吉林省通榆县地下水脆弱性研究

以吉林西部通榆县为例,建立了浅层地下水脆弱性评价的MEQU-DRASTIC指标模型,借助GIS技术提取评价指标参数,应用模糊优选模型进行了地下水环境脆弱性评价,根据脆弱度指数进行了地下水脆弱性分区。     

Comparative Analysis of System Dynamics and Object-Oriented Bayesian Networks Modelling for Water Systems Management

This paper presents a comparative analysis of System Dynamics Modelling (SDM) and Object-Oriented Bayesian Networks (OOBN). Both techniques are extensively used for water resources modelling due to their flexibility, effectiveness in assessing different management options, ease of operation and suitability for encouraging stakeholder involvement. Conversely, both approaches have several important differences that make them complementary. For example, while SDM is more suitable for simulating the feedback dynamics of processes, OOBN modelling is a powerful tool for modelling systems with uncertain inputs (or outputs) characterised by probability distributions. This comparative analysis is applied to the Kairouan aquifer system, Tunisia, where the aquifer plays an essential role for socio-economic development in the region. Both models produced comparable results using baseline data, and show their complementarity through a suite of scenario tests. It is shown that reducing pumping of groundwater to coastal cities may prove the key to reducing the current aquifer deficit, though local demand reduction must be considered to preserve the agricultural economy. It is suggested that water management assessment should be tackled using both approaches to complement each other, adding depth and insight, and giving a more coherent picture of the problem being addressed, allowing for robust policy decisions to be made.     

Modeling Groundwater Flow and Seawater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifer of Wadi Ham,UAE

Groundwater pumping from Kalbha and Fujairah coastal aquifer of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has increased significantly during the last two decades to meet the agriculture water demands. Due to the lack of natural replenishment from rainfall and the excessive pumping, groundwater levels have declined significantly causing an intrusion of seawater in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. As a result, many pumping wells in the coastal zone have been terminated and a number of farms have been abandoned. In this paper, MODFLOW was used to simulate the groundwater flow and assess the seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer of Wadi Ham. The model was calibrated against a five-year dataset of historical groundwater levels and validated against another eleven-year dataset. The effects of pumping on groundwater levels and seawater intrusion were investigated. Results showed that reducing the pumping from Khalbha well field will help to reduce the seawater intrusion into the southeastern part of the aquifer. Under the current groundwater pumping rates, the seawater will continue to migrate inland.     

Groundwater Resources and Management Challenges in Sri Lanka–an Overview

This paper gives an overview of the geophysico-chemical groundwater conditions in Sri Lanka and the associated contemporary management challenges. Groundwater is extensively used in Sri Lanka today, for agriculture, domestic use and industry/tourism. Groundwater access, availability and vulnerability are governed by six major types of aquifer systems of which the most prevalent is the regolith aquifers in the central hard rock areas of the island. Uncontrolled groundwater use and contamination or natural poor quality are leading to access limitations and health concerns. The tsunami severely affected groundwater in the coastal areas and functioned as a wake-up call to further emphasize the importance of groundwater for life-supporting functions. Despite an emerging awareness, groundwater management is in its infancy, with the attitude of groundwater development still not converted into an approach of active management. The role of groundwater in achieving sustainable development and in the development of appropriate water management institutions needs to be highlighted and specifically addressed in policy discussions.     

Groundwater Level Forecast Via a Discrete Space-State Modelling Approach as a Surrogate to Complex Groundwater Simulation Modelling

Reliable and precise forecasts of future groundwater level fluctuations are crucial constituents of sustainable management of scarce water resources and design of remediation plans. Groundwater simulations and predictions are often performed by employing physically based models, which are not applicable in a majority of water scarce areas around the globe, particularly in the developing countries like Bangladesh due to data limitations. On the other hand, data-driven statistical forecast models have demonstrated their suitability to model nonlinear and complex hydrogeological processes to forecast short- and long-term groundwater level fluctuations. The purpose of this effort is to propose a non-physical based approach by utilizing a discrete Space-State model as a prediction tool to forecast future scenarios of groundwater level fluctuations. The present study utilizes the prediction focused approach of the system identification process in which the overall objective is to develop a pragmatic dynamic system model. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated for groundwater level data at three observation wells of Tanore upazilla in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Historical weekly time series data of groundwater level fluctuations from the three observation wells for 39 (1980–2018) years is used to develop the time series model, which is used for future groundwater level predictions for a period of next 22 years (up to 2040). The findings demonstrate the conceivable applicability of the proposed discrete Space-State modelling approach in forecasting future scenarios of groundwater level fluctuations in the selected observation wells.

     

基于GIS的地下水污染防治规划信息系统的设计与实现

结合全国地下水污染防治规划编制工作的需求,设计了利用地下水质量、水源地的分布、水文地质条件、地下水防治工程和监测系统等数据资料进行综合分析评价,并绘制和输出评价结果的方案,完成了地下水污染防治规划信息系统开发,从而为地下水污染防治规划的制定提供了有力的技术支撑。     

Transboundary Groundwater Resources of the West Bank

The political boundaries between the Palestinian and Israelismake the water issues critical and sensitive. Groundwater is theprimary source for the Palestinian in the West Bank. Although, there are many studies on the shared surface resources (Jordan River Basin), there are few studies on the groundwater shared resources between the Palestinians and Israelis.There are three primary groundwater basins underlying the West Bank (Eastern, Northeastern and Western Basins) as shown in Figure 1. Both the Northeastern and Western basins are shared between Israelis and Palestinians. The Palestinians have a limited access to the Northeastern Basin and strictly limited access to the Western Basin. In addition to the quantity of available water resources, thequality of water is emerging as a critical issue. Threats to ground water quality include disposal of untreated wastewater, increasing salinity due to agricultural activities and intrusion of native groundwater of poor quality. Widespread use of herbicides and pesticides also represent a threat to drinking water supplies.The Declaration of Principles, signed in Washington D.C in 1993,was a major step toward resolution of the political conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians. However, the water issue is part of the final status negotiations, which still unresolved.As resolution to political conflict is pursued, it is clear that water resources management issues remain at the forefront becauseof the transboundary nature of the hydrologic regime. Cooperative management on the technical level appears to be the only alternative to further conflict and degradation of the region's scare water resources. This article will study the impact of the transboundary resources on both sides and explore some of the most significant groundwater management issues facing both the Palestinians and Israelis.     

Prediction and simulation of monthly groundwater levels by genetic programming

Groundwater level is an effective parameter in the determination of accuracy in groundwater modeling. Thus, application of simple tools to predict future groundwater levels and fill-in gaps in data sets are important issues in groundwater hydrology. Prediction and simulation are two approaches that use previous and previous-current data sets to complete time series. Artificial intelligence is a computing method that is capable to predict and simulate different system states without using complex relations. This paper investigates the capability of an adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and genetic programming (GP) as two artificial intelligence tools to predict and simulate groundwater levels in three observation wells in the Karaj plain of Iran. Precipitation and evaporation from a surface water body and water levels in observation wells penetrating an aquifer system are used to fill-in gaps in data sets and estimate monthly groundwater level series. Results show that GP decreases the average value of root mean squared error (RMSE) as the error criterion for the observation wells in the training and testing data sets 8.35 and 11.33 percent, respectively, compared to the average of RMSE by ANFIS in prediction. Similarly, the average value of RMSE for different observation wells used in simulation improves the accuracy of prediction 9.89 and 8.40 percent in the training and testing data sets, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed prediction and simulation approach, based on GP, is an effective tool in determining groundwater levels.     

Groundwater Protection and Management Strategy in Jordan

Groundwater resources are essential in Jordan that require careful planning and management in order to sustain human socio-economic development and various ecosystems. However these vital resources are under the threat of degradation by both mismanagement and over-exploitation that leads to contamination and decline of water levels. A new by-law, which specifically addresses pollution prevention and protection of water resources used for domestic purposes through appropriate land use restriction and zoning, is currently under preparation in Jordan. This law (i.e., Groundwater Management Policy) addresses the management of groundwater resources including development, protection, management, and reducing abstraction for each renewable aquifer to the sustainable rate (i.e., safe yield). Groundwater vulnerability mapping and delineation of groundwater protection zones were implemented in different areas in Jordan in cooperation between the German Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) company and Ministry of Water and Irrigation. This paper presents the status of groundwater resources in Jordan and their major issues. It attempts to discuss the groundwater vulnerability and protection strategy and the impacts of over-exploitation on the groundwater aquifers in an integrated water resources management perspective.     

Spatial Optimisation Technique for Planning Groundwater Supply Schemes in a Rapid Growing Urban Environment

Uneven distribution of domestic water in space and time is a major concern in many fast growing cities due to improper planning and lack of scientific approach. This problem is much severe where the maximum domestic water requirements are met from the groundwater resources. Optimising a single groundwater pumping scheme may be an easy task using simple linear programming technique but, if the number of pumping schemes and constraints are more, solutions for identifying such groundwater schemes are more difficult and laborious using conventional methods as the constraints varies in space and time. In this paper, a new technique was developed to identify new groundwater pumping schemes to meet the present and future domestic water requirements in space and time by integrating spatial optimisation technique with the groundwater model. The approach considers the possible optimum rate of groundwater pumping, minimising the cost of water supply scheme and having minimum impact on the downstream side groundwater table using high resolution satellite data (IKONOS), Geographical Information System (GIS) tools and optimisation techniques. Dehradun, which is one of the fast growing cities in India, was considered as a study area to demonstrate the proposed new technique. Domestic water demand for next two decades (up to 2,031) was forecasted and compared with the existing supplies. Nearly 48 additional groundwater pumping schemes were identified to cater the present and future demands. Its impact on the groundwater table was also studied using groundwater modelling technique.     

Statistical Approach for Comprehensive Planning of Watershed Development Through Artificial Recharge

The purpose of the study is to demonstrate that cross-correlation analyses can contribute to the artificial recharge study in regional level of shallow aquifer. Correlations between hydrologic time series data were analyzed to identify the hydrogeologic location for potential artificial recharge in district Surat, Gujrat, India. The natural groundwater-level fluctuations and rainfall data were used for the analyses. The effective development of groundwater resources is essential for a country like India. India receives a good amount of average annual rainfall (114?cm) but most of its part goes waste as runoff. Over exploitation of groundwater due to increasing population is an additional cause of water crisis that results in the reduction in per capita availability of water in the country. Artificial recharge is essential for effective development of groundwater resources. An effort has been made to evaluate the suitable recharge zone considering rainfall by arresting runoff to restore groundwater conditions using a statistical technique. Groundwater system in a basaltic terrain where the top weathered regolith forms shallow aquifer the water table variation is directly influenced with temporal rainfall variation. Understanding of this relation is of critical importance to management of groundwater resources. A diagnostic relationship between recharge time series and water level time series is used to serve the purpose to determine the best site for groundwater recharge.     

Development of a Rainfall-Recharge Relationship for a Fractured Basaltic Aquifer in Central India

Groundwater being an important component of the hydrological cycle, estimation of its annual replenishment is essential to evolve a plan for optimum utilization. Groundwater balance approach, which is used extensively for the quantification of recharge and discharge components has been adopted for the rainfall-recharge estimation. Various inflow and outflow components have been identified and estimated for Sagar block in Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, which faces acute water scarcity and continuous decline in groundwater levels. The computed recharge from rainfall varies between 122.45 and 183.71 MCM. The computed rainfall-recharge is compared with the Chaturvedi (1973), Kumar and Seethapathi (2002), Krishna (1987), and U.P. Irrigation Research Institute models. Models have also been developed to estimate rainfall-recharge for varying ranges of the annual rainfall and have been compared with the existing models. The relative error in estimation of rainfall-recharge from proposed models varies between 0.03 and 9.24%. The overall scenario is net decline in groundwater storage to an extent of ?31.31 MCM over a period of 16 years from 1985–1986 to 2000–2001. The trend analysis by Kendall’s rank correlation test, regression test for linear trend and Mann–Kendall test also clearly suggests falling trends in groundwater storage at 5% significant level, thereby demonstrating over-exploitation of the groundwater aquifer. This has subsequently led to progressive decline in groundwater table in the study area. Efforts should be initiated to tap the surface water by creating storages at suitable sites and artificial recharge practices should be encouraged after identifying suitable recharge zones. Conjunctive use of the surface and groundwater along with water conservation practices and groundwater management measures should be taken up to arrest the progressive decline in groundwater levels and over-exploitation of groundwater aquifer.     

Drought Detection of Regional Nonparametric Standardized Groundwater Index

Groundwater drought index characterizes hydrological drought, aquifer characteristics and human disturbance in the hydrological system. For drought management, the values of standardized groundwater index (SGI) at local and regional scales are usually determined in a specific site and regional area. The SGI in the studied area is influenced mainly by precipitation, hydrogeology, and human disturbance occurring in the high-usage pumping area. The underlying signals of SGI at local and regional scales can therefore be identified using data clustering and decomposition analysis e.g. empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). Using cluster analysis, the three primary SGI clusters of the investigated aquifer are identified to be situated at the proximal fan, mid-fan, and distal fan areas. With EOF, the meteorological drought pattern and the trend of long-term pumping in the aquifer are also identified. Specifically, the meteorological drought pattern is mainly from the proximal fan, while the over-pumping signal is from the coastal area of the distal fan. The regional SGI integrated with EOF is a useful and direct way for detecting and quantifying groundwater drought. The proposed method for identifying drought signals and sustainable zone for water supply is a substantial step toward an effective regional groundwater resource planning.     

Response Matrix Minimization Used in Groundwater Management with Mathematical Programming: A Case Study in a Transboundary Aquifer in Northern Greece

Groundwater has always been considered to be a readily available source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. The last decades, the lack of policymaking for the utilization of groundwater, has led to overexploitation in many areas. The cooperation of a wide range of scientists such as mathematicians, engineers, computer scientists, environmentalists and economists – operation researchers, have led to the design and construction of commercial computer programs concerned on water management and specifically on the optimal distribution of limited water resources using groundwater management models. These combined models, via simulation and optimization algorithms, result in one optimal solution through operations research and mathematical programming methods. The groundwater management models are based on the method of space superposition or the combination of space and time superposition for steady and unsteady state problems, respectively. In the present study, an algorithm is presented, which minimizes the dimension of the response matrix, concerning on two assumptions: the first is the added fixed cost which represents the water supply pumping well and the second is the removal of time superposition. The study area is a transboundary phreatic aquifer in Northern Greece, in the area of Eidomeni, a small Hellenic village just on the borderline with FYROM. The aquifer has a total area of 10,84 km², 26 operating – pumping wells, which the 9 of them consist control points of the hydraulic head. The number of the management periods is 12 months.     

The Effects of Groundwater and Surface Water Use on Total Water Availability and Implications for Water Management: The Case of Lake Naivasha, Kenya

This study discusses the effects of water abstractions from two alternative sources on the available water volume around Lake Naivasha, Kenya: the lake itself and a connected aquifer. An estimation of the water abstraction pattern for the period 1999–2010 is made and its effect on the available water volume in Lake Naivasha and its connected aquifer is evaluated using a simple water balance modeling approach. This study shows that accurate estimates of annual volume changes of Lake Naivasha can be made using a simple monthly water balance approach that takes into account the exchange of water between the lake and its connected aquifer. The amount of water that is used for irrigation in the area around Lake Naivasha has a substantial adverse effect on the availability of water. Simulation results of our simple water balance model suggests that abstractions from groundwater affect the lake volume less than direct abstractions from the lake. Groundwater volumes, in contrast, are much more affected by groundwater abstractions and therefore lead to much lower groundwater levels. Moreover, when groundwater is used instead of surface water, evaporation losses from the lake are potentially higher due to a larger lake surface area. If that would be the case then the overall water availability in the area is more strongly affected by the abstraction of groundwater than by the abstraction of surface water. Therefore water managers should be cautious when using lake levels as the only indicator of water availability for restricting water abstractions.     

Three Dimensional Conceptualisation of Hydrogeological Environment to Underpin Groundwater Management in Irrigation Area

Australian irrigated agriculture utilises about 70?% of all water used in the country, 21?% of which is derived from groundwater. Sustainability for irrigated agriculture also depends on keeping the watertables at a safe level below the rootzone to avoid salinisation and reduction in crop yields. There is a vital need to understand groundwater and aquifer systems and their roles in the sustainability of irrigated agriculture in order to manage groundwater properly. This study builds on the previous hydrogeological and groundwater investigations of the Coleambally Irrigation Area (CIA) in New South Wales of Australia. It presents a new approach which systematically characterises regional hydrogeological environment using a three-dimensional (3-D) conceptual framework developed in ArcGIS. The 3-D hydrological conceptualisation of the CIA has integrated disparate sources of data into a coherent knowledge base for a better visualisation of hydrogeological characteristics and a comprehensive analysis of groundwater flow and aquifers. As an application example, the model was used to develop cross-sectional models of the area and to estimate regional-scale net recharge. The results have provided a basis for the numerical modelling and added values to procedures which underpin irrigation system management investment decisions through improving the understanding of hydrogeology underlying the area and creating an action-oriented dialogue among stakeholders.     

Arc Hydro与Arc Hydro Groundwater水文数据模型研究综述

由于目前在地表水与地下水的联合模拟研究中备受青睐的Arc Hydro与Arc Hydro Groundwater水文数据模型能否应用于水文模拟尚缺少实证性研究,通过查阅大量文献资料,分析这两个水文数据模型的功能和优点,以及存在的问题和未来发展趋势。指出Arc Hydro模型虽然具备强大的水文分析与提取功能,但其本身并不能实现水文模拟,必须与独立的水文模型利用数据交换来完成水文模拟;Arc Hydro Groundwater模型虽然包含MODFLOW分析模型,但只能对MODFLOW模型输出的结果进行可视化处理,目前还不具备独立的地下水模拟功能。认为地表水与地下水联合模型与GIS耦合集成平台的开发将是未来研究的热点。     

Geoelectrical Sounding for the Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity of Alluvial Aquifers

Groundwater is a valuable resource for irrigation water. The use of groundwater for irrigation depends on environmental factors affecting long term sustainability and the costs of extraction which affect the economic viability. The cost of extraction depends upon the depth of drilling required and the rates of groundwater extraction that can be achieved. This is determined by the natural water flow through aquifers and so requires an estimation of hydraulic conductivity (K). In the irrigated area of Pakistan the Geoelectrical method, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was tested to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity. A resistivity meter was used to collect VES data by employing a Schlumberger electrode configuration, with half current electrode spacings (AB/2) ranging from 2 to 180 m and the potential electrode (MN) from 1 to 40 m. The field data were interpreted using the Interpex IX1D computer software and the aquifer resistivity (ρ) vs depth models for each location were estimated. A total of 102 groundwater samples from nearby hydrowells at different depths were also collected for Electrical Conductivity (EC) to measure groundwater resistivities (ρ_o). The resultant formation factor (F=ρ/ρ_o) values varied between 0.79 and 12.32 for the entire study area. The extreme values of F obtained from the VES surveys were paired with extreme values of K derived from field tests to provide a linear model of F:K. Seven pumping tests were also carried out to determine K and test the F:K correlation. The empirical relationship developed between the formation factors was highly significant and as such can be helpful for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity for groundwater pumping investigations in this area. This approach to deriving a relationship between the formation factor and hydraulic conductivity can be useful for groundwater investigations elsewhere.     

Groundwater modeling and demarcation of groundwater protection zones for Tirupur Basin – A case study

Groundwater is a renewable resource and has to be protected from contamination. The concept of a zone of protection for areas containing groundwater has been developed and adopted in a number of countries. One such area is Tirupur, (Tamil Nadu, India) which is an arid region and rapid expansion of the textile industry has taken place with no associated development of supporting infrastructure or institutional capacity. Textile production, particularly dyeing and bleaching is water intensive and generates large quantities of effluent. One of the most significant challenges for the Tirupur textile industry today is water for bleaching and disposal of effluent. Demarcation of groundwater protection zones has become necessary to facilitate recharging of the aquifer to meet the water demand. These zones are considered sensitive zones and should be free from activities such as the groundwater over exploitation, effluent discharge and construction of barriers. Groundwater flow for Tirupur Block was simulated using visual MODFLOW version 4.1. The model was run for the year 1998–99 with transient flow condition. Taking June 1998 water level as initial head, the model was run to simulate water level up to May 1999 and validated with the observed data for all the six wells which are distributed over six different zones. The results obtained from the simulation were used to assign the ranks and weights for overlay process in Geomedia environment. The consequent higher index values indicate the sensitivity zone influencing recharge to the aquifer which should be demarcated as groundwater protection zones. This groundwater protection zone will be designated as pollution free zone for better management of the aquife.     

Simulation and Multi-Objective Management of Coastal Aquifers in Semi-Arid Regions

Groundwater is the main water resource in many semi-arid coastal regions and water demand, especially in summer months, can be very high. Groundwater withdrawal for meeting this demand often causes seawater intrusion and degradation of water quality of coastal aquifers. In order to satisfy demand, a combined management plan is proposed and is under consideration for the island of Santorini. The plan involves: (1) desalinization (if needed) of pumped water to a potable level using reverse osmosis and (2) injection into the aquifer of biologically-treated waste water. The management plan is formulated in a multi-objective, optimization framework, where simultaneous minimization of economic and environmental costs is desired, subject to a constraint so that cleaned water satisfies demand. The decision variables concern the well locations and the corresponding pumping and recharging rates. The problem is solved using a computationally efficient, multi-objective, genetic algorithm (NSGAII). The constrained multi-objective, optimization problem is transformed to an unconstrained one using a penalty function proportional to constraint violation. This extends the definition of the objective function outside the domain of feasibility. The impact of prolonged droughts on coastal aquifers is investigated by assuming various scenarios of reduced groundwater recharge. Water flow and quality in the coastal aquifer is simulated using a three-dimensional, variable density, finite difference model (SEAWAT). The method is initially applied to a test aquifer and the trade-off curves (Pareto fronts) are determinedl for each drought scenario. The trade-off curves indicate an increase on the economic and environmental cost as groundwater recharge reduces due to climate change.