4类实验分析了温度、壁厚、二氧化碳阻隔剂、气含量等因素对其泄漏速度的影响。结果常温下瓶体是二氧化碳泄露的主要途径,降低仓储温度、增加瓶子壁厚,在PET料里添加二氧化碳阻隔剂以及增加气体含量都可以有效延长货架期,而高温下气体含量高的饮料的货架期可能更短。结论实验得到了不同仓储温度、瓶子壁厚、不同初始含气量以及添加二氧化碳阻隔剂与产品货架期的关系。     

The Determination of the Level of Bicarbonate, Carbonate, or Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions

A rapid and convenient method for the measurement of bicarbonate, carbonate, or carbon dioxide in water was developed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bicarbonate and carbonate are converted to carbon dioxide by lowering the pH of the solution, then the absorbance of the dissolved carbon dioxide at 2345 wavenumbers is measured using a liquid sample cell. If the measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide is the objective, the pH is not adjusted, and the carbon dioxide in the free form can be measured without interference from low levels of carbonates. The method is linear from 10.48 ppm to a minimum of 366.8 ppm carbon dioxide (r squared = 0.9996). The coefficient of variation at 10.48 ppm (LOD 3 signal/noise), 52.4 ppm, and 262 ppm is 45.6, 4.0, and 3.9, respectively. The average percent recovery at 10.48 ppm, 52.4 ppm, and 262 ppm is 74.5, 104.2, and 104.0, respectively.     

对二氧化碳气体爆破的管理对策研究

基于2017年某地查处的两起涉及CO2气体爆破的案例,分析了CO2气体爆破反映出的问题,总结了CO2气体爆破危害性大、专业性强、涉及面广和欺骗性强等特点,指出了造成这种现象的主要原因,并对CO2气体爆破的安全管理提出了建议。     

The Determination of the Level of Bicarbonate,Carbonate, or Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract

A rapid and convenient method for the measurement of bicarbonate, carbonate, or carbon dioxide in water was developed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Bicarbonate and carbonate are converted to carbon dioxide by lowering the pH of the solution, then the absorbance of the dissolved carbon dioxide at 2345 wavenumbers is measured using a liquid sample cell. If the measurement of dissolved carbon dioxide is the objective, the pH is not adjusted, and the carbon dioxide in the free form can be measured without interference from low levels of carbonates. The method is linear from 10.48 ppm to a minimum of 366.8 ppm carbon dioxide (r squared = 0.9996). The coefficient of variation at 10.48 ppm (LOD 3 signal/noise), 52.4 ppm, and 262 ppm is 45.6, 4.0, and 3.9, respectively. The average percent recovery at 10.48 ppm, 52.4 ppm, and 262 ppm is 74.5, 104.2, and 104.0, respectively.     

Effect of sintering parameters on the density and microstructure of carbonate hydroxyapatite

This work documents an investigation into the effect of water on the density and microstructure of carbonate hydroxyapatite in carbon dioxide sintering atmospheres. Carbonate apatites with carbonate contents of between 3.2 and 7.8 wt % were precipitated and the precipitates were formed into dry gels. Isothermal and isochronal sintering experiments were performed under dry carbon dioxide and wet carbon dioxide (containing 3 wt % water) atmospheres. The effect of carbonate content was studied by using two gels both with a green density of 37% and with carbonate contents of 5.8 and 7.8 wt %. Both isothermal and isochronal experiments demonstrated that bloating of the apatite occurred and this behavior was associated with the loss of carbonate from the apatite. It was found that only in wet carbon dioxide atmospheres fully dense translucent carbonate apatite could be formed. 93% dense carbonate apatite was formed after 4 h sintering at temperatures as low as 700 °C. © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

The role of information and communication technology in encountering environmental degradation: Proposing an SDG framework for the BRICS countries

Sustainability through information and communication technologies is a complex matter, raising interesting debate among researchers. Pursuing the same, this research investigates the impact of information and communication technologies, economic growth, and financial development on carbon dioxide emissions by simultaneously testing the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in BRICS countries. In doing so, this study employs Methods of Moments - Quantile Regression, which confirms that the effects of the explanatory variables vary across different quantiles of carbon dioxide emissions. The overall results indicate that economic growth and financial development contribute to carbon dioxide emissions across all quantiles, while information and communication technologies significantly mitigate the level of carbon dioxide emissions only at lower emissions quantiles. Moreover, the results confirm the presence of the EKC hypothesis. Interestingly, the effect of economic growth and information and communication technologies on carbon dioxide emissions is lowest in magnitude at lower quantiles and highest at higher quantiles of carbon dioxide emissions. The empirical findings of DH panel heterogenous causality test confirm bidirectional causality between the model parameters, indicating that any policy intervention concerning explanatory variables significantly causes carbon dioxide emissions and vice versa. The results set out the foundation for policymakers to devise a policy framework to attain the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).     

Optimization of cryogenic carbon dioxide capture from natural gas

Cryogenic carbon dioxide removal from natural gas requires accurate thermodynamic phase study of the natural gas mixture and individual components. Thermodynamic data generation of carbon dioxide‐methane mixture having 90 % carbon dioxide for cryogenic carbon dioxide capture from natural gas using Peng Robinson equation of state is discussed in this research work. Golden section search technique along with Eureqa optimizing tool is then used to optimize the pressure‐temperature conditions for the cryogenic carbon dioxide capture in the solid‐vapour two‐phase region. Cost optimization is done for the carbon dioxide capture system at atmospheric pressure and 20 bar. Temperature ranges for optimization were obtained from the predicted thermodynamic data for the mixture. The optimum temperatures obtained in this research work for the cryogenic carbon dioxide capture at atmospheric pressure and the 20 bar are ?103.8 °C and ?60.90 °C respectively. For atmospheric pressure at ?103.8 °C the worth of methane, carbon dioxide, and energy is 114 $/h, 9 $/h, and 53 $/h respectively, while at 20 bar and ?60.9 °C the worth of carbon dioxide, methane, and the energy are found to be 129 $/h, 46 $/h, 52 $/h, respectively.     

二氧化碳与环氧化物交替共聚催化剂的最新研究

自1969年科学家Inoue用ZnEt2/H2O的混合物作催化剂由CO2与环氧化物合成聚碳酸酯以来,科学家们在催化剂体系的设计方面进行了大量研究.在此基础上,本文就最近几年CO2与环氧化物交替共聚的催化剂体系进行了详细的叙述和概括.