消除图像伪轮廓的各向异性自适应滤波

摘要：目的：图像反差增强、重复量化、有损压缩等操作容易造成伪轮廓瑕疵,使原本平滑的区域呈现不真实的亮度和颜色跳变,损害图像质量。针对这一问题提出一种各向异性自适应滤波方法,用于消除伪轮廓．方法：首先检测图像中的边缘和平坦区,若边缘位于平坦区域则判定其为伪轮廓,得到一幅伪轮廓分布图．对伪轮廓上每一点计算两个特性：伪轮廓走向和分布密度,量化为8个方向和6种尺度,据此确定不同方向特性和不同尺度的滤波参数,选择相应的滤波器．为保护目标边缘不受损伤,在含有伪轮廓的图像中提取强度超过指定阈值的边缘,对其进行膨胀生成模板用以屏蔽滤波效果．结果：该方法能有效消除伪轮廓并保护真实边缘不受损伤。实验中采用峰值信噪比（PSNR）和结构相似度（SSIM）评估图像质量,结果表明,各向异性自适应滤波器特性优于其他方法．结论：消除伪轮廓的自适应图像滤波方法能消除因过度增强或不当量化造成的伪轮廓瑕疵,并保留真实边缘,提高图像的视觉质量.     

Interactive two-scale color-to-gray

Current color-to-gray methods compute the grayscale results by preserving the discriminability among individual pixels. However, human perception tends to firstly group the perceptually similar elements while looking at an image, according to the Gestalt principles. In this paper, we propose a novel two-scale approach for converting color images to grayscale. First, we decompose the input image into multiple soft segments where each segment represents a perceptual group of content. Second, we determine the grayscale of each perceptual group via a global mapping by solving a quadratic optimization. Last, the local details are added into the final result. Our approach is efficient and provides users quick feedback on adjusting the prominent gray tones of the results. As an important aspect of algorithm, our approach offers users an easy, intuitive interactive tool for creating art-like black-and-white images from input color images. Experimental results show that our approach better preserves the overall perception and local details. User studies have been conducted to show the applicability of our approach.     

Contour matching using epipolar geometry

Matching features computed in images is an important process in multiview image analysis. When the motion between two images is large, the matching problem becomes very difficult. In this paper, we propose a contour matching algorithm based on geometric constraints. With the assumption that the contours are obtained from images taken from a moving camera with static scenes, we apply the epipolar constraint between two sets of contours and compute the corresponding points on the contours. From the initial epipolar constraints obtained from corner point matching, candidate contours are selected according to the epipolar geometry, contour end point constraints, and contour distance measures. In order to reduce the possibility of false matches, the number of match points on a contour is also used as a selection measure. The initial epipolar constraint is refined from the matched sets of contours. The algorithm can be applied to a pair or two pairs of images. All of the processes are fully automatic and successfully implemented and tested with various real images     

Contrast Preserving Decolorization with Perception-Based Quality Metrics

Converting color images into grayscale ones suffer from information loss. In the meantime, it is one fundamental tool indispensable for single channel image processing, digital printing, and monotone e-ink display. In this paper, we propose an optimization framework aiming at maximally preserving color contrast. Our main contribution is threefold. First, we employ a bimodal objective function to alleviate the restrictive order constraint for color mapping. Second, we develop an efficient solver that allows for automatic selection of suitable grayscales based on global contrast constraints. Third, we advocate a perceptual-based metric to measure contrast loss, as well as content preservation, in the produced grayscale images. It is among the first attempts in this field to quantitatively evaluate decolorization results.     

基于边缘增强与光谱特性保持的Pan-sharpening融合模型

为生成兼具高光谱质量与高空间质量的融合图像,本文提出了一种新的Pan-sharpening变分融合模型.通过拟合退化后的全色（Panchromatic,Pan）波段图像与低分辨率多光谱（Multispectral,MS）波段图像间的线性关系得到各波段MS图像的权重系数,计算从Pan图像抽取的空间细节;基于全色波段图像的梯度定义加权函数,增强了图像的强梯度边缘并对因噪声而引入的虚假边缘进行了抑制,有效地保持了全色波段图像中目标的几何结构;基于MS波段传感器的调制传输函数定义低通滤波器,自适应地限制注入空间细节的数量,显著降低了融合MS图像的光谱失真;针对Pan-sharpening模型的不适定性问题,引入L1正则化能量项,保证了数值解的稳定性.采用Split Bregman数值方法求解能量泛函的最优解,提高了算法的计算效率.QuickBird、IKONOS和GeoEye-1数据集上的实验结果表明,模型的综合融合性能优于MTF-CON、AWLP、SparseFI、TVR和MTF-Variational等算法.     

基于细节再现的高动态范围图像分层映射算法

针对当前映射算法中亮度的映射函数非适性而引起对比度过度压缩的问题,以及映射时亮度变化改变图像细节可见性的问题,提出了一种基于细节再现的高动态范围(HDR)图像分层映射算法。该算法采用视觉响应曲线作为基础层的映射函数,根据图像局部适应性亮度动态地映射亮度;同时,在Stevens效应的思想基础上依据映射前后亮度变化获得补偿系数,拉伸或压缩细节层。测试结果表明：该映射算法所得图像能正确再现更多的可见细节。     

Color Sequence Preserving Decolorization

Many visualization techniques use images containing meaningful color sequences. If such images are converted to grayscale, the sequence is often distorted, compromising the information in the image. We preserve the significance of a color sequence during decolorization by mapping the colors from a source image to a grid in the CIELAB color space. We then identify the most significant hues, and thin the corresponding cells of the grid to approximate a curve in the color space, eliminating outliers using a weighted Laplacian eigenmap. This curve is then mapped to a monotonic sequence of gray levels. The saturation values of the resulting image are combined with the original intensity channels to restore details such as text. Our approach can also be used to recolor images containing color sequences, for instance for viewers with color‐deficient vision, or to interpolate between two images that use the same geometry and color sequence to present different data.     

基于动态范围调整的指纹图像增强方法

采用基于动态范围调整的方法,并适当地把图像最亮和最暗附近很少量灰度级像素点滤除,对图像灰度进行线性展宽,实现图像灰度动态范围的自动调整,提高图像的对比度。实验结果表明,该方法可有效地滤除在灰度边界值附近的灰度干扰,图像的质量和对比度明显提高,图像的亮区和暗区的细节都有明显增强,而且处理速度快,鲁棒性好。     

Manual/automatic colorization for three-dimensional geometric models utilizing laser reflectivity

While laser scanners can produce a high-precision 3D shape of a real object, appearance information of the object has to be captured by an image sensor, such as a digital camera. This paper proposes a novel and simple technique for colorizing 3D geometric models based on laser reflectivity. Laser scanners capture the range data of a target object from the sensors. Simultaneously, the power of the reflected laser is obtained as a by-product of the range data. The reflectance image, which is a collection of laser reflectance depicted as a grayscale image, contains rich appearance information about the target object. The proposed technique is an alternative to texture mapping, which has been widely used to realize photo-realistic 3D modeling but requires strict alignment between range data and texture images. The proposed technique first colorizes a reflectance image based on the similarity of color and reflectance images. Then the appearance information (color and texture information) is added to a 3D model by transferring the color in the colorized reflectance image to the corresponding range image. Some experiments and comparisons between texture mapping and the proposed technique demonstrate the validity of the proposed technique.     

一种改进的变分水平集的图像分割算法

为了解决灰度不均匀现象对医学图像的干扰问题,提出了基于局部极性信息的活 动轮廓模型。通过引入局部图像信息,该模型能有效地分割灰度不均匀图像。在规则化项中增 加的能量惩罚项,使得水平集函数在演化过程中保持为近似的符号距离函数。该算法将图像分 割问题归结为曲线能量泛函的最小化,首先建立包含局部灰度信息（极性信息）和改进的符号 距离函数的曲线演化能量泛函;然后采用变分水平集方法求解能量函数的最小值,得到最终的 分割结果。真实医学图像和人工合成图像的实验结果表明,此方法对灰度不均匀的医学图像有 较高的分割精确度,在图像分割速度上有较大提高。由于利用了局部灰度信息,可以有效地分 割灰度不均匀的医学图像,而改进后的变分水平集可以完全避免重新初始化,使得图像分割效 率大大提高了。     

An effective edge-preserving smoothing method for image manipulation

This paper presents a novel and effective edge-preserving image smoothing method for edge-aware image manipulation. The method formulates the smoothing as a problem of minimizing a convex object function with a constraint and an efficient solution to the optimization problem is presented. Specifically, the method provides an unified framework to regularize the edge and texture pixels in the optimization so that geometric edges representing image structures can be well retained and fine edges of texture regions are removed or suppressed. Both qualitative and quantitative experimental results on natural images and computer-generated structured images have shown the efficacy of the proposed method. In addition, the proposed method can improve the performance of many image processing and manipulation tasks including edge extraction and simplification, non-photorealistic rendering, detail and contrast exaggeration, HDR tone mapping, block-based discrete cosine transform (BDCT) artifact removal and content-aware image resizing, as demonstrated through the experiments.     

Subpixel determination of imperfect circles characteristics

This article deals with the problem of the determination of characteristics of imperfect circular objects in discrete images, namely the radius and center coordinates. To limit distortion, a multi-level method based on active contours was developed. Its originality is to furnish a set of geometric envelopes in one pass, with a correspondence between grayscale and a regularity scale. The adequacy of this approach was tested with several methods, among them is the Radon-based method. More particularly, this study indicates the relevance of the use of active contours combined with a Radon transform-based method which was improved using a fitting considering the discrete implementation of the Radon transform.     

基于PCNN的图像椒盐噪声滤除方法

传统的降噪方法在图像降噪之后会损坏图像的部分边缘细节信息,致使图像的轮廓变得模糊不清。为了达到更好的图像降噪效果,提出一种改变突触链接强度和改进阈值函数的脉冲耦合神经网络的图像降噪方法。该方法将基本脉冲耦合神经网络模型进行简化,使突触链接强度自适应取值,将阈值函数改进为分段的衰减函数,从而提高对图像不同灰度值的分辨力,并根据神经元与其周围神经元点火时间差定位噪声点,提高了算法对噪声点的辨识精确度,进而实现更好的降噪效果。实验结果表明,改进方法准确地辨识出了图像的椒盐噪声点,并且能够有效去除噪声点,同时很好地保护图像边缘细节。     

Human Motion Tracking with a Kinematic Parameterization of Extremal Contours

This paper addresses the problem of human motion tracking from multiple image sequences. The human body is described by five articulated mechanical chains and human body-parts are described by volumetric primitives with curved surfaces. If such a surface is observed with a camera, an extremal contour appears in the image whenever the surface turns smoothly away from the viewer. We describe a method that recovers human motion through a kinematic parameterization of these extremal contours. The method exploits the fact that the observed image motion of these contours is a function of both the rigid displacement of the surface and of the relative position and orientation between the viewer and the curved surface. First, we describe a parameterization of an extremal-contour point velocity for the case of developable surfaces. Second, we use the zero-reference kinematic representation and we derive an explicit formula that links extremal contour velocities to the angular velocities associated with the kinematic model. Third, we show how the chamfer-distance may be used to measure the discrepancy between predicted extremal contours and observed image contours; moreover we show how the chamfer distance can be used as a differentiable multi-valued function and how the tracker based on this distance can be cast into a continuous non-linear optimization framework. Fourth, we describe implementation issues associated with a practical human-body tracker that may use an arbitrary number of cameras. One great methodological and practical advantage of our method is that it relies neither on model-to-image, nor on image-to-image point matches. In practice we model people with 5 kinematic chains, 19 volumetric primitives, and 54 degrees of freedom; We observe silhouettes in images gathered with several synchronized and calibrated cameras. The tracker has been successfully applied to several complex motions gathered at 30 frames/second.     

一种彩色图像灰度化的自适应全局映射方法

研究采用RGB颜色分量加权和的全局映射, 进行彩色到灰度的变换算法. 根据彩色像素在不同颜色分量的统计信息, 自动生成各颜色分量的灰度化权重, 同时结合主客观图像质量标准, 探索自适应的全局映射灰度化算法. 实验证明, 本文提出的新算法在多数测试图像上的灰度化效果与传统的灰度化算法效果相当, 但对具有主题色的彩色图像可以获得显著改善的灰度图像视觉效果.     

Particle Swarm Optimization Based Support Vector Regression for Blind Image Restoration

This paper presents a swarm intelligence based parameter optimization of the support vector machine (SVM) for blind image restoration. In this work, SVM is used to solve a regression problem. Support vector regression (SVR) has been utilized to obtain a true mapping of images from the observed noisy blurred images. The parameters of SVR are optimized through particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique. The restoration error function has been utilized as the fitness function for PSO. The suggested scheme tries to adapt the SVM parameters depending on the type of blur and noise strength and the experimental results validate its effectiveness. The results show that the parameter optimization of the SVR model gives better performance than conventional SVR model as well as other competent schemes for blind image restoration.     

基于融合策略的改进Retinex低照度图像增强算法

针对Retinex算法处理低照度彩色图像出现色彩失真,边缘保持性差等问题,提出一种基于融合策略的改进Retinex低照度图像增强算法;该算法首先在YIQ颜色空间提取亮度分量Y,对其进行MSR算法增强;然后采用高斯-拉普拉斯算子对彩色图像的RGB三个分量进行边缘检测,将其叠加合成后转换成灰度图;最后使用小波变换将两幅图像融合得到新的亮度分量,将其与I、Q分量融合后转回RGB颜色空间,从而获得色彩保真度高、细节清晰的图像;实验结果表明,该方法有效提高了图像边缘细节信息,避免了色彩失真,具有很好的视觉效果。     

A high-quality filtering using forward texture mapping

Texture mapping is a very popular technique used to provide more realism in image synthesis. Texture compression induced by geometric transformations creates serious aliasing artifacts appearing essentially as well-known “Moiré” patterns. A simple and high-quality texture mapping technique using a forward mapping is presented. This new method very efficiently avoids texture aliasing artifacts by using an accurate convolution obtained naturally from forward mapping. In addition to a high-quality texture mapping, antialiasing of the final image contours is directly produced by this method.     

Contour analysis-based matching of ground objects in aerial images

An original approach to matching images is proposed based on the technique of comparison of the structure of contours. The technique for detecting contours is reinforced by combining the use of data from independent contours and contours that are the boundaries of regions. For this purpose, several assumptions and simple rules of general nature are formulated. Contours are identified based on local salient features of their one-dimensional representation. To avoid ambiguity in identifying contours, the technique of dynamic programming is harnessed. All computational procedures are invariant to image rotation. In conclusion the developed method is applied to the problem of matching image fragments in aerial images.     

Flow-based local optimization for image-to-geometry projection

The projection of a photographic data set on a 3D model is a robust and widely applicable way to acquire appearance information of an object. The first step of this procedure is the alignment of the images on the 3D model. While any reconstruction pipeline aims at avoiding misregistration by improving camera calibrations and geometry, in practice a perfect alignment cannot always be reached. Depending on the way multiple camera images are fused on the object surface, remaining misregistrations show up either as ghosting or as discontinuities at transitions from one camera view to another. In this paper we propose a method, based on the computation of Optical Flow between overlapping images, to correct the local misalignment by determining the necessary displacement. The goal is to correct the symptoms of misregistration, instead of searching for a globally consistent mapping, which might not exist. The method scales up well with the size of the data set (both photographic and geometric) and is quite independent of the characteristics of the 3D model (topology cleanliness, parametrization, density). The method is robust and can handle real world cases that have different characteristics: low level geometric details and images that lack enough features for global optimization or manual methods. It can be applied to different mapping strategies, such as texture or per-vertex attribute encoding.