英国科学家开发出一种环境友好的己内酰胺生产工艺

剑桥大学的科学家开发出一种环境友好的己内酰胺一步法生产工艺，该工艺可以放大以进行大量生产。传统的己内酰胺生产工艺采用双步骤工艺，每个步骤均使用侵蚀性试剂并产生大量副产品硫胺。传统工艺如下：由环己酮和硫酸羟胺反应生成环己酮肟，环己酮肟再在发烟硫酸作用下经贝克曼重排反应得到己内酰胺，其中硫酸羟胺由亚硝酸钠或硝酸铵与亚硫酸氢铵反应生成。     

新环保型己内酰胺生产工艺在英国问世

剑桥大学的科学家开发出一种环境友好的己内酰胺一步法生产工艺，该工艺可以放大以进行大量生产。传统的己内酰胺生产工艺采用双步骤工艺，每个步骤均使用侵蚀性试剂并产生大量副产品硫胺。传统工艺如下：由环己酮和硫酸羟胺反应生成环己酮肟，环己酮肟再在发烟硫酸作用下经贝克曼重排反应得到己内酰胺，其中硫酸羟胺由亚硝酸钠或硝酸铵与亚硫酸氢铵反应生成。在硫酸羟胺制取、环己酮肟化反应和贝克曼重排反应过程中均副产经济价值较低的硫铵，大约每生产1t己内酰胺副产4．4t硫铵。最后分离己内酰胺的工艺过程中还需使用有机溶剂。     

亚硝化制己内酰胺的改进

美国孟山都公司正在研究新的亚硝化方法生产己内酰胺。目前正在进入工业化规模的是光亚硝化工艺:即环己烷与亚硝酰氯在紫外线照射下反应生成亚硝基环己烷,而这化合物又在氯化氢存在下转位成环己酮肟。环己酮肟盐酸盐,在转位过程中加入发烟硫酸,而得到的氯化氢则返回亚硝酰氯的生产中。这个相当复杂的制造方法,对于设备材料要求较     

环己酮肟贝克曼转位生产过程的影响因素

环己酮肟的贝克曼(Beckmann)转位(以下简称转位),是锦纶单体——己内酰胺生产中的一个重要工序。环己酮肟的转位过程,对己内酰胺生产的产率和产品的质量,关系极大。因此,研究环己酮肟转位生产过程的影响因素,严格控制转位生产过程的工艺条件,是极其重要的。     

环己酮肟贝克曼重排技术研究的进展

对己内酰胺生产中环己酮肟贝克曼重排新技术的研究进行了分析评价,并指出固体酸催化剂取代发烟硫酸是环己酮肟重排工艺的技术发展方向     

己内酰胺生产的绿色化

己内酰胺生产的绿色化关键是环己酮肟贝克曼重排工艺路线替代的开发。重点介绍了代替浓硫酸催化该反应的固体酸催化剂、催化剂的失活与再生、反应器工业化的方法的进展。提出采用多相催化剂取代发烟硫酸使环己酮肟转化为己内酰胺的工艺 ,该催化剂具有转化率和选择性高 ,易处理再生 ,且可用于连续化工业生产     

低硫铵环己酮肟Beckmann重排工艺研究进展

在己内酰胺生产中,通常以浓硫酸或发烟硫酸催化环己酮肟进行Beckmann重排,然后用氨中和制得己内酰胺,此法腐蚀设备,副产低价值硫酸铵。减少硫酸铵副产物,且反应过程绿色化是当前环己酮肟Beckmann重排工艺的研究热点。从低硫酸铵、无硫酸铵两方面综述了环己酮肟Beckmann重排工艺的研究进展,详细介绍了多级重排、溶剂法重排、气相重排、离子液体体系重排、固体酸催化重排、微反应器重排、微波辅助重排等工艺的技术特点,指出微反应器内环己酮肟Beckmann重排反应制己内酰胺工艺装置集成度高,反应速度快,反应效果好,有望实现工业化。     

环己酮肟气相重排固体酸催化剂的研究进展

介绍了传统液体催化剂浓硫酸或发烟硫酸催化环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应制己内酰胺存在的问题,以及替代传统液体催化剂的气相贝克曼重排固体酸催化剂的种类和催化效果。固体酸催化剂主要有沸石分子筛、金属氧化物两类,其中Silicalite-1全硅分子筛在高温下催化环己酮肟气相重排,环己酮肟转化率和己内酰胺选择性均较高。固体酸催化剂应用于环己酮肟气相贝克曼重排反应,无副产物硫酸铵、对设备腐蚀小,且环己酮肟转化率与己内酰胺的选择性较高,但使用寿命受到较大限制。建议加强对催化剂失活机理,以及适用于环己酮肟气相重排的固体酸催化剂的制备和筛选的研究,在确保己内酰胺高收率的同时,进一步提高催化剂的寿命。     

发烟硫酸浓度对环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应的影响

采用单变量试验方法,研究了己内酰胺工业生产中发烟硫酸浓度对环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应的影响。在固定其他工艺条件不变,发烟硫酸质量分数为8%~22%的条件下,对重排反应的重排液滴定值、汽提塔底液的化学耗氧量(COD)及己内酰胺产品的碱度、挥发性碱含量、消光值进行了分析。结果表明:适当提高发烟硫酸的浓度可明显改善环己酮肟贝克曼重排反应状况,提高己内酰胺的收率,降低生产过程中物料消耗,有效提高己内酰胺的产品质量;在己内酰胺生产过程中,将发烟硫酸质量分数提高至20%时,重排反应工序重排液滴定值为0.832,汽提塔釜液COD为1.05×10~5mg/L,己内酰胺产品的消光值降至0.017,碱度降至0.05 mmol/kg,挥发性碱降至0.259 mmol/kg。     

环己酮肟液相贝克曼重排制己内酰胺研究进展

己内酰胺是制造尼龙 -6的单体 ,工业上一般用环己酮肟在浓硫酸或发烟硫酸作用下进行贝克曼重排制得 ,此法存在腐蚀设备和成本高等缺点。非硫酸催化环己酮肟重排的研究十分活跃 ,本文对环己酮肟液相贝克曼重排工艺进行综述。包括用化学计量酸性试剂进行的重排 ,及催化量试剂进行的重排。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。