循环压载下缺口旁疲劳裂纹扩展

对承受循环压载的缺口试件的疲劳问题进行了试验和理论研究。结果表明，疲劳裂纹是在残余拉应力和循环压应力作用下萌生和扩展的，压塑性变形是裂纹萌生和扩展和扩展的必要条件。循环压载下仍存在着裂纹张开和裂纹闭合，其机理与拉伸循环下不同。以试验中采用的ＬＹ１２ＣＡ材料边缺口试件为例，提出了考虑裂纹闭合效应的扩展率计算模型，结果与试验吻合得较好。     

表面形变强化层中裂纹的萌生与扩展

研究了缺口根部强化层中疲劳裂纹的萌生与扩展。结果表明疫劳性能的提高主要归因于喷丸引起的缺口根部残余压应力,其能提高裂纹的闭合力,延缓短裂纹的扩展速率,而对萌生的作用极微。工作应力低时可出现非扩展裂纹。在残余压应力场中长裂纹的扩展可用Newman改进模型进行计算。在残余压应力峰值位置出现最大闭合力和最小裂纹扩展速率,计算和实测值基本一致。     

复合载荷下裂纹体的弹塑性断裂行为的电镜原位观察

应用电原位拉伸的方法观察了解合金ＬＹ１２在不同（Ｉ＋Ⅱ）复合型下裂纹尖端的塑性变形和断裂过程。结果表明，复合载荷作用下裂纹尖端的变形是钝一锐化变形模式。裂纹的断裂发生了钝化区，断裂方位与最大应力三轴性水平的分布方位一致。不同复合型下的断裂遵循等太孔洞损伤机制，最大周向拉应力是铝合金复合型断裂的力学控制因素。随Ⅱ型分量增加，ＬＹ１２启裂ＣＯＤ值增加。     

弹塑性疲劳裂纹扩展行为的数值模拟

基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立内聚单元模型以研究I型弹塑性疲劳裂纹的扩展过程。利用UEL子程序定义内聚单元的疲劳损伤累积准则以识别疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端的位置,并预测裂纹扩展速率da/d N。结果发现,预测的裂纹扩展速率与已有的试验结果吻合良好。通过ABAQUS软件中的温度-位移耦合分析方法同步获取裂纹扩展过程中因塑性变形能引起的裂纹尖端瞬态温度场的变化。结果显示,疲劳损伤累积准则所识别的裂纹尖端位置与裂纹扩展时最大温升点的位置具有一致性。这说明疲劳裂纹扩展过程中温度信号的变化也可以用于裂纹扩展规律的研究。基于数值模拟的方法验证了疲劳裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端的温升信号ΔT与裂纹扩展速率da/d N、应力强度因子范围ΔK之间的幂函数关系。研究成果有望用于疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的快速预测。     

含均布多轴向表面裂纹厚壁圆筒结构安全性评价

轴向表面裂纹对受内压厚壁圆筒结果的安全具有很大的影响.在分析含均布多轴向表面裂纹厚壁圆筒裂纹数目对尖端应力强度因子影响规律的基础上,对外径相同、含均布多轴向表面裂纹厚壁圆筒及以裂纹尖端到厚壁圆筒中心距离为内径厚壁圆筒在受相同内压情况下的最大周向应力进行了对比分析,结果表明:厚壁圆筒裂纹尖端应力强度因子随裂纹数目的增加而逐渐减小并趋于一恒定值,应力强度因子随裂纹数目的减小只是裂纹扩展速度或扩展可能性的减小,含裂纹厚壁圆筒的最大周向应力在N=2时最大,且当N≥2时随着裂纹数目的增加而减小,但仍大于等效减薄厚壁圆筒的最大周向应力,厚壁圆筒的安全性仍小于以等效减薄后的光滑厚壁圆筒.     

复合型裂纹扩展的有效应力准则

利用弹塑性理论中的有效应力概念,将裂纹体的复杂应力状态与单轴拉伸应力状态相联系;并考虑金属材料的裂纹扩展不可避免地伴随着裂纹尖端附近的局部塑性变形,裂纹总是沿最短路径穿过塑性区向弹性区扩展,因此裂纹尖端弹塑性区边界至裂纹尖端的最短路径,将决定裂纹扩展方向.在此基础上导出复合型裂纹扩展的有效应力准则.     

激光冲击对金属板料裂纹的影响模型

研究了含有裂纹的金属板料在激光冲击波载荷作用下裂纹尖端应力强度因子和裂纹扩展速度的变化,利用断裂力学理论,对激光冲击加载下裂尖参数计算模型进行优化,采用应力强度因子叠加法,将外加载荷引起的应力强度因子和激光冲击后残留的残余压应力引起的应力强度因子叠加,推导出下裂纹尖端应力场强度因子表达式,由此可精确计算出金属板料的裂纹萌生寿命和裂纹扩展速度,实验验证了航空钛合金Ti6Al4V激光冲击后残余应力对裂纹扩展速度的影响,从而建立了激光冲击作用对板料裂纹扩展的影响的理论模型。     

温预加载对材料断裂韧性的影响

通常认为含裂纹体经预加载处理后所产生的残余压应力,是导致结构强化的主要原因。试验发现在没有残余压应力产生的情况下,仍有明显的强化效果。经理论分析,笔者认为把温预加载处理的主要作用说成是预加载时所产生的塑性变形能够改变再加载时的应力状态更为恰当。残余压应力与裂纹尖端钝化都能起到改变再加载应力状态的作用。温预加载处理对含裂纹体在上平台温度条件下发生的破坏有无强化作用,是本文所关心的另一个问题。试验结果表明,此时非但没有强化作用,且使材料的韧性下降。这是由于在这种情况下发生的延性断裂,受塑性变形控制,不受应力控制,因而应力状态的改变不能起到强化作用。相反由于预加载时产生的塑性变形,消耗了材料部分塑性与韧性储备,使得材料再变形的能力下降。最后本文还就试验结果的应用进行了讨论。     

氢对裂纹尖端塑性变形及裂纹扩展影响的TEM观察

利用透射电镜原位动态拉伸方法观察、分析氢对裂纹尖端塑性变形及裂纹扩展过程的影响。结果表明，氢促进裂纹尖端的局部塑性变形，改变裂纹扩展方式，并使裂纹以“Ｚ”字型的途径扩展。     

基于三维重构的钢轨滚动接触疲劳裂纹扩展预测

采用X射线断层扫描技术测量钢轨轨距角–轨肩的滚动接触疲劳裂纹,通过裂纹平面化、尖端拟合和空间定位,重构真实裂纹的三维形态和空间位置;考虑裂纹尖端塑性区和磨耗的影响,提出基于三维重构的裂纹扩展预测方法。预测结果表明,X射线断层扫描技术可以得到真实裂纹的高精度形状和特征,实现钢轨轨距角–轨肩处近似平面状裂纹的三维建模。根据重载铁路典型的车辆和曲线轨道条件,预测裂纹在一定通过总重累积下的扩展情况,接触斑作用在裂纹上时引起的应力最大值集中在轨面及轨面以下垂直深度2~4 mm处,裂纹尖端及裂纹开口附近未出现应力集中;一、三位外轮和二、四位外轮引起的裂纹尖端节点的Von-Mises应力分别相近;当前轮与外轨发生两点接触时,前轮接触斑下方的裂纹尖端节点应力小于后轮引起的应力;预测的裂纹长度、深度与显微观测的实际裂纹接近,预测的裂纹沿钢轨纵向扩展的角度范围包含了显微观测的实际扩展角度。     

The effects of laser peening and shot peening on fretting fatigue in Ti-6Al-4V coupons

This paper describes testing of Ti-6Al-4V coupons in fretting fatigue and compares the effects of mechanical surface treatments on performance. Fretting fatigue tests were performed using a proving ring for fretting load, bridge-type fretting pads, and applied tension-tension cyclic fatigue stress. As-machined (AM), shot peened (SP), and laser peened (LP) coupons were evaluated, and data generated to compare residual stress, surface condition, lifetime, and fractographic detail encountered for each. Near-surface residual stress in SP and LP coupons was similar. The layer of compressive residual stress was far deeper in LP coupons than in SP coupons and, consequently, subsurface tensile residual stress was significantly greater in LP coupons than in SP coupons. SP coupons exhibited a rough surface and had the greatest volume of fretting-induced wear. LP coupons exhibited a wavy surface and had a small volume of wear localized at wave peaks. SP coupons had the greatest fretting fatigue lifetime, with significant improvement over AM coupons. Lifetimes of LP coupons were similar to those for SP coupons at high fatigue stress, but fell between AM and SP coupons at lower fatigue stress. Fractographic evaluation showed that fractures of AM samples were preceded by initiation of fretting-induced cracks, transition of a lead fretting crack to mode-I fatigue crack growth, and crack growth to failure. SP and LP samples exhibited behavior similar to AM samples at high fatigue stress, but in coupons tested at low stress the lead crack initiated subsurface, near the measured depth of maximum tensile residual stress, despite the presence of fretting-induced cracks. The level of fatigue stress above which lead cracks were initiated by fretting was higher for LP than for SP, and was predicted with good accuracy using an analysis based on linear elastic fracture mechanics, the fatigue crack growth threshold stress intensity factor range, and superposition of measured residual stress and applied fatigue stress.     

激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头进行激光冲击强化,对比强化前后焊接接头的疲劳寿命,在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下观察断口疲劳断裂特征,并从焊接接头的显微硬度、微观组织、残余应力分布等方面综合分析激光冲击强化对TC4钛合金单面修饰激光焊接接头的强化机理。试验结果表明：未强化和强化试样均在焊缝咬边处萌生疲劳裂纹,强化试样疲劳寿命是未强化试样疲劳寿命的3.77~9.15倍,强化试样焊缝咬边处马氏体细化,显微硬度提高,焊缝表面呈残余压应力分布,焊缝咬边处残余压应力达-564.37±9.85MPa。晶粒细化和高幅值残余压应力综合作用下抑制了焊缝咬边处疲劳裂纹的萌生,且增大了裂纹扩展阻力,从而提高了焊接接头疲劳性能。     

Residual stresses in friction stir welded parts of complex geometry

Residual stresses play a key role on the mechanics underlying the fatigue crack growth propagation of welded joints. Indeed, compressive residual stresses may induce a beneficial enhancement of the fatigue life under loading condition whereas tensile residual stresses may act to increase the stress distribution at crack tip, resulting in a life-threatening condition of the welded structure. In-process distortion and final geometry of welded joints are also affected by residual stresses. In this paper, the longitudinal residual stress distributions in friction stir welding (FSW) joints were investigated for butt and skin–stringer geometries, including lap and T configurations. To measure residual stresses, the cut-compliance and the inverse weight-function methodologies were adapted for skin–stringer FSW geometries via finite element analysis. AA2024-T4 and AA7075-T6 aluminum alloys were used to weld dissimilar skin–stringer joints whereas butt joints were made of AA2024. The effect of most relevant process parameters as well as the cooling during welding process was also investigated for a better understanding of welding residual stresses. Our findings suggest that FSW of complex skin–stringer geometries produces higher residual stresses than those of butt joints, and that the cooling water flux further reduces residual stresses. Changes of process parameters did not affect markedly residual stress distribution.     

高频谐振载荷作用下Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端力学参数变化规律

为研究高频谐振式疲劳裂纹扩展试验中带有Ⅰ型预制裂纹的紧凑拉伸(CT)试件裂纹尖端力学参数的变化规律,利用动态有限元方法,采用ANSYS和MATLAB软件编写程序,计算了CT试件在高频恒幅正弦交变载荷作用下,在一个应力循环及裂纹扩展到不同长度时裂纹尖端区域的位移、应变场及裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,并分析了其变化规律。在计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子时,首先采用静态有限元方法和理论公式验证了有限元建模和计算的正确性,然后采用动态有限元方法研究了裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律。最后进行了高频谐振式疲劳裂纹扩展试验,采用动态高精度应变仪测量了裂纹扩展到不同阶段时裂纹尖端点的应变,并对有限元计算结果进行了验证。研究结果表明：在稳态裂纹扩展阶段,高频谐振载荷作用下Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端位移、应变及应力强度因子均为与载荷同一形式的交变量;随着裂纹的扩展,Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端的位移、应变及应力强度因子幅不断增大;静态应力强度因子有限元计算值和理论值的误差为2.51%,裂纹尖端点应变有限元计算结果和试验结果最大误差为2.93% 。     

Analysis of the relationship of crack arrest effects with fusion zone size by current detour and Joule heating

Specimens of UNS S 31600 stainless steel with precast crack were treated under different discharge parameters. An elliptic hole formed ahead of the crack tip and the thermal compressive stress caused during electropulsing treatment cause the crack arresting. The factors affecting the curvature radius of the crack tip were studied. The crack arrest effect was examined by tensile test and fatigue test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electro backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were employed to examine the changes of specimen before and after the treatment. The local recrystallization occurred around the crack tip. The experimental results indicate that the curvature radius of the crack tip is proportional to discharge parameter and crack length. The relationship between discharge parameter and the effectiveness of crack arrest can be obtained.     

冷胀提高6005铝合金疲劳寿命的机理

针对冷胀对6005铝合金疲劳裂纹产生和扩展的影响,用单边预切口试样研究了含缺陷结构冷胀后的疲劳寿命,分析了不同情况下新裂纹产生的循环数;并用ANSYS软件进行了数值模拟,确定冷胀产生的残余应力场和塑性区及在不同参数下冷胀度对其的影响.结果表明:孔径和冷胀度对最大残余压应力值影响不大,都在材料屈服强度1～1.1倍的限定范围内,而冷胀度对塑性变形区和残余压应力区大小的影响则非常显著.     

考虑残余应力的螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法研究

考虑渗碳、磨齿、喷丸等工艺产生的齿面残余应力,建立齿面接触应力与残余应力的复合应力场,提出一种螺旋锥齿轮接触疲劳裂纹萌生-扩展寿命计算方法。构建齿轮有限元接触分析模型,计算多轴交变接触应力场。考虑空间螺旋曲面残余应力分布的复杂性,将变曲率齿面离散为网状节点;测量各节点表面与次表面的残余应力,建立齿面残余应力场。基于Dang Van多轴疲劳准则,构建齿面裂纹萌生模型;计及残余应力与裂纹闭合效应,构建齿面裂纹扩展模型。计算复合应力场下齿轮接触疲劳寿命,研究残余应力对齿面裂纹萌生-扩展寿命的影响规律。结果发现：复杂齿面空间变曲率会影响喷丸等工艺产生的残余应力分布,中心区域的残余压应力高出齿面边缘区域约20%;复合应力场下齿面裂纹萌生位置与寿命主要取决于接触应力,残余应力会改变齿面节点平均应力进而影响疲劳寿命;齿面裂纹扩展寿命约占全寿命的10%,表征齿轮接触疲劳快速失效至迅速断裂。上述研究对于高性能齿轮传动的长寿命、高可靠性设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Fretting Fatigue Behavior of Cavitation Shotless Peened Ti–6Al–4V

Fretting fatigue behavior of cavitation shotless peened (CSP) titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V was investigated. Constant amplitude fretting fatigue tests were conducted at several maximum stress levels, σ_max, ranging from 400 to 555 MPa with a stress ratio of 0.1. Test results showed that the fretting fatigue life was enhanced by CSP treatment as compared to the unpeened specimen, but the enhancement was not as large as that from the shot-peening treatment. Residual stress measurements by X-ray diffraction method before and after fretting test showed that residual compressive stress was relaxed during fretting fatigue. Before fretting, CSP specimen had higher compressive residual stress on the surface than the shot-peened specimen. However, greater residual stress relaxation occurred in CSP specimen such that the relaxed compressive residual stress profile near the contact surface of CSP specimen was lower than that of shot-peened specimen. This lower compressive residual stress from fretting fatigue was the reason for shorter fretting fatigue life of CSP specimen as compared to shot-peened specimen at the applied stress level.     

Initiation and propagation of surface cracks in rolling fatigue of high hardness steel

Surface cracks initiating flaking failure observed by Sugino in rolling fatigue were further studied.Surface crack initiation was influenced by either running or material conditions, affecting the residual tensile stress just below the rolling contact surface. The fatigue crack is thought to initiate very near the surface by the stress cycle of small tensile residual stress and large compressive contact stress. The amount and direction of the tensile residual stress due to rolling contact varies with the contact geometry, which probably determines the direction of the surface crack and the appearance of flaking. The transition from the surface crack to flaking failure or complete section fracture is material and running condition dependent and is explained by a fracture mechanics concept.