太湖湍流特征及其对表层沉积物起悬机制的影响

太湖是一个典型的浅水大湖泊且富营养化严重,动力扰动引起的水-土界面沉积物起悬与太湖蓝藻水华的暴发有密切联系。基于声学多普勒流速仪、OBS浊度仪、pH-ⅡHandheld手持式气象站等仪器监测得到的原位高频气象、水动力、水质同步数据,分析了湖泊水-土界面悬浮物浓度与风速、切应力及湍流特征的关系。研究结果表明:观测期间,湖心区底泥沉积物再悬浮过程中由波切应力起主导作用,观测的切应力临界值为0.08 N/m~2,临界风速为4 m/s。底泥再悬浮主要是由拟序结构中短时内间歇性猝发引起的,短时大振幅事件对底泥垂向扩散起关键作用。研究结果可为进一步研究与湍流密切相关的太湖内源释放发生机制提供参考。     

太湖湖流、波浪、沉积物的三维数值模拟

运用ECOMSED模拟风速为6.5 m/s定常东南风作用下太湖流场及波浪场,对模型的适用性及可靠性进行验证;在此基础上进行波流共同作用下沉积物再悬浮数值模拟,得出沉积物-水界面切应力及水体中悬浮物浓度分布。结果表明:太湖有效波高范围在9~29 cm之间,有效波高的空间分布与风速、风向和水深有很大的关系,同时波浪对切应力会产生很大影响,而切应力的分布决定了悬浮物浓度的分布,风浪及地形要素是导致太湖悬浮物浓度变化的重要因子。模拟结果与现有实验成果较吻合,说明运用该模型模拟太湖沉积物再悬浮的结果可靠。     

长江中下游洪枯季泥沙絮凝研究

基于2008年1月(枯季)和2012年8月(洪季)长江中下游实测水沙资料,发现洪枯季悬沙絮凝特性存在显著差异,枯季絮凝程度比洪季显著偏高,与长江河口情况相反。进而从水动力和泥沙特性两个方面对比分析了中下游淡水絮凝的主要影响因素,结果表明在流速较小时,小于1m/s,流速增大能够促进絮凝;而当流速较大时,流速继续增大不利于絮团的发育。此外,随着含沙量的增大,絮团有效密度增大,指示絮凝程度降低。悬浮泥沙分散颗粒越细,絮凝程度越高,并且大絮团主要由黏土组分构成。     

壳聚糖-沸石复合体对铜绿微囊藻的去除效果

研究壳聚糖、沸石单独絮凝除藻以及壳聚糖沸石复合体对铜绿微囊藻去除效果。结果表明：单独使用壳聚糖,质量浓度在0.6～1.1 mg/L时,对铜绿微囊藻的去除率超过90％;单独使用沸石,沸石质量浓度小于500 mg/L时,对铜绿微囊藻的去除率低于40％。经壳聚糖包覆改性后,壳聚糖沸石复合体对铜绿微囊藻絮凝去除能力大幅提高。当壳聚糖质量浓度为0.5 mg/L,沸石质量浓度为6～14 mg/L时,壳聚糖沸石复合体对铜绿微囊藻的去除率达90％以上。壳聚糖沸石复合体适用的pH值范围在5～7之间。     

壳聚糖类絮凝剂及其在水处理中的应用

在对天然有机高分子絮凝剂———壳聚糖的理化性质及其对天然水和污水的絮凝进行研究的基础上，本文选择了壳聚糖作为新型有机絮凝剂制备的基质，研究了壳聚糖的提取和制备的工艺，对实验室制备的条件进行了优化，针对壳聚糖水溶性差和正电荷密度低的问题，探索了壳聚糖季铵盐和羧甲基衍生物的制备工艺，并对改性产品在污水处理中的应用加以研究，最后针对染料废水的絮凝脱色处理进行了复合絮凝剂研制和应用效果的初步探索。壳聚糖应用于给水处理时，与无机聚电解质复合可以改善絮体质量，与低分子量的无机盐复合可以提高浊度去除率，去除率…     

黄河口水下三角洲冬季床面变化初步观测研究

黄河携带大量泥沙入海,底床沉积物在波、潮、流等水动力条件作用下会不断地发生再悬浮与输运,形成黄河三角洲海底面的动态变化过程。利用自主研发的电阻率探杆三脚架,观测了水动力作用下海床面的侵蚀与淤积过程。研究结果显示,研究区涨落潮过程中海水浊度的变化主要受波高的影响,近底床位置海水浊度的变化趋势是涨潮过程中海水浊度上升,落潮过程中海水浊度降低。侵蚀或淤积是海床面泥沙的再悬浮与悬沙沉降共同作用的结果。研究区冬季的海床面变化以侵蚀为主,当沉降作用强于侵蚀淤积作用时,即使海床所受切应力大于沉积物临界切应力,海床仍发生淤积。     

带有新型絮凝装置的沉淀设备抗冲击负荷研究

针对最新开发的带有新型絮凝装置的沉淀设备,在进水浊度及进水流量变化的条件下,考察其在连续运行下的净水效果。结果表明:当原水浊度低于50NTU时,最佳投药量在8~10mg/L,当原水浊度在50~100NTU时,最佳投药量在10~15mg/L,出水浊度均小于3NTU;设计流量下,设备排泥周期为9h;当进水流量分别为192m~3/d、240m~3/d、288m~3/d时,出水平均浊度分别为2.17NTU、2.07NTU、2.76NTU,出水平均UV_(254)为0.037cm~(-1)、0.037cm~(-1)、0.039cm~(-1),出水平均CODMn为1.47mg/L、1.54mg/L、1.54mg/L,表明设备抗冲击负荷能力强,处理效果好,运行稳定。     

微砂增效结团絮凝技术处理低浊高藻水的中试研究

针对西安市汤峪水库夏季水质特点和处理要求,提出并采用微砂增效结团絮凝工艺对该原水处理进行中试研究.微砂增效结团絮凝技术是将微砂增效与结团絮凝有机组合的新型水处理工艺.试验结果表明,利用微砂增效结团絮凝技术处理汤峪水库低浊高藻水是切实可行的,系统具有运行稳定性高、出水水质好等特点,且处理效率明显高于采用回流污泥的增效澄清技术.微砂增效结团絮凝工艺能够有效降低出水浊度和CODMn;当微砂投量0.5 g/L时的过程控制参数为PAC投量15mg/L,PAM投量0.4 mg/L,机械搅拌转速8 r/min,上升流速达35 m/h时,藻类去除率可达80％,CODMn去除率达40％,浊度可控制在1.5 NTU以下.     

PDMDAAC协同处理地表水絮体分形维数研究

试验分别选用聚合铁(PFS)与聚合铝(PAC)处理地表原水,以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)为助凝剂,考察PDMDAAC助凝后絮体形态变化,絮体图像用显微摄像系统分析,计算絮凝体的分形维数。结果表明:在郑州市东风渠原水处理中,投加无机絮凝剂35 mg/L、PDMDAAC 1.0 mL/L,PDMDAAC助凝效果显著,浊度明显降低,絮体密实;协同PFS处理后絮体的一维分形维数由1.099 6增大到1.140 4,二维分形维数由1.520 9增大到1.544 3;协同PAC处理前后絮体的一维分形维数由1.038 0增大到1.046 8,二维分形维数由1.303 2增大到1.394 6;絮体大小和密实度可以从形态学方面进行量化,一维、二维分形维数均可以,二维分形维数更切合实际。     

一株好氧反硝化菌的产絮特性研究

对筛选出的一株好氧条件下总氮去除率>98%,且具有产絮特性的好氧反硝化菌进行研究,经絮凝试验发现其絮凝效果明显。通过16s rDNA测序分析初步断定该菌为Pseudomonas sp.假单胞菌属。在试验过程中分别考察了培养基中碳源、氮源、磷酸盐、pH对菌株产絮特性的影响。结果表明,该株好氧反硝化菌在C/N为5,pH为7～8,磷酸盐为1.5g/L条件下菌株的产絮明显,絮凝能力较强且絮凝率可达95%以上。     

Experiment study of the effects of hydrodynamic disturbance on the interaction between the cyanobacterial growth and the nutrients

The eutrophication of shallow lakes is sensitive to dynamic currents(i.e., disturbances) because of their shallow depths and high contents of nutrients in bed sediments. The relation between the sediment resuspension and the algae bloom is not well understood in the field scale because the interwoven influencing factors cannot be examined individually. By combining the laboratory experiment and the field observation, this paper proposes a sediment-water-algae concept to simulate the effects of hydrodynamic disturbances on the algae growth in the Taihu Lake located in east China. The sediments are sampled from the Taihu Lake while the Microcystis aeruginosa(M. aeruginosa) algae is cultured in the laboratory and then transplanted into the experiment cylinders. The temperature and the light intensity in the experiment are adjusted to be similar with the prevalent in situ conditions. The results indicate that the M. aeruginosa populations under the disturbance condition of the rotational speed ?300 rad/min in the experiment(corresponding to the bottom velocity flow ?0.059 m/s, the shear stress 2?0.069 N/m, or the wind speed ?4 m/s in the field) are higher than those under the disturbance condition of the rotational speed is 400 rad/min(corresponding to the bottom flow velocity 0.079 m/s, the shear stress 0.124 N/m2). It is suggested that a low to moderate disturbance prompts the release of the nitrogen as well as the phosphate nutrients from the bed sediments, amplifying the eutrophication of the Taihu Lake.     

太湖长兜港固体悬浮物再悬浮的室内模拟

定量研究浅水湖泊动力扰动与沉积物再悬浮的关系,目前仍是湖泊研究中的难点之一。实验利用再悬浮发生装置,对太湖长兜港沉积物风浪扰动进行室内模拟,建立扰动强度与有效波高之间的关系,定量分析风浪对太湖水体中悬浮物的影响及固体悬浮物在水体中的垂向分布,初步得出风浪对太湖沉积物扰动深度一般在毫米级的结论。     

太湖波动特征分析

浅水湖泊中，富营养化程度除了依赖于外源输入外，内源释放亦是举足轻重，而底泥中的内源释放主要源于风强迫作用下形成的水面波动和底层湖流产生的剪切作用．并且波浪产生的切应力远大于底层湖流产生的切应力。此外．湖岸边界处的波浪作用够侵蚀岸堤，造成泥沙堆积而由此导致航道淤积．波浪作用引起的对水体中营养盐的水平和垂直输送会造成整个湖体中不同地区的水质差异．这也是太湖蓝藻水华爆发具有季节性和区域性的原因之一。本文基于在太湖北部、中部和南部利用波浪仪所观测的数次波浪数据．分别计算了平均波、有效波和1/10大波的周期、波高和波长及其由波浪产生的切应力，并利用验证后的浅水波浪模式．对太湖中冬、夏季盛行风作用下的易悬浮区域做了计算，发现夏季东南风作用下．西北沿岸带由其水浅和风的吹程较大而易引起的底泥悬浮．而冬季受西北风影响时易悬浮区域位于太湖东南部。     

Impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in a large,shallow lake

Lake Okeechobee is a large, shallow subtropical lake, located in south Florida. Over the last several decades, Lake Okeechobee has experienced accelerated eutrophication due to excessive phosphorus loads from agricultural run‐off. Recycling of phosphorus from bottom sediments through resuspension is critical to addressing eutrophication of the lake and for water quality management. The present study investigates the impacts of wind waves on sediment transport in Lake Okeechobee, using measured data and the Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model (LOEM). The LOEM was fully calibrated and verified with more than 10 years of measured data in previous studies. Analysis of the measured data indicates significant wave height (SWH) and suspended sediment concentration are closely correlated to the wind speed in the lake. The nonlinear interaction of high‐frequency wind waves with relatively low‐frequency currents in the boundary layer plays a key role in sediment deposition/resuspension. Without considering the effects of wind waves, the bottom shear stress can be greatly underestimated. The spatial variations of key variables for sediment modelling, including SWH, water depth, orbital velocity, current velocity, bottom shear stress and sediment concentration, are discussed. In general, the near‐bottom wave velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) is greater than or the same order of magnitude as the near‐bed current velocity (and the associated bottom shear stress) in this shallow water system. Although the sediment zones of Lake Okeechobee were described in previous studies, few published papers discussed its formation mechanisms. The findings of the present study include that the multiyear averaged bottom shear stress with wind‐wave effect plays a key role in forming the spatial patterns of the sediment zones. The study results are currently being used in lake management and in developing strategies for reducing phosphorus in the lake.     

Fatty Acid and Hydrocarbon Content of Settling Sediments in Lake Michigan

Fatty acid and aliphatic hydrocarbon contents have been examined in sediment collected in traps suspended at three depths at a location in Lake Michigan. Fatty acid distributions are similar at all depths and suggest an authochtonous origin of these materials. Concentrations of acids decrease with greater depths of traps and indicate a combination of active microbial reworking and of dilution by resuspended sedimentary materials. Hydrocarbons in the metalimnion trap contain mostly algal and bacterial components, whereas near-bottom hydrocarbons contain a large land plant contribution, presumably from resuspension of bottom sediments. Comparison of trap contents with fatty acid and hydrocarbons obtained from faunal debris and with published diatom compositions indicates that a mixture of such sources is combined in the organic matter settling in Lake Michigan. Estimated fluxes to the bottom of this part of the lake are 6.5 g/m²/yr for organic carbon, 1.8 g/m²/yr for fatty acids, and 27 mg/m²/yr for aliphatic hydrocarbons.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION IN TAIHU LAKE UNDER DIFFERENT HYDRODYNAMIC DISTURBANCES

Contaminants resuspension in sediments induced by wind-wave could influence the water quality in shallow lakes. Resuspension of surface sediments from the Zhushan Bay, Taihu Lake was simulated under different wind forcing by using a pneumatic annular flume in this study. Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure flow velocity at each wind speed, and the characteristics of sediment resuspension were studied with the layered sampling technology. The experimental results show that the flow velocity increases with wind speed obviously and 6m/s is a critical wind speed which affected hydrodynamic conditions significantly. The distribution of flow velocity and water depth is different from that in ordinary open channel. With the enhanced hydrodynamic factors, the Suspended Solids Concentration (SSC) in water increases accordingly, and the incipient velocity of sediment resuspension is about 0.21 m/s. Based on the analysis of wind speed and average SSC in water column, the quantitative relationship is obtained. The SSC of the bottom layer is higher than the content of surface layer under different hydrodynamic conditions, and there are similar distributions between SSC and flow velocity in different water layers.     

Measurements of the sediment flocculation characteristics in the Three Gorges Reservoir,Yangtze River

The flocculation of fine sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) was confirmed in previous studies, but the flocculation characteristics have yet to be fully clarified. In this study, field measurements were conducted in the TGR to investigate the sediment flocculation characteristics. First, the instantaneous flow velocity and sediment concentration were measured through Acoustic Doppler velocimeter and sediment sampling. Then, the effective settling velocity was calculated based on the sediment diffusion theory to deduce the floc size and flocculation degree. Finally, the influences of particle size, flow velocity, and sediment concentration on flocculation were analyzed. Results showed that flocculation occurred in more than half of the sediments in the TGR, and the maximum flocculation degree was between 10 and 30. Flocculation weakened as particle diameter increased, with the critical particle size being approximately 0.018 mm, meaning that flocculation was unlikely to occur when the particle size exceeded the critical value. As the flow velocity increased, the flocculation degree first increased and then decreased, with the critical flow velocity being approximately 0.7 m/s, but the critical flow velocity increased with an increase in sediment concentration and tended to be a constant. The flocculation degree also increased with increasing sediment concentration and tended to be constant when the sediment concentration exceeded approximately 0.5 kg/m³. The results provide new information on the flocculation characteristics of the TGR and should be useful for understanding and simulating fine sediment transport in the TGR.     

太湖风生流及污染物输移扩散数值模拟

建立高精度的太湖三维风生流数值模型和风生流-污染物耦合数值模型,分析了盛行风作用下的太湖风生流特征和风生流驱动下的太湖污染物输移特征。结果表明:稳定后的太湖风生流场,表层流速大于底层流速,表层流向基本上同风向一致,底层流向则与表层大致相反,具有补偿流的特征;风向能显著影响太湖风生流的形态和结构;在垂向扩散作用下,太湖污染物质量浓度沿水深方向上近似均匀分布;在定常风作用下,太湖北部的湖湾区出现多个小尺度闭合环流,不利于污染物的输移扩散,对太湖水环境会产生不利影响。     

风生流水动力特性试验研究

从以往对太湖和其他浅水湖泊的研究来看,水流走向主要受湖泊表面的风向支配,主要运动形式是由风驱动而形成的风生流。为了研究浅水湖泊风生流的基本特性,构建了一套模拟风生流的水槽试验装置,模拟了15m/s风速下的风生流,并采用高采样频率PIV系统对风生流水动力特性进行了精细的测量,获得了风生流的垂向流场信息。试验表明该系统测量结果符合风生流的形成规律,具有模拟风生流的能力。通过不同流程处、相同风速下风生流时均流场、水平流速、涡量、紊动切应力和紊动强度垂线分布的对比,分析了风生流的水动力特性。风生流水槽试验的结果可以为今后进一步深入研究浅水湖泊风生流提供基础数据。     

Wind Stress Effects on Detroit River Discharges

Dynamic flow models are currently used to compute Detroit River discharges for hourly, daily, and monthly time scales. These models include the complete one-dimensional equations of continuity and motion, but neglect the effects of wind stress and ice. The effects of wind stress upon calculated daily and monthly Detroit River discharges are analyzed. The wind effects of several storms with wind setups and surges on Lake Erie were evaluated on an hourly time scale. Inclusion of wind stress terms into the Detroit River models was found to have no significant effect on the monthly flow calculations and on the majority of the daily flow calculations. However, the average monthly effect of ?47 m³ s^?1 is equivalent to 111 mm depth of water per month on Lake St. Clair, which may be significant for some Lake St. Clair water balance studies. The effect on Lake Erie is on the order of 5 mm of depth per month, which is not significant for water balance studies. The wind stress was found to be important for daily and hourly flow computations when wind velocities were in excess of about 6 m s^?1.