不同污水处理工艺对磺胺抗生素去除效果与生态风险评估

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)法调查研究了磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、磺胺甲嘧啶(SMZ)、磺胺噻唑(STZ)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SPD)在北京市某污水处理厂7个代表性工艺单元中的浓度水平、去除特征,并运用风险熵(RQ)评估了总出水中残留目标物对受纳水体的生态风险。结果表明SD、SMX、SMZ、STZ和SPD在污水处理厂总进水中的平均浓度分别为199.0ng/L、288.4ng/L、19.3ng/L、2.1ng/L和5.1ng/L,在紫外消毒(UV)工艺出水中SD、SMX、SMZ的平均浓度分别为6.3ng/L、16.9ng/L和1.2ng/L,未检测到STZ和SPD。表明本污水处理厂能够完全去除STZ和SPD,对SD、SMX和SMZ的去除率分别为96.8%、94.2%和93.9%。除曝气沉砂池和二沉池工艺对个别目标物存在负去除率以外,5种磺胺抗生素经处理后,主要集中在二级与三级处理。5种磺胺类抗生素负荷量存在一定的周内变化。污水处理厂出水中残留抗生素对受纳水体中水生生物的生态风险均较低(RQ0.1),但多种抗生素共存的混合长期风险仍需深入研究。     

饮用水源地水体有机氯农药的测定

建立了以固相萃取(SPE) 、 气相色谱2三重串联四级杆质谱法(GC/ MS/MS) 测定饮用水源地中 15 中有机氯农 药残留的方法。用 Bond Elut C18 固相萃取柱净化富集水样, 优化色谱和质谱条件参数, 在多反应监测模式下进行 定性、 定量分析。该方法对饮用水源地水样中的 15种有机氯农药回收率为 70 1 3%~ 12715%, 相对标准偏差( RSD) 为 0 16%~ 1212%; 检出限范围为 0 1 08~ 0 138 ng/L, 满足饮用水源地痕量有毒有机物监测的需求。用该方法测定 天津市某重要饮用水源地表层水体中有机氯农药分布状况, 结果表明该水源地水体 15 种有机氯农药中, 除六六六 和 p, pc 2DDD、 p, pc 2DDT 外, 其他几种有机氯农药均未检出。三个监测站点中, 15种有机氯农药总量从高到低依次 是入库、 库心和坝前, 分别是 1 1 85 ng/L, 1138 ng/ L, 0 1 96 ng/ L。根据地表水环境质量标准( GB 3838- 2002) , 该水 源地表层水体中 15 种有机氯农药均不超过集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目标准限值。     

某市饮用水系统中药品和个人护理用品的调查研究

采用固相萃取和液相色谱双质谱联用技术,调查研究了某市水源水、净水厂和小区管网(龙头)等水样中的65种药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)分布和浓度情况。结果表明,在水源水、净水厂原水和小区管网(龙头)水中分别检出11、12和5种PPCPs,其平均浓度分别在0～11.20ng/L、0～12.35ng/L、0～1.31ng/L范围内;检出频率较高的污染物主要有4种抗生素类药(磺胺甲恶唑、氧苄氨嘧啶、泰妙菌素、林肯霉素)、2种消炎解热镇痛药(氨糖美辛、安替比林)、1种抗精神病药(舒必利)、1种血液循环系统药物(卡巴克络)、1种抗心律失常药(达舒平)、1种β阻滞剂(阿替洛尔);常规处理工艺并不能对所有目标物质有很好的去除效果,卡巴克络、磺胺甲恶唑等物质仍能在常规工艺出水中检出,而深度处理工艺的臭氧单元能对所检测的物质起到很好的去除作用,在深度处理工艺出水中检测不到任何目标污染物。     

永定河水系12种抗生素的污染特征分析

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法调查永定河水系6条河流中12种抗生素的含量水平、分布特征与组成变化规律。结果表明,磺胺甲基嘧啶、甲砜霉素和氯霉素未被检出,其他均能在河水中检出,其平均浓度水平为ND～607.4 ng/L;磺胺类抗生素检出率较高,其中磺胺甲基异恶唑检出率达81.3%;洋河、饮马河、永定新河抗生素含量较高,组成特征也有一定的差异;夏季8月采集样品中,各条河流中的抗生素含量较秋冬季节低,说明温度对河流中抗生素的浓度有一定的影响。     

完善我国饮用水水源地水质指标体系的思考

饮用水水源水质标准是评价和保护水源地水环境质量的重要依据。通过比较分析国内外主要水源地水质标准体系,并对比我国现行主要饮用水水源地水质参照标准《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的差异,指出了我国水源地水质指标体系中存在的问题与不足,并对进一步完善我国饮用水水源地水质指标体系提出了相应的建议。     

水源水质标准中嗅味标准的研究

在我国现有的《生活饮用水水源水质标准》(CJ3020-93)标准中并未对嗅味做定性和定量的规定。嗅味层次分析方法能够对水样中的嗅味种类以及嗅味强度做出定性和定量化的判断,通过嗅味层次分析方法以及SPME-GC/MS化学分析的结果,给出了饮用水嗅味的推荐值。按不同水源地类型对二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)的标准进行了研究,综合考虑感官分析和化学分析结果,水厂可处理程度以及消费者可接受情况,给出2-MIB标准的推荐值,一级、二级水源地的标准推荐值为10 ng/L,三级水源地的标准推荐值为50 ng/L。二甲基异莰醇(2-MIB)嗅味标准推荐值的给出在一定程度上对水源地的划分又提供了一个参考依据,开辟了水质感官分析的新思路,为我国城市水源中2-MIB含量的划分提供了参考。     

台儿庄城区饮用水水源地水质放射性水平分析

为了解和掌握台儿庄城区饮用水水源地放射性水平和动态变化,本文以枣庄市生态环境局台儿庄分局提供的饮用水水源地水质放射性数据为基础,探讨了台儿庄城区饮用水水源地水质中α、β放射性质量浓度的动态变化。结果显示:水源地总α、β放射性质量浓度均低于标准限值,总α放射性质量浓度小于总β放射性质量浓度,总α、β放射性水平在水源地和季节变化中差异均不显著(P>0.05)。水源地水质总放射性水平符合我国规定的饮用水指导值。     

舟山岛水库有机农药和抗生素残留特征及潜在风险评估

以舟山岛城北、虹桥和岑港3个水库及其周边区域为研究对象,对其表层水样、沉积物及周边土壤中有机农药和抗生素进行了监测和潜在风险评估。结果表明,3个水库表层水样中有机农药质量浓度为43.40～190.40 ng／L,平均值为105.74 ng／L,其中有机磷农药所占比例较大;在土壤及沉积物中有机农药的质量比为0.35～7.76 ng／g,平均值为4.32 ng／g,以有机氯农药污染为主。总体上岑港水库有机农药污染较为严重(水样质量浓度和沉积物质量比分别为 ρ =190.40 ng／L, w =7.76 ng／g),其次为虹桥水库( ρ =110.50 ng／L, w =6.30 ng／g),污染较轻的是城北水库( ρ =59.20 ng／L, w =4.35 ng／g)。抗生素在表层水样中的质量浓度为0.00～64.50 ng／L,平均值为22.30 ng／L,污染相对较轻;在土壤及沉积物中有机农药的质量比为13.50～101.70 ng／g,平均值为62.62 ng／g,处于中等污染水平,其中浓度相对较高的呋喃唑酮应当引起注意。建议构建植物缓冲带拦截和减少周边土壤径流中携带的有机农药和抗生素污染。     

大型溞和发光细菌对城市水源地典型污染物敏感性比较研究

以发光细菌和大型潘为测试对象,利用Delta tox毒性检测仪和大型潘急性毒性标准测试方法测定了城市水源地水体中常见典型污染物如抗生素、重金属、农药类药物对发光菌和大型溞的急性毒性的影响。结果显示,所调查的污染物中,恩诺沙星对发光菌的EC50为9.8 mg/L,对大型溞LC50(48 h)为88 mg/L;发光菌对恩诺沙星暴露的敏感性强于大型溞。而磺胺嘧啶、Cr6+、Cd2+、乐果、敌敌畏、马拉硫磷、氯氰菊酯等污染物对大型溞的LC50(48 h)分别为184 mg/L、0.46 mg/L、0.04 mg/L、0.28 mg/L、0.006 mg/L、0.007 rmg/L、0.0006 mg/L,其敏感性高于发光菌EC50(430 mg/L、60 mg/L、11.1 mg/L、24 mg/L、161.1 mg/L、1.27 mmg/L、0.063 mg/L)。研究表明,大型潘对于城市饮用水及水源地水体中常见典型污染物的监测具有较高的敏感性和预警作用。     

加强水源地保护 确保饮水安全

郑州市市区主要供水水源为黄河水和傍黄地下水,约占城市供水的90%。按照《郑州市城市饮用水水源地安全保障规划》,郑州市饮用水水源地保护区内水质管理目标为地面水环境质量标准Ⅱ类和地下水质量标准Ⅲ类;准保护区内地表水水质管理目标为地表水环境质量标准Ⅱ～Ⅲ类,地下水管理目标为地下水质量标准Ⅲ类,使城市饮用水水源地由基本安全达到安全状态。郑州市正在进行节水型社会建设和生态水系建设,南水北调中线通水也为时不远。我们要利用这一契机,认真落实城市饮用水水源地安全保障规划,让市民喝上放心水、健康水,保障社会经济可持续发展。     

太湖流域水源地多环芳烃分布、溯源与生态风险评估

利用GC-MS对太湖流域水源地多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平进行监测分析。结果表明,3月水相、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中PAHs的质量浓度分别为63.5~393.9 ng/L、167~4 358.2 ng/g和940.8~7 398.3 ng/g,分别远高于6月的21.1~64.6 ng/L、125.6~282.3 ng/g和337.3~1 318 ng/g。不同月份单体PAH浓度水平差异较大,可能受控于污染物来源、径流稀释和水动力条件的差异性。特征比值判源结果表明,6月水相和悬浮颗粒物中PAHs主要来源于石油类泄漏和燃烧过程,而沉积物中PAHs在3月和6月均体现为混合源。生态风险评估结果表明,水相、悬浮颗粒物和沉积物中PAHs的生态风险较小,但个别样点单体PAH的含量高于基于生物影响试验的风险评价低值ER-L和ISQV-L,说明存在一定的健康风险,需引起重视。     

Perfluoroalkyl acids in Lake Superior water: Trends and sources

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAs) are a family of highly persistent compounds which are present in the environment as a result of degradation of polyfluorinated precursors, from use as processing aids for production of fluoropolymers, and use in fire fighting foams. The purpose of this study was to investigate prevailing concentrations and possible sources of PFAs in Lake Superior, as well as in Siskiwit Lake on Isle Royale. Between 2001 and 2005, replicate water samples were taken from lake surface waters, and from depth profiles, as well as from major tributaries including municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) at three major population centers. Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was the predominant PFA in Lake Superior, with concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 1.2 ng/L in surface waters. PFOA concentrations were generally 1.5 to 2-fold greater than perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) levels. WWTPs were found to contribute up to 20 fold higher concentrations of PFOA (22 ng/L) relative to the intake water from Lake Superior, while most tributaries contained lower concentrations of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCA) and perfluoroalkylsulfonates (PFSs) (< 0.1 ng/L). Overall tributaries and precipitation were estimated to be the major sources of PFCAs and PFSs to Lake Superior. Tributaries were estimated to be the largest source contributing 59% of PFOA and 57% of PFOS inputs to the lake. Profiles conducted over the deepest points in the lake showed that PFAs were found throughout the water column, however, there was no distinctive trend with depth.     

An analytical method for shipboard extraction of the odour compounds, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin.

Extractions for the analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) were carried out on board a research vessel by extracting water samples in the collection bottles with dichloromethane. The extracts are stable and can be stored for up to two months with no apparent loss of analytes. Workup and analysis could be done at the rate 15-20 samples per week. Approximately 150 samples from Lake Ontario were analyzed in 2000 and 120 samples in 2001. Concentrations as low as 1 ng/L could be detected, but reliable determination was only attained above 5 ng/L (> 80% qualifier ion match within +/- 50%). Reproducibility between duplicates was generally better than 10%, and recovery of surrogate standards from reagent water averaged ca. 80% and from lake water ca. 60%. In early September, 2000, geosmin concentrations in Lake Ontario ranged from 1-13 ng/L and MIB from 1-31 ng/L. In 2001, the ranges were 1-47 and 1-56 ng/L for geosmin and MIB, respectively. Lowest concentrations occurred in the western and central regions and highest concentrations in the eastern region and St Lawrence River.     

The Quality of Drinking Water at Source of West Amman,Jordan

Abstract

In the summer of 2002, a detailed survey of water samples collected from King Abdullah Canal (KAC), which is the major source of drinking water in Amman, Jordan, was analyzed for its major ionic composition, five heavy metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and chlorinated pesticides residues in order to evaluate its suitability for drinking purposes. The results showed that the major source of chemical constituents and micropollutants such as heavy metals, PAH, and organochlorinated pesticides in the canal water samples originated from Syria and Israel since the canal water supply initially originate from these countries. The pH values of all analyzed water samples obtained were relatively high due to the buffering effect of carbonate rocks at the source. The major chemical composition indicated that the canal water was weak to moderate salinity dominated by Ca, Mg, and HCO₃ ions, which is due to the dolomite lithology at source. Despite the fact that the canal water runs in an intensive agricultural area, the analysis of this study concludes that the water of the canal is acceptable in terms of its organic and inorganic constituents. All samples showed low concentrations and were within their guidelines. Nitrate values ranged from 2.2 ppm to 13.2 ppm, organochlorinated pesticides ranged from 0.11 ppm to 0.82 ppm for individual pesticides, and the sum did not exceed the European guideline of 0.5 ppm. Ten PAHs were detected in the analyzed samples ranging from 24.45 ng/l to 35.4 ng/l and in all samples; no concentration reached the maximum level permitted by the EPA for drinking water. All samples showed a slight increase in concentration along the canal flow.     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法监测黄河干流水源地挥发性有机物

为了全面了解黄河干流重点城市水源地挥发性有机物的污染情况,采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法对水源地38种挥发性有机物进行定性定量分析.该方法的加标回收率为94.4%～105.6%,精密度为1.7%～24.0%,检测限为0.02～0.04 μg/L,满足痕量有机物的分析要求.对3个城市水源地丰、平、枯水期进行监测分析.结果...     

Correlating 2-MIB and microcystin concentrations with environmental parameters in two reservoirs in South Taiwan.

Cyanobacteria are present in many drinking water reservoirs in Taiwan, and some of them may produce off-flavour compounds and natural toxins. To investigate the correlation among two groups of cyanobacterial metabolites, microcystins and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), and other environmental parameters, approximately 22 water quality and meteorological parameters were monitored for two source waters (Moo-Tan and Tseng-Wen reservoirs) in south Taiwan from August 2003 to April 2005. Monitoring results showed that the two groups of cyanobacterial metabolites were present in the source waters. Concentrations of 2-30 ng/L of 2-MIB was observed for the two reservoirs, while that of the total concentrations of the five microcystin congeners measured were between 30 and 340 ng/L. The concentration of both 2-MIB and microcystins showed higher concentrations in warmer seasons. A stepwise regression technique was employed to correlate 2-MIB and microcystins concentrations with all the corresponding water quality and meteorological parameters. Correlations among 2-MIB concentration, microcystin concentration, water temperature and air temperature were found in the water samples collected from both reservoirs. The correlations may provide a simple means for the water utility to anticipate the two groups of cyanobacterial metabolites in the two source waters.     

Occurrence of levofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin in wastewater treatment plant in Japan.

Residual pharmaceutical products in sewage and other water environments have recently become a serious social problem in advanced countries. Among these pharmaceutical products, antibiotics have attracted special attention due to their serious impact on the ecosystem and connections to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Our research intended to develop a new method to analyse the three antibiotics estimated to be released out of the body in large amounts in Japan; levofloxacin (LVFX), clarithromycin (CAM) and azithromycin (AZM), and survey the state of pollution in the sewerage. The concentrations of the water-phase antibiotics LVFX, CAM and AZM were measured in each process of activated sludge process in six wastewater treatment plants. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to analyse solutions of the antibiotics after pretreatment with a solid phase extraction. The limits of quantification and the average recoveries for these antibiotics in the influent were 1.2 to 29 ng/L and 46 to 93%, respectively. In the influent, LVFX, CAM and AZM were detected at concentrations of 552, 647 and 260 ng/L, respectively, while their removal efficiencies were 42, 43 and 49%, respectively. Although the CAM and AZM concentrations decreased as the treatment progressed, it was shown that the LVFX concentration increased in activated sludge reactors in some cases. Despite differences in octanol-water partition coefficients among LVFX, CAM and AZM, their removal efficiency showed no major difference. This indicates that this removal phenomenon cannot be explained by simple adsorption by the activated sludge.     

Watershed influences on the transport, fate and bioavailability of mercury in Lake Superior: Field measurements and modelling approaches

The issuance of fish consumption advisories in US states bordering Lake Superior has heightened the need for understanding the biogeochemical cycling and transformations of mercury in this great lake. Major routes of mercury (Hg) transport to lakes include atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), direct discharges and riverine (watershed) inputs. The specific objectives of this ongoing study are to: (i) determine the speciation and bioavailability of Hg transported to Lake Superior (ii) determine the importance of watershed‐specific characteristics that control physical and chemical forms of Hg; (iii) identify key mechanisms controlling Hg bioavailability and speciation in near‐shore zones relative to open lake regions; and (iv) provide process‐level information to compliment concurrent development of Hg fate and transport models of the Lake Superior ecosystem. Three tributaries of Lake Superior were chosen for detailed field study based on previous results and particular watershed characteristics. Mixing zones represent a potentially important zone of Hg entry into the food chain, and were sampled for biota, water and sediment in transects between the tributary mouth and the lake end member. Sampling of open‐water sites was conducted during Environmental Protection Agency‐sponsored cruises on the research vessel Lake Guardian. Results from our work on Lake Superior tributaries demonstrate that dissolved organic carbon and methylmercury (MeHg) export was greatest from watersheds containing wetlands. In Lake Superior, concentrations of Hg species were small at pelagic stations (total mercury (HgT) averaged 0.49 ng/L, MeHg averaged 6.4 pg/L). In contrast, MeHg concentrations in tributaries ranged from 100 to 250 pg/L. Watershed sites dominated by wetlands exhibited the greatest MeHg concentrations, occasionally in excess of 12 ng/L. Samples of bulk zooplankton ranged from 20 to 130 ng/g dry weight HgT and from 15 to 45 ng/g dry weight MeHg, and demonstrated typical bioacculmulation of mercury as well as distinct seasonality in concentrations.     

Mass spectrometric analytical methods for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).

This paper describes a method for the determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in waste water. The method involves a SPE-C18 extraction followed by a SPE-silica gel column clean up and elution of the analytes with a mixture of acetone/pentane (2+1). Thereafter derivatisation of the analytes with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride (HFBA) and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with positive electron impact ionisation (EI) or negative chemical ionisation (NCI) using methane as reactant gas was performed. The two different ionisation techniques were compared and the negative chemical ionisation technique proved significant lower limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) than positive electron impact ionisation. Recoveries of the analytes in various spiked waste water samples ranged from 75.4 to 96.9%. The concentrations of the EDCs in feed waste water from three different waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) ranged from non-detectable up to a concentration of 10,305 ng/L for 4-NP and in the corresponding effluent samples from non-detectable to 723 ng/L for BPA.