Getting to market

It's said there's not much new under the sun. But sometimes, just sometimes, something new does come along. Such is probably the case with Tough-Coated Hard Powders (TCHP), a novel family of hard materials that seem to turn the conventional wisdom of hardmetals manufacture on its head — or, rather, inside out.     

Getting real in analysis

A detailed clinical example is used to illustrate how reality testing can create rather than foreclose opportunities for analytic investigation. It is proposed that effective analysis of transference within the treatment relationship requires close and explicit attention to considerations of reality. The author reconsiders certain conceptions of a special psychoanalytic reality, of regression in clinical analysis, and of the nature of free association, suggesting that they tend to discourage the realism necessary to productive psychoanalytic work. He underlines the importance of ongoing reference to therapeutic outcome as an aspect of reality.     

Treatment of insomnia. Getting to the root of sleeping problems

Insomnia may be periodic and transient, as caused by situational stress, or persistent, as caused by a chronic sleep disorder. Physicians can gain much information concerning the type, probable cause, onset, and duration of insomnia through history taking. A sleep diary may reveal helpful information, and input from the patient's sleeping partner can also be valuable. Complicating disorders, such as heart failure, prostatism, or depression, should be sought and specific treatment prescribed. Chemical dependency, too, requires appropriate treatment. These measures, institution of good sleep-hygiene practices, and behavior modification may resolve sleeplessness. The primary indication for use of hypnotic agents is transient sleep disruption caused by acute stress. When an agent is chosen, onset of action, metabolism, and side effects should be considered, especially in elderly patients. Addictive agents should not be given to patients with substance abuse problems. If insomnia persists, evaluation at a sleep-disorder center is recommended to facilitate design of an appropriate therapeutic regimen.     

Getting from situations to emotions: Appraisal and other routes.

Comments on the original article by S. Siemer and R. Reisenzein (see record 2007-02169-001) regarding the process of emotion inference. When processing situational information, people can reach emotional conclusions without explicitly registering corresponding appraisals. Does this mean that appraisal cues must be guiding inference in less obvious ways? If one assumes that the emotional meaning of any situation depends on the protagonist's relation to what is happening, then emotion inference can never entirely bypass relational information. However, not all relational information is specifically appraisal-based. Further, actual emotion causation, like emotion inference, can involve explicit or implicit appraisals or even no appraisals at all. Indeed, humans do not first learn to associate emotions with situations by extracting appraisal information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Getting to the heart of a hidden epidemic--the American Heart Association''s dedication to women

The valves of the anterior urethra are a rare congenital malformation, but it can cause a significant deterioration of the uppermost urinary system due to their obstructive patterns. It's placed fundamentally in the peno-scrotal union or in the bulbous urethra. They can associate to the diverticula of the anterior urethra. The clinical manifestations can be varied, depending upon the age of the child and the degree of obstruction that provoque. The treatment is always surgical, although in some occasions they suffice the endoscopic resection. We present the 12 cases controlled in our Center, with known ages between 1 month and 7 years, that began with tumefaction urethral at micturition in 7 cases, urinary infection in 6 and sepsis in 2. All of them required open surgery, after the failure of endoscopic resection in one of them. The results have been favorable in 9 cases regarding to the repercussions in the renal function. Two patients had a need of nephrectomy and one had to be subjected to a renal transplantation. The jet at micturition after surgery is good in 10 cases. In one, there persists a subtle jet, although without clinical repercussions, and in one patient there appeared a slight dilation in the posterior urethra.     

A proposed path by which genes common to mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolve to become X inactivated

Mammalian X and Y chromosomes evolved from an autosomal pair; the X retained and the Y gradually lost most ancestral genes. In females, one X chromosome is silenced by X inactivation, a process that is often assumed to have evolved on a broadly regional or chromosomal basis. Here we propose that genes or clusters common to both the X and Y chromosomes (X-Y genes) evolved independently along a multistep path, eventually acquiring dosage compensation on the X chromosome. Three genes studied here, and other extant genes, appear to be intermediates. ZFX, RPS4X and SMCX were monitored for X inactivation in diverse species by assaying CpG-island methylation, which mirrors X inactivation in many eutherians. ZFX evidently escaped X inactivation in proto-eutherians, which also possessed a very similar Y-linked gene; both characteristics were retained in most extant orders, but not in myomorph rodents. For RPS4X, escape from X inactivation seems unique to primates. SMCX escapes inactivation in primates and myomorphs but not in several other lineages. Thus, X inactivation can evolve independently for each of these genes. We propose that it is an adaptation to the decay of a homologous, Y-linked gene.     

Steel cleanness requirements for X65 to X80 electric resistance welded linepipe steels

Abstract

In Australia, a large proportion of the gas pipelines traverse rural areas of low population density with considerable distances between population centres. As these pipelines transport non-sour gas, there have been considerable economic advantages to be gained from the use of thin walled, small diameter, high strength linepipe grades. The successful development of these X65 to X80 grades has required a balance to be constantly maintained between process parameters, alloy design constraints and quality control measures. This paper considers this mixture of metallurgical and processing challenges in the context of steel cleanness. The steelmaking and casting processes are required to not only produce a low volume fraction of suitably morphology modified inclusions, but also to ensure their dispersion in cast and hot rolled structures. Critical in the achievement of these aims was found to be the order in which calcium treatment and vacuum processing of the liquid steel are carried out. As these steels are complex microalloyed grades, the clean steel concept was extended to include the composition and precipitation of the carbide and nitride species. This broad approach to steel cleanness was achieved while also maintaining a narrow range of casting temperature and chemical composition.