Active Damping of Milling Vibration Using Operational Amplifier Circuit

The problem of chatter vibration is associated with adverse consequences that often lead to tool impairment and poor surface finished in a workpiece, and thus, controlling or suppressing chatter vibrations is of great significance to improve machining quality. In this paper, a workpiece and an actuator dynamics are considered in modeling and controller design. A proportional-integral controller(PI) is presented to control and actively damp the chatter vibration of a workpiece in the milling process. The controller is chosen on the basis of its highly stable output and a smaller amount of steady-state error. The controller is realized using analog operational amplifier circuit. The work has contributed to planning a novel approach that addresses the problem of chatter vibration in spite of technical hitches in modeling and controller design. The method can also lead to considerable reduction in vibrations and can be beneficial in industries in term of cost reduction and energy saving. The application of this method is verified using active damping device actuator(ADD) in the milling of steel.     

平面端铣切削振动试验

介绍了端铣振动试验方法。通过观察分析工件表面的微观不平度、切削表面的高频波纹和在机床切削点测得的振动信号,跟踪分析了铣削强迫振动和颤振现象。强迫振动随切削速度、进给量、切削深度增大而加剧,颤振随切削速度、进给量增大及切削深度减小不易发生,结论与理论分析、他人试验结果相符,为选择改变切削用量、减小铣削振动指出了方向     

基于内置力执行器的铣削颤振的主动控制

高速加工中铣削颤振不仅降低工件的表面加工质量,严重时还会造成刀具或者其他加工部件的损坏,因此对电主轴铣削颤振进行控制具有重要的意义。为对电主轴铣削过程中的颤振进行有效控制,在双绕组无轴承感应电动机的基础上,提出一种具有内置力执行器的感应型高速电主轴结构,建立电主轴—刀具系统的有限元模型、动态铣削模型、双绕组感应型电主轴电磁力模型,在对具有内置力执行器的感应型高速电主轴电磁力进行解耦后,提出基于内置力执行器的电主轴铣削颤振的主动控制方案,通过仿真分析控制器的主要参数对电主轴铣削稳定性的影响。结果表明采用具有内置力执行器的感应型高速电主轴能够有效地提高电主轴铣削的稳定区域以及在抑制铣削颤振方面具有明显效果。     

Identifying bifurcation behavior during machining process for an irregular milling tool geometry

High-productivity machining processes cause tool and material defects and even damages in machine spindles. The onset of self-excited vibration, known as chatter, limits this high material removal rate. This chatter vibration refers to machining instability during cutting processes, which results in bifurcation behavior or nonlinear effect wherein the tool and the workpiece are not engaged with each other. In particular, bifurcation for low-radial immersion conditions can be easily promoted and identified. In this study, an experiment on an irregular milling tool as a variable helix and variable pitch geometry was conducted under a flexible workpiece condition. The bifurcation behavior from regenerative chatter was identified and quantified from displacement sensor and inductive sensor measurements. A series of cutting tests was used to measure the vibration signals, which were then analyzed based on the frequency spectrum, the one-per-revolution effect, and the Poincaré section. According to results, Hopf bifurcation and period-one bifurcation instabilities apparently occurred to validate chatter stability prediction through a semi-discretization method. However, period-doubling bifurcation was only determined during the unstable cutting of a uniform tool that was not in variable helix/pitch or an irregular milling tool. An irregular tool geometry caused the modulation of the regenerative effect to suppress chatter, and period-doubling instability could not be exhibited during cutting as a regular tool behavior. This period-one chatter instability of an irregular milling tool should be identified and avoided by practitioners to achieve high productivity in machining using the aforementioned irregular milling tools.     

Dynamical changes during composite milling: recurrence and multiscale entropy analysis

Fluctuations describing chatter in the milling process of a composite material were analyzed using statistical, recurrence, and multiscaled entropy analyses. Through changing the rotational speed, we observed the appearance of chatter vibrations and signatures of intermittency. The corresponding characteristic change of recurrences could be used to invent a new efficient control procedure of milling. The workpiece was prepared from nonuniform material based on epoxy-polymer matrix composite reinforced by carbon fibers.     

Time domain coupled simulation of machine tool dynamics and cutting forces considering the influences of nonlinear friction characteristics and process damping

A higher machining ability is always required for NC machine tools to achieve higher productivity. The self-oscillated vibration called “chatter” is a well-known and significant problem that increases the metal removal rate. The generation process of the chatter vibration can be described as a relationship between cutting force and machine tool dynamics. The characteristics of machine tool feed drives are influenced by the nonlinear friction characteristics of the linear guides. Hence, the nonlinear friction characteristics are expected to affect the machining ability of machines. The influence of the contact between the cutting edge and the workpiece (i.e., process damping) on to the machining ability has also been investigated. This study tries to clarify the influence of the nonlinear friction characteristics of linear guides and ball screws and process damping onto milling operations. A vertical-type machining center is modeled by a multi-body dynamics model with nonlinear friction models. The influence of process damping onto the machine tool dynamics is modeled as stiffness and damping between the tool and the workpiece based on the evaluated frequency response during the milling operation. A time domain-coupled simulation approach between the machine tool behavior and the cutting forces is performed by using the machine tool dynamics model. The simulation results confirm that the nonlinear frictions influence the cutting forces with an effect to suppress the chatter vibration. Furthermore, the influence of process damping can be evaluated by the proposed measurement method and estimated by a time domain simulation.     

高速铣削铝合金时切削力和表面质量影响因素的试验研究

对高速铣削典型铝合金框架结构工件时的切削力和加工表面质量进行了试验研究。在高速进给铣削时 ,当进给方向发生改变 ,机床的加减速特性将导致在拐角处进给量减小、铣刀切入角增大 ,从而引起切削力增大和加工振动。在恒切削效率条件下高速铣削铝合金的试验结果表明 ,高速铣削时宜采用较小的轴向切深和较大的径向切深 ,以减小铣削力、提高加工表面质量 ;刀具动平衡偏心量是高速铣削时引起轴向振纹的主要原因     

Robust regenerative chatter stability in machine tools

The expeditious nature of manufacturing markets inspires advancements in the effectiveness, efficiency and precision of machining processes. Often, an unstable machining phenomenon, called regenerative chatter, limits the productivity and accuracies in machining operations. Since the 1950s, a substantial amount of research has been conducted on the prevention of chatter vibration in machining operations. In order to prevent regenerative chatter vibrations, the dynamics between the machine tool and workpiece are critical. Conventional regenerative chatter theories have been established based on the assumption that the system parameters in machining are constant. However, the dynamics and system parameters change due to high spindle speeds, tool geometries, orientation of the tool with respect to the rest of the machine, tool wear and non-uniform workpiece material properties. This paper provides a novel method, based on the robust stability theorem, to predict chatter-free regions for machining processes, by taking in account the unknown uncertainties and changing dynamics for machining. The effects of time-variant parameters on the stability are analyzed using the robust stability theorem. The experimental tests are performed to verify the stability of SDOF and MDOF milling systems. The uncertainties and changing dynamics are taken into account in order to accommodate the optimal selection of machining parameters, and the stability region is determined to achieve high productivity and accuracy through applications of the robust stability theorem.     

Modelling of segmentation-driven vibration in machining

Excessive vibration, such as chatter, is a common problem in machining processes. Meanwhile, numerous hard, brittle metals have been shown to form segmented chips, also known as sawtooth chips, during machining. In the literature, a cyclic cutting force has been demonstrated where segmented chips are formed, with the force cycle corresponding to the formation of segments. Segmented chip formation has been shown to be linked to high vibration levels in turning and milling processes. Additionally, it has been proposed that the amplitude of chatter vibrations can be limited by interference between the tool flank and wavy workpiece surface, a phenomenon known as tool-flank process damping. In this contribution, a model is proposed to predict the amplitude of forced vibration arising due to the formation of segmented chips during turning. The amplitude of vibration was calculated as a function of cutting parameters. It was demonstrated that the model can be extended to account for the effect of tool-flank process damping. For validation, titanium Ti6Al4V alloy was turned using a flexible toolholder, with surface speed ranging from 10 to 160 m/min, feed rate from 0.1 to 0.7 mm/rev and width of cut from 0.35 to 4 mm. In the experimental validation, 25 of 68 test cuts exhibited high-amplitude vibration. In 16 of these cases, the main cause was concluded to be chip segmentation, which can be predicted by the model. The model is thus considered of practical value to machinists.     

Chatter prediction utilizing stability lobes with process damping in finish milling of titanium alloy thin-walled workpiece

Machining chatter often becomes a big hindrance to high productivity and surface quality in actual milling process, especially for the thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy due to poor structural stiffness. Aiming at this issue, the stability lobes are usually employed to predict if chatter may occur in advance. For obtaining the stability lobes in milling to avoid chatter, this article introduces an extended dynamic model of milling system considering regeneration, helix angle, and process damping into the high-order time domain algorithm which can guarantee both high computational efficiency and accuracy. Via stability lobes, the reasonability and accuracy of the proposed method are verified globally utilizing specific examples in literature. More convincingly, the time-domain numerical simulation is also implemented to predict vibration displacement for partial stability verification. In this extended model, process damping is well-known as an effective approach to improve the stability at low spindle speeds, and particularly, titanium alloy as typical difficult-to-machine material is generally machined at low spindle speeds as well due to its poor machinability. Therefore, the proposed method can be employed to obtain the 3D stability lobes in finish milling of the thin-walled workpiece made of titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V. Verification experiments are also conducted and the results show a close agreement between the stability lobes and experiments.     

Finite strip modeling of the varying dynamics of thin-walled pocket structures during machining

The structural model of the workpiece is required for modeling, analysis, and avoidance of forced and regenerative (chatter) vibrations in machining of thin-walled parts. Finite element models (FEM) provide a versatile means for modeling the workpiece dynamics, but such models need to be updated frequently as the mass and stiffness of the workpiece varies continuously during machining. The computational time and power that is needed for re-meshing the FEM and then re-computing the natural modes of the workpiece is prohibitive. In this paper, a new approach based on Finite strip modeling (FSM) is presented for modeling the structural dynamics of thin-walled structures during pocket milling operations. The substantially higher computational efficiency of the FSM approach in predicting the varying dynamics of thin-walled pocket structures is verified by comparing its performance against FEM and the multi span plate (MSP) approach presented in (J Manuf Sci Eng 133:021014, 2011). Additionally, the accuracy of the presented approach in analyzing the stability of vibrations and determining the extent of dynamic deflections is verified using experimental results.     

薄壁件变参数铣削系统动态特性的研究

提出一种薄壁件变参数铣削系统动态特性分析方法。考虑铣削过程中的自激振动和强迫振动,建立了薄壁件变参数(模态质量、模态阻尼和模态刚度)铣削系统周期延迟微分方程,借助有限单元法和最小二乘法,获得加工过程中工件系统固有频率和模态质量随刀具位置的连续变化曲线。研究结果显示,薄壁件加工过程中,材料切除对系统动态特性有重要影响。实际加工时,应采取相应措施避免剧烈振动的发生。     

Active vibration control based on modal controller considering structure-actuator interaction

Active vibration control to suppress structural vibration of the flexible structure is investigated based on a new control strategy considering structure-actuator interaction. The experimental system consists of a clamped-free rectangular plate, a controller based on modal control switching, and a magnetostrictive actuator utilized for suppressing the vibrations induced by external excitation. For the flexible structure, its deformation caused by the external actuator will affect the active control effect. Thus interaction between structure and actuator is considered, and the interaction model based on magnetomechanical coupling is incorporated into the control system. Vibration reduction strategy has been performed resorting to the actuator in optimal position to suppress the specified modes using LQR (linear quadratic regulator) based on modal control switching. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Considering structure-actuator interaction (SAI) is a key procedure in controller design especially for flexible structures.     

Prediction of simultaneous dynamic stability limit of time�Cvariable parameters system in thin-walled workpiece high-speed milling processes

A method for predicting simultaneous dynamic stability limit of thin-walled workpiece high-speed milling process is described. The proposed approach takes into account the variations of dynamic characteristics of workpiece with the tool position. A dedicated thin-walled workpiece representative of a typical industrial application is designed and modeled by finite element method. The curvilinear equation of modal characteristics changing with tool position is regressed. A specific dynamic stability lobe diagram is then elaborated by scanning the dynamic properties of workpiece along the machined direction throughout the machining process. The results show that, during thin-walled workpiece milling process, material removing plays an important part on the change of dynamic characteristics of system, and the stability limit curves are dynamic curves with time?Cvariable. In practical machining, some suggestion is interpreted in order to avoid the vibrations and increase the chatter free material removal rate and surface finish. Then investigations are compared and verified by high-speed milling experiments with thin-walled workpiece.     

基于开放式控制器的铣削颤振在线抑制

为实现在线抑制铣削颤振,对颤振领域常用的传感器监控技术,尤其是三向切削力和振动加速度传感器的各向分量在颤振监控过程中的时域和频域敏感信号特征进行试验研究。针对监控的颤振敏感信号频域特性,研究快速傅里叶变换技术对信号有效信息的在线提取技术。对自激颤振的机理进行分析,建立颤振频率与主轴转速间的关系模型,为实现变主轴转速抑制自激颤振提供理论基础。对集成在线参数采集、反馈控制的全软件型模块化铣削控制器进行设计,将在线抑制颤振的相关变主轴转速算法嵌入开放式控制器中,并设计控制参数数据流在控制器模块间的实现流程。对连续变切削深度铝合金工件进行在线颤振抑制加工试验,试验验证开放式智能铣削控制器在线抑制颤振相关技术的正确性。     

A prediction method of milling chatter stability for complex surface mold

This paper proposes a kind of milling chatter stability prediction method used for the stability of milling free-form surface based on the time-domain. Firstly, a dynamic equation is established by considering the influence of mold surface curvature and cutting tool lead angle on dynamic chip thickness without deformation. Then, the multi-delay milling system vibration displacement, which is given by the ratio of dynamic chip thickness and the static chip thickness as the threshold, was calculated based on the numerical method. Finally, the chatter stability domain based on the full-discretization method of milling chatter stability domain is compared to analyze the influence of the characteristics of free surface curvature on the chatter stability domain. The results of the experiment show that the time-domain simulation method can reveal the influence of different processing areas of free-form surface mold on the instability mechanism of the system. The change trend of milling chatter stability domain was found to be consistent with the experimental results.     

Milling Force Model for Aviation Aluminum Alloy:Academic Insight and Perspective Analysis

Aluminum alloy is the main structural material of aircraft,launch vehicle,spaceship,and space station and is pro-cessed by milling.However,tool wear and vibration are the bottlenecks in the milling process of aviation aluminum alloy.The machining accuracy and surface quality of aluminum alloy milling depend on the cutting parameters,material mechanical properties,machine tools,and other parameters.In particular,milling force is the crucial factor to determine material removal and workpiece surface integrity.However,establishing the prediction model of milling force is important and difficult because milling force is the result of multiparameter coupling of process system.The research progress of cutting force model is reviewed from three modeling methods:empirical model,finite element simulation,and instantaneous milling force model.The problems of cutting force modeling are also determined.In view of these problems,the future work direction is proposed in the following four aspects:(1)high-speed milling is adopted for the thin-walled structure of large aviation with large cutting depth,which easily produces high residual stress.The residual stress should be analyzed under this particular condition.(2)Multiple factors(e.g.,eccentric swing milling parameters,lubrication conditions,tools,tool and workpiece deformation,and size effect)should be consid-ered comprehensively when modeling instantaneous milling forces,especially for micro milling and complex surface machining.(3)The database of milling force model,including the corresponding workpiece materials,working condi-tion,cutting tools(geometric figures and coatings),and other parameters,should be established.(4)The effect of chatter on the prediction accuracy of milling force cannot be ignored in thin-walled workpiece milling.(5)The cutting force of aviation aluminum alloy milling under the condition of minimum quantity lubrication(mql)and nanofluid mql should be predicted.     

REDUCTION OF MACHINING VIBRATION BY USE OF RUBBER LAYERED LAMINATES BETWEEN TOOL HOLDER AND INSERT

The aim of the present study is to investigate chatter when using carbide inserts by measuring surface roughness of the workpiece. Dimensional accuracy of the workpiece is affected by vibration. In order to suppress chatter, the tool was provided with an ultra thin metal rubber laminate between the tool holder and insert. An experimental investigation has been carried out in CNC lathe using a “design of experiments” approach. In this study, vibration of the tool and surface roughness of the workpiece were measured. It has been observed that the vibration of the tool, as well as the tool insert, has been reduced by using ultra thin rubber layered laminates, and the surface finish of the workpiece has been improved.     

REDUCTION OF MACHINING VIBRATION BY USE OF RUBBER LAYERED LAMINATES BETWEEN TOOL HOLDER AND INSERT

The aim of the present study is to investigate chatter when using carbide inserts by measuring surface roughness of the workpiece. Dimensional accuracy of the workpiece is affected by vibration. In order to suppress chatter, the tool was provided with an ultra thin metal rubber laminate between the tool holder and insert. An experimental investigation has been carried out in CNC lathe using a “design of experiments” approach. In this study, vibration of the tool and surface roughness of the workpiece were measured. It has been observed that the vibration of the tool, as well as the tool insert, has been reduced by using ultra thin rubber layered laminates, and the surface finish of the workpiece has been improved.     

Extraction of 5-axis milling conditions from CAM data for process simulation

5-axis milling is widely used in machining of parts with free-form surfaces and complex geometries. Although in general 5-axis milling increases the process capability, it also brings additional challenges due to complex process geometry and mechanics. In milling, cutting forces, tool deflections, and chatter vibrations may reduce part quality and productivity. By use of process simulations, the undesired results can be identified and overcome, and part quality and productivity can be increased. However, machining conditions and geometry, especially the tool–work engagement limits, are needed in process models which are used in these simulations. Due to the complexity of the process geometry and continuous variation of tool–work engagement, this information is not readily available for a complete 5-axis milling cycle. In this study, an analytical method is presented for the identification of these parameters from computer-aided manufacturing data. In this procedure, depths of cut, lead, and tilt angles, which determine the tool–workpiece engagement boundaries, are directly obtained the cutter location file analytically in a very fast manner. The proposed simulation approach is demonstrated on machining of parts with relatively complex geometries.