表面活性剂提高致密油藏渗吸采收率研究

为了明确表面活性剂改变岩石润湿性及降低界面张力的特性对致密油藏渗吸采油的作用效果,获得表面活性剂渗吸采油的有利条件,通过测量岩心接触角和表面活性剂溶液与油间的界面张力,研究了3 种常用表面活性剂重烷基苯石油磺酸盐（ZPS）、十二烷基苯磺酸盐（SDBS）和磺基甜菜碱（SB）对致密岩心渗吸采收率的影响,分析了自发渗吸机理。结果表明,阴离子表面活性剂改变岩心润湿性的能力好于非离子表面活性剂,两种阴离子表面活性剂（ZPS、SDBS）将岩心表面由油湿反转为水湿,非离子表面活性剂（SB）降低了岩心表面接触角,但未达到润湿反转的效果;油湿岩心介质在注入水溶液中不发生渗吸,表面活性剂引起的接触角改变可实现油湿岩心渗吸采油;岩心原始润湿性影响渗吸采收率,渗吸采收率增幅从大到小依次为水湿岩心>中性岩心>油湿岩心;三种表面活性剂均可使界面张力降至最佳渗吸界面张力范围10^-1～10^-2mN/m,油水界面张力的降低有利于提高岩心自发渗吸采收率。图1 表1 参12     

红河油田长8致密储层渗吸采油影响因素分析及矿场应用

为进一步提高红河油田长8致密油藏渗吸采油效果,针对渗吸压力、储层岩石润湿性和油水界面张力范围调整等施工因素对渗吸采油效果影响规律不明确的问题,选取红河油田长8致密砂岩露头岩心,利用自行研制的高压渗吸实验装置,评价渗吸压力、储层岩石润湿性和油水界面张力等因素对渗吸效果的影响,并使用多元线性回归法对各影响因素进行相关系数计算。结果表明：增加渗吸压力能大幅提升渗吸采收率和渗吸速率,相比大气压条件下,增压0.5 MPa时,渗吸采收率增加7.40～10.76个百分点,渗吸速率提高1.39～1.81倍;同一块岩心中,通过逐级提升渗吸压力也能提高渗吸效果,当渗吸压力由0.5 MPa提升至3.0 MPa时,渗吸采收率提高了7.61个百分点;实验表明调整岩石润湿性比调整油水界面张力对影响渗吸效果更为显著,保持岩石润湿角50°,油水界面张力10^-2 mN/m时,更有利于发挥二者协同作用;多元线性回归法计算各相关系数由大到小依次为渗吸压力、岩石润湿性和油水界面张力。该研究成果对优选致密油藏渗吸增效剂和优化施工参数具有指导意义。     

裂缝性碳酸盐储层中表面活性剂辅助重力泄油的模拟

注水开发几乎不能从碳酸盐岩油藏中采出原油,因为碳酸盐岩油藏通常是油湿性和裂缝性的.将稀释的表面活性剂溶液注入裂缝中能够降低油水界面张力(IFT),改变岩石与中间体/水湿性物质的润湿性从而提高原油产量.一个三维、两相、多组分、有限差分和全隐式数值模拟模型已开发出来,此模型综合了吸附作用、相态特性、润湿性、相关毛细管压力/相对渗透率变量.此模拟软件的可靠性已经通过对比岩心级模拟结果与实验室中得到的实验结果得以证实.从界面张力降低、润湿性改变和渗透率差异等方面来研究表面活性剂辅助重力泄油对这些过程参数的敏感性.在早期阶段通过改变润湿性来驱动原油生产,但在后期重力是主要驱动力.使润湿性向着水湿状态改变的表面活性剂能使高界面张力系统具有较高的采收率.对于低界面张力系统,不能改变润湿性的表面活性剂能使油田具有较高采收率.润湿性的大幅度改变可以提高原油采收率.对于低界面张力系统采收率随渗透率的降低而显著降低,而对于高界面张力系统影响很小.     

表面活性剂对鄂尔多斯盆地致密砂岩储层渗吸采收率影响分析

为了研究致密砂岩储层表面活性剂的渗吸作用机理,首先研究了4种不同类型的表面活性剂润湿性反转能力与降低界面张力能力,并开展了表面活性剂渗吸实验;结合核磁共振测试与高压压汞实验表征了岩心微观孔隙特征,并在渗吸过程中进行核磁共振测试,研究了不同岩心孔隙类型的渗吸作用机理。研究表明：阴离子表面活性剂润湿性反转与降低界面张力的能力更强,且润湿性改变是提高渗吸采收率的关键。致密砂岩孔隙类型为纳米孔（r <0.1μm）、微孔（0.1μm 10μm）,其中微孔为原油主要储存空间,孔隙体积占比达67.7%;宏孔的渗吸采收率最大,其次为微孔、纳米孔。阳离子活性剂CTAB、两性离子表面活性剂BS-12对渗吸具有抑制作用,非离子表面活性剂APG-12的渗吸效果同样较差;阴离子表面活性剂SDS、AES润湿性改变效果最好。对于致密岩石亲水润湿的质量分数为0.1%表面活性剂溶液,润湿时间（AES相似文献   

张店油田储层注水影响因素探讨

张店油田在注水开发过程中 ,出现注水难和注不进去的现象 ,通过岩心试验评价不同毛管力 ,不同润湿性 ,不同温度下模拟注水以及注表面活性剂的岩心驱替试验 ,并结合张店油田储层有关特征 ,对影响张店油田注水驱油效果的因素做出分析评价。研究结果表明 ,毛细管力是影响注水的重要因素之一 ,随着样品水润湿性程度的增加 ,注水压力升高 ,驱油效率减小。注水温度越低高含蜡原油结蜡严重 ,影响注水。表面活性剂能降低油水界面张力 ,从而降低注入压力 ,提高原油采收率。     

致密油藏纳米微乳液性能评价与驱油机理分析

自发渗吸为致密油藏提高采收率的主要方式,但常规驱油所用的表面活性剂易被岩石吸附,吸附损失较大,在苛刻油藏中不能满足强化采油的使用要求,提高自发渗吸采收率效果不明显。以环辛烷、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚类乳化剂、乙二醇、三乙醇胺为原料,制得以有机相为内相、表面活性剂为壳膜的纳米微乳液。通过界面张力及润湿反转实验揭示了其驱油机理,通过自发渗吸实验验证了提高采收率效果。结果表明,0.3%的纳米微乳液体系粒径尺寸约为10 nm,油水界面张力为3.56 m N/m,可将油湿石英片表面的润湿性（130.6°）反转为水湿表面（11.7°）,具有良好的润湿反转能力。岩心在该乳液中的最终自发渗吸采收率为43.2%,约为水的2.4倍,自发渗吸提高采收率效果显著。     

大庆扶余油层静态渗吸采油效果及其影响因素

大庆外围致密油藏原油储量十分丰富,但由于缺乏有效开发技术手段,储量动用程度较低。渗吸采油是(弱)亲水致密油藏高效开发的重要技术措施之一。为获得弱亲水致密油藏的高效开采技术,本文分别考察了阴/非离子型表面活性剂"HLX"、"SYH(石油磺酸盐)+Na_2CO_3"、阳离子型表面活性剂"YANG"和非离子表面活性剂"DCY"渗吸液对渗透率Kg2.0×10~(-3)μm~2左右的弱亲水岩心的渗吸采油效果。研究表明,渗吸采收率与渗吸速度不仅受油水界面张力影响,还受岩石孔隙润湿性影响。渗吸采油物理模拟实验结果表明,"YANG"和"DCY"渗吸液兼顾了改变岩石孔隙表面润湿性和降低界面张力两方面功效,因而渗吸采油效果较好,采收率增幅较大。考虑到"YANG"为阳离子型表面活性剂,在储层岩石孔隙内吸附量较大,渗吸采油效果会因此有所降低,故推荐使用"DCY"渗吸液体系,质量分数以0.3%为宜。     

不同界面性质表面活性剂体系提高采收率作用效果和机理

为明确不同界面性质对提高采收率作用效果和机理的影响,以长6 低渗致密储层为研究对象,选用两种具 有不同界面性质的自制表面活性剂体系S1（改善润湿性能力强）和S2（超低界面张力）,分别用核磁共振方法表 征其静态渗吸和动态渗吸效果,并采用2.5 维微观模型研究其驱油过程,分析了具有不同界面性质表面活性剂体 系的提高采收率作用效果和作用机理。结果表明,S1 和S2 均具有较好的增采效果,渗吸为水进入小孔隙将油置 换到大孔隙的过程,表面活性剂可大幅促进小孔隙采出;驱油时形成优势通道明显,可实现润湿反转,存在附加 渗吸作用,大幅增大波及体积和洗油效率,并能将原油分散为小尺度状态。改善润湿性能力更强的S1 的毛细管 动力更大,对小孔隙的动用程度更高,但采出速度较慢,驱替时存在的附加渗吸作用更强;可实现超低界面张力 的S2油相流动阻力更小,渗吸速度快,采收率可更快达到平衡。     

关于低渗稠油油田提高采收率的方法

开水类气的三以研究注分析表面活性剂驱,表面活性剂会降低油水界面张力和改善岩石润湿性,从而达到提高采收率的效果。     

表面活性剂对低渗透油藏渗吸的影响

采用不同类型的表面活性剂进行自发渗吸实验,并对表面活性剂改善岩石润湿性、降低界面张力的能力进行了分析。实验结果表明,阴离子型表面活性剂改善润湿性的能力好于其他类型的表面活性剂,且在岩心中的自发渗吸效果最好,这是由于阴离子型表面活性剂改善润湿性的机理为离子对形成机理,强于阳离子的吸附机理;接触角是决定渗吸能否发生的决定性因素,只有接触角小于70°时渗吸才能发生;界面张力影响渗吸速度和最终采出程度,对于渗透率为1 mD的岩心,最佳界面张力为10~(-1) mN/m。     

Beneficial effects of wettability altering surfactants in oil-wet fractured reservoirs

In fractured reservoirs, an effective matrix-fracture mass transfer is required for oil recovery. Surfactants have long been considered for oil recovery enhancement, mainly in terms of their ability to reduce oil–water interfacial tension. These surfactants are effective when the fractured formations are water-wet, where capillary imbibition of surfactants from the fracture into the matrix contributes to oil recovery. However, another beneficial aspect of surfactants, namely their ability to alter wettability, remains to be explored and exploited. Surfactants capable of altering wettability can be especially beneficial in oil-wet fractured formations, where the surfactant in the fracture diffuses into the matrix and alters the wettability, enabling imbibition of even more surfactant into the matrix. This sequential process of initial diffusion followed by imbibition continues well into the matrix yielding significant enhancements in oil recovery.In order to test this hypothesis of sequential diffusion–imbibition phenomenon, Dual-Drop Dual-Crystal (DDDC) contact angle experiments have been conducted using fractured Yates dolomite reservoir fluids, two types of surfactants (nonionic and anionic) and dolomite rock substrates. A new experimental procedure was developed in which crude oil equilibrated with reservoir brine has been exposed to surfactant to simulate the matrix-fracture interactions in fractured reservoirs. This procedure enables the measurements of dynamic contact angles and oil–water interfacial tensions, in addition to providing the visual observations of the dynamic behavior of crude oil trapped in the rock matrix as it encounters the diffusing surfactant from the fractures. Both the measurements and visual observations indicate wettability alterations of the matrix surface from oil-wet to less oil-wet or intermediate wet by the surfactants. Thus this study is of practical importance to oil-wet fractured formations where surfactant-induced wettability alterations can result in significant oil recovery enhancements. In addition, this study has also identified the need to include contact angle term in the dimensionless Bond number formulations for better quantitative interpretation of rock–fluids interactions.     

表面活性剂对超低渗透油藏渗流特征的影响

针对超低渗透岩心,通过宏观驱替实验研究不同界面张力的表面活性剂对单相启动压力、油水两相启动压力、相对渗透率曲线、降压效果及提高采收率效果的影响,分析表面活性剂对超低渗透油藏渗流规律的影响。研究结果表明,随驱替液界面张力的降低,单相启动压力明显降低。油水两相启动压力实验中,在油水两相相同流速比下,随界面张力的降低,油水两相启动压力梯度逐渐降低,含水饱和度逐渐增大。从束缚水饱和度到残余油饱和度,随含水饱和度的增加,油水两相启动压力梯度先缓慢下降,后迅速下降。相渗曲线实验中,随表面活性剂质量分数的增加,油水两相渗流区增大,油相相对渗透率增大,残余油下水相相对渗透率增加,残余油饱和度降低,油气采收率升高,水相(端点以内)渗透率基本没有变化。表面活性剂段塞驱替实验中,岩心一次水驱后,注入表面活性剂可明显降低超低渗透岩心的注入压力、提高岩心采收率,且油水界面张力越低,降压效果越好,提高采收率幅度越大。     

Enhancement of the imbibition recovery by surfactants in tight oil reservoirs

Hydraulic fracturing technology can significantly increase oil production from tight oil formations, but performance data show that production declines rapidly. In the long term, it is necessary to increase the development efficiency of block matrix, surfactant-aided imbibition is a potential way. The current work aimed to explain comprehensively how surfactants can enhance the imbibition rate. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate the effects of wettability, interfacial tension (IFT), and relative permeability as the key parameters underlying surfactant solution imbibition. Two different types of surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether, at varied concentrations were tested on reservoir rocks. Experimental results showed that the oil recovery rate increased with increased wettability alteration and IFT and decreased residual oil saturation. A mechanistic simulator developed in previous studies was used to perform parametric analysis after successful laboratory-scale validation. Results were proven by parametric studies. This study, which examined the mechanism and factors influencing surfactant solution imbibition, can improve understanding of surfactant-aided imbibition and surfactant screening.     

Surfactant induced reservoir wettability alteration: Recent theoretical and experimental advances in enhanced oil recovery

Reservoir wettability plays an important role in various oil recovery processes.The origin and evolution of reservoir wettability were critically reviewed to better understand the complexity of wettability due to interactions in crude oil-brine-rock system,with introduction of different wetting states and their influence on fluid distribution in pore spaces.The effect of wettability on oil recovery of waterflooding was then summarized from past and recent research to emphasize the importance of wettability in oil displacement by brine.The mechanism of wettability alteration by different surfactants in both carbonate and sandstone reservoirs was analyzed,concerning their distinct surface chemistry,and different interaction patterns of surfactants with components on rock surface.Other concerns such as the combined effect of wettability alteration and interfacial tension (IFT) reduction on the imbibition process was also taken into account.Generally,surfactant induced wettability alteration for enhanced oil recovery is still in the stage of laboratory investigation.The successful application of this technique relies on a comprehensive survey of target reservoir conditions,and could be expected especially in low permeability fractured reservoirs and forced imbibition process.     

低渗透油藏自发渗吸驱油实验研究

通过低渗透亲水岩心自发渗吸实验,探讨了低渗透油藏不同界面张力体系的渗吸驱油过程。研究结果表明,注入水渗吸体系因毛细管力较高、毛细管力与重力比值较大,其渗吸过程为毛细管力支配下的逆向渗吸。与注入水渗吸结果相比,化学剂溶液因降低油水界面张力,在孔隙介质中能使更多的原油参与渗流过程,使更多的剩余油变为可动油,提高了渗吸平衡时的原油采出程度,因而提高了低渗透油藏原油的采收率。     

Performance comparison of novel chemical agents in improving oil recovery from tight sands through spontaneous imbibition

Tight sands are abundant in nanopores leading to a high capillary pressure and normally a low fluid injectivity.As such,spontaneous imbibition might be an effective mechanism for improving oil recovery from tight sands after fracturing.The chemical agents added to the injected water can alter the interfacial properties,which could help further enhance the oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition.This study explores the possibility of using novel chemicals to enhance oil recovery from tight sands via spontaneous imbibition.We experimentally examine the effects of more than ten different chemical agents on spontaneous imbibition,including a cationic surfactant(C12 TAB),two anionic surfactants(0242 and 0342),an ionic liquid(BMMIM BF4),a high pH solution(NaBO_2),and a series of house-made deep eutectic solvents(DES3-7,9,1 1,and 14).The interfacial tensions(IFT) between oil phase and some chemical solutions are also determined.Experimental results indicate that both the ionic liquid and cationic surfactant used in this study are detrimental to spontaneous imbibition and decrease the oil recovery from tight sands,even though cationic surfactant significantly decreases the oil-water IFT while ionic liquid does not.The high pH NaBO_2 solution does not demonstrate significant effect on oil recovery improvement and IFT reduction.The anionic surfactants(O242 and O342) are effective in enhancing oil recovery from tight sands through oil-water IFT reduction and emulsification effects.The DESs drive the rock surface to be more water-wet,and a specific formulation(DES9) leads to much improvement on oil recovery under counter-current imbibition condition.This preliminary study would provide some knowledge about how to optimize the selection of chemicals for improving oil recovery from tight reservoirs.     

三季铵盐表面活性剂界面性能及驱油效果评价

在化学驱中,降低油水界面张力是表面活性剂驱油最基本的机理。三季铵盐表面活性剂因其特殊结构表现出更好的界面性能。针对已合成的三季铵盐,探讨了各因素对界面性能的影响,结果表明,纯三季铵盐溶液与长庆油区模拟油界面张力可达10-2mN/m,比常规活性剂低1～2个数量级,具有较好的耐盐、耐高温性;与阴离子活性剂α-烯烃磺酸盐复配后,界面张力可达10-4mN/m,表现出较好的协同效应。驱替实验结果表明,纯三季铵盐可降低低渗透岩心注入压力10.6%,提高采收率8.35%;与α-烯烃磺酸盐复配后,降压率为17.4%,岩心采收率提高了11.1%,降压和驱油效果更佳,这也表明界面张力越低,提高低渗透岩心采收率效果越好。     

表面活性剂修饰SiO2纳米颗粒增强油/水界面活性分子动力学模拟

中高渗透率老油田进入高含水开采期后,剩余油分布零散,提高采收率难度大。纳米颗粒在老油田提高采收率方面优势明显:它在水中形成纳米尺度的小颗粒,大幅降低油水界面张力,使孔隙中的原油易于被驱替出来;同时,纳米颗粒对小孔道有暂时堵塞作用,通过扩大波及提高采收率。采用分子动力学模拟方法,研究了SiO₂纳米颗粒接枝各类表面活性剂的溶液分散性和界面活性。首先筛选得到羧酸链修饰的SiO₂体系,考察了降低油水界面张力的能力（从50.880 mN/m降低至37.956 mN/m）。引入Janus结构（双子结构）,设计了烷烃和羧酸表面活性剂混合修饰的SiO₂纳米颗粒。研究结果表明,该结构能够进一步降低油/水界面张力（从37.956 mN/m降低至32.028 mN/m）,表明了纳米颗粒表面修饰表面活性剂体系与界面活性之间的构效关系,为高效纳米驱油剂的设计与实验合成提供了一定的理论依据。     

低渗透/致密油藏驱替-渗吸数学模型及其应用

在亲水性低渗透/致密油藏注水开发过程中存在驱替和渗吸双重作用开发机理。为定量表征驱替和渗吸作用在低渗透/致密油藏注水开发中的贡献，明确影响低渗透/致密油藏注水开发过程关键因素，基于毛细管束模型，开展驱替和渗吸双重作用下驱油过程力学机制分析，明确驱替压力梯度、孔喉大小、润湿性、油水黏度、界面张力等因素对驱油速度的影响；基于孔喉分形分布特征，考虑束缚水和残余油赋存特征，构建岩心尺度驱替-渗吸数学模型，给出不同驱替压力梯度下岩心尺度驱油流量和采收程度随时间变化关系；构建驱替压力梯度-渗透率双对数图版，将低渗透/致密油藏注水开发分为驱替为主、渗吸为主和驱替-渗吸共同作用3类不同注水开发机理。驱替压力梯度-渗透率双对数图版可以判定低渗透/致密油藏任一点处注水开发机理类型，定量表征驱替与渗吸对注水开发驱油速率的贡献，为低渗透/致密油藏注水开发方案设计与调整提供一定依据。     

低渗透/致密油藏驱替-渗吸数学模型及其应用

在亲水性低渗透/致密油藏注水开发过程中存在驱替和渗吸双重作用开发机理。为定量表征驱替和渗吸作用在低渗透/致密油藏注水开发中的贡献，明确影响低渗透/致密油藏注水开发过程关键因素，基于毛细管束模型，开展驱替和渗吸双重作用下驱油过程力学机制分析，明确驱替压力梯度、孔喉大小、润湿性、油水黏度、界面张力等因素对驱油速度的影响；基于孔喉分形分布特征，考虑束缚水和残余油赋存特征，构建岩心尺度驱替-渗吸数学模型，给出不同驱替压力梯度下岩心尺度驱油流量和采收程度随时间变化关系；构建驱替压力梯度-渗透率双对数图版，将低渗透/致密油藏注水开发分为驱替为主、渗吸为主和驱替-渗吸共同作用3类不同注水开发机理。驱替压力梯度-渗透率双对数图版可以判定低渗透/致密油藏任一点处注水开发机理类型，定量表征驱替与渗吸对注水开发驱油速率的贡献，为低渗透/致密油藏注水开发方案设计与调整提供一定依据。