仲裁与诉讼的异同

正仲裁和诉讼是相互独立的解决民事纠纷的两条法律途径。仲裁是当事人根据达成的仲裁协议,将争议交给仲裁委员会裁决的法律制度;诉讼是当事人将争议交给人民法院裁决的法律制度。仲裁裁决和法院裁判都是具有国家强制执行力的法律文书。仲裁与诉讼的区别在于:     

水压封盖设计新方法

本文参照平盖标准设计公式,在水压试验使用范围内,研究此公式用于水压平封盖设计时所体现出的保守性。并依据平板理论中应力的分布规律和梁的极限载荷设计方法,推导出水压平封盖设计公式。同时以平封盖设计方法为基础,按照等刚度原则,提出加筋封盖的设计方法。此设计方法既安全可靠又可节省大量钢材还能降低制造费用。特别适合高压大直径水压封盖设计。     

面向低碳化的输电网能效评价标准与技术

鉴于建设低碳节能型输电网可极大促进当今社会的节能减排工作,首先分析了低碳节能型输电网的提出背景及发展理念,论述了输电网低碳化、节能化水平的判断准则,然后结合制定指标体系的基本原则和思路,建立了有效的输电网低碳节能评价标准体系,并设计了与评价指标标准相对应的综合量化评价模型和方法,从而可实现对多个输电网样本低碳节能效益的量化评价对比,最后利用国内输电网企业的统计数据验证了评价标准和方法的合理性。     

提升新能源发电企业省间电力现货交易价值的研究

本文基于省间电力现货规则,分析了在省内现货市场模式、省内中长期市场模式下的新能源发电企业,参与省间电力现货的可获得的增量交易价值收益。本文给出了省间电力现货电价和省内现货电价预测方法,作者开发了“天机”电力交易辅助决策系统的省间现货交易模块,给出了省间电力现货收益提升判断算法流程和省间电力现货交易收益结果。     

冷热电联产系统新评价准则研究

从冷热电联产系统能量梯级利用的本质特征提出了能量梯级利用率的评价准则.该准则由发电、制冷与供热的能量利用率分别乘以不同的权重系数后累加得到.先确定比较的基准点,然后采用层次分析的方法得出基准点各能量利用率的权重系数.对基准点权重系数根据冷热产品温度及环境温度进行修正可得到其它情况的权重系数值.结合实际的联产系统算例,给出了这种评价准则的使用方法,并与原有的评价准则进行分析对比.结果表明,该评价准则具有合理性,可作为冷热电联产系统评价比较的实用方法.     

船舶和电站用的Bergen新型中速机的研制

本文介绍缸径320mm,行程360mm的新型中速机的研制工作。该新型中速机可燃烧最大粘度为700cSt/50℃(CIMAC12级燃油)的燃油。给出了一般的设计准则和解决方法,并介绍了专题研究的结果。     

汽轮发电机组-基础系统动力特性的研究

对汽轮发电机组－基础系统模化过程的动力特性相似准则关系进行研究，作者根据相似理论，分别采用量纲分析法和方程分析法建立了模型和原型之间的动力特性相似准则关系。依据相似准则关系，设计并建立了某电厂600MW汽轮发电机线－基础系统的1：20模型，并对该模型进行了模态试验和动力响应试验等动力特性研究工作；根据模型和原型之间的动力特性相似准则关系，推算出该汽轮发电机组－基础系统原型的动力特性参数，从而达到了研究汽轮发电机组－基础系统动力特性的目的。     

福州电业局配电自动化系统的实施

论述了福州电业局在配电自动化实施过程中配电网络设计原则 ,介绍馈线自动化的实现方式 ,并针对目前配电自动化建设的一些有争议的问题如开关选型、通信介质的应用、SCADA与CIS系统结合构成方式等进行探讨 ,提出自己的建议     

英国引进压水堆核电站的安全考虑

本文论述了英国核设施督察署(NII)的核电站安全评价的原则,英国中央发电局(CEGB)的设计安全准则和导则,英国拟建     

基于指数权马尔可夫链及双原则干旱预测研究

针对马尔可夫链对非均匀分布序列预测精度低的问题,重新划分了SPI等级,并采用双准则决策方法对原预测结果决策方法进行了改进.以朝阳地区旱情为例,修订后的SPI等级符合抗旱决策要求,并与改进后的双准则决策方法应用于旱情预测可提高预测精度.     

Provincial carbon intensity abatement potential estimation in China: A PSO–GA-optimized multi-factor environmental learning curve method

This study aims to estimate carbon intensity abatement potential in China at the regional level by proposing a particle swarm optimization–genetic algorithm (PSO–GA) multivariate environmental learning curve estimation method. The model uses two independent variables, namely, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP, to construct carbon intensity learning curves (CILCs), i.e., CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP, of 30 provinces in China. Instead of the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) method, a PSO–GA intelligent optimization algorithm is used to optimize the coefficients of a learning curve. The carbon intensity abatement potentials of the 30 Chinese provinces are estimated via PSO–GA under the business-as-usual scenario. The estimation reveals the following results. (1) For most provinces, the abatement potentials from improving a unit of the proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP are higher than the potentials from raising a unit of per capita GDP. (2) The average potential of the 30 provinces in 2020 will be 37.6% based on the emission's level of 2005. The potentials of Jiangsu, Tianjin, Shandong, Beijing, and Heilongjiang are over 60%. Ningxia is the only province without intensity abatement potential. (3) The total carbon intensity in China weighted by the GDP shares of the 30 provinces will decline by 39.4% in 2020 compared with that in 2005. This intensity cannot achieve the 40%–45% carbon intensity reduction target set by the Chinese government. Additional mitigation policies should be developed to uncover the potentials of Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. In addition, the simulation accuracy of the CILCs optimized by PSO–GA is higher than that of the CILCs optimized by the traditional OLS method.     

Provincial responsibility for carbon emissions in China under different principles

By applying a multi-regional input–output model, the study compares the provincial responsibility for carbon emissions and provincial carbon multipliers in China under seven responsibility-allocating principles, including three basic principles, the production, income and consumption principles, and four shared responsibility principles, the income-weighted, consumption weighted, comprehensive, and weighted comprehensive principles. Empirical results indicate that carbon multipliers of provinces under these principles are significantly different from one another. The carbon multipliers of provinces with higher ratios of carbon intensive sectors in their outputs are also larger. At the same time, the carbon multipliers of the same sector in the provinces are significantly different from one another. Changing the principle causes significant changes in the responsibility for carbon emissions of some provinces, but only slight changes in the responsibilities of some other provinces. However, the responsibilities of provinces with large economic sizes (output) are always the largest, whereas provinces with the smallest economic sizes are always the smallest regardless of the principles. Further, this study proposes a series of regional policies for carbon mitigation according to provincial carbon multipliers and responsibility allocation features under the different principles.     

汽油质量升级硫含量检测影响因素及解决方法探讨

选择SH/T 0689—2000紫外荧光法和GB/T 11140—2008波长色散X射线荧光光谱法作为测定依据进行检测实验,对各种影响汽油硫含量检测结果的因素进行分析。分析结果表明,当裂解温度在1000~1050℃之间时,标样回收率无限接近100%,即测量结果无限接近真实值;裂解氧气及载气氩气流量过大或过小,都会导致检测结果偏离真实值;不同浓度的样品,其进样量的多少会直接影响测试结果的准确性,对硫含量低的样品可适当加大进样量,而硫含量高的样品应适当减小进样量,同时进样速度的快与慢也会影响检测结果的准确性;当硫含量低于40mg/L(约为54μg/g)时应选择标准曲线0-30-50;采用GB/T 11140—2008测定硫含量时不受碱性氮的影响,而SH/T 0689—2000在相同检测条件下,不同检测仪器的检测结果不同,尤其是针对国Ⅴ汽油的检测。鉴于此,在选择检测方法时应避开氮元素对检测结果的影响,建议采用GB/T 11140—2008标准作为国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ汽油硫含量检测的仲裁方法。     

Reconsidering the capacity credit of wind power: Application of cumulative prospect theory

The capacity credit is often erroneously considered to be a time-invariant quantity. A multi-year analysis of the incident wind profile of various potential wind sites uncovered that there exist large differences between annual capacity credit figures. The uniformity of these capacity credit figures is found to decrease with diminishing wind time series interval lengths. In recognition of the resulting uncertainty, decision maker risk propensity toward various capacity credit scenarios was investigated by adopting cumulative prospect theory. The methodology proposed in this paper is an extension of the effective load carrying capability method. It enables the quantitative analysis of the attitudes of decision makers with regard to deviations (gains and losses) from the forecasted capacity credit as a result of the uncertainty of the incident wind profile. Here, gains and losses may not be viewed by decision makers as having equal but opposite effects on the appeal of wind power production. Therefore, it is argued that a decision maker will not have a neutral risk propensity toward changes to the outcome of the capacity credit and will discount increases and decreases of the loss of load expectation according to a non-linear preference. In line with the well-known adagium that losses loom larger than gains the value of the capacity credit is found to be lower than its corresponding least squares forecast.     

Has China's coal consumption actually reached its peak? National and regional analysis considering cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity

To investigate whether China's coal consumption has actually peaked, this study tests the national and regional coal Kuznets curve (CKC) hypothesis by using a panel dataset of 30 provinces covering 2000 to 2016. To fully capture the trends of coal consumption at the national, regional, and provincial levels, this study proposes a novel regional division method based on coal dependence and economic level. Considering the potential cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity, the newly developed methods allowing for heterogeneous slope coefficients are employed. The whole panel and subpanel results validate the CKC hypothesis for China, and province-specific results are mixed. The subpanel results reveal that only in the coal-dependent developing region has the peak of coal consumption not been reached, and for other regions, coal consumption displays a downward trend along with gross domestic product (GDP) increases. Furthermore, the province-specific results suggest that coal consumption will continue to increase slightly in certain provinces. This study implies that to reduce coal consumption, the coal-dependent developing region and provinces with a future turning point should act with great urgency to achieve a balance of economic growth and environmental responsibility. In addition, policymakers formulating coal consumption reduction policy in China must consider the remarkable differences across regions and provinces.     

从传统理论体系到创新理论思维——以含油气盆地研究和烃源岩生烃理论为例

创新理论思维是产生创新理论的基础和前提,而创新理论是相对传统理论体系而言的,创新理论的形成其实就是从传统理论体系到创新理论思维的研究过程.例如目前在含油气盆地研究方面有两种思维方法:一种是传统大地构造理论体系,其研究内容主要是形态描述和成因分析,沉积盆地与油气富集的关系则主要通过含油气盆地类型与油气富集程度之间的统计数据来说明,这既误导了油气勘探的目标和方向,也误导了含油气盆地的研究方向;另一种是石油地质理论思维方法,它认为一个沉积盆地能否成为含油气盆地以及油气是否丰富,主要取决于盆地整体沉降阶段能否沉积完整的生、储、盖层及上覆岩层,特别是能否发育一套优质烃源岩并经热演化实现成烃过程,含油气盆地的研究内容主要是盆地发育史和石油地质演化史.在烃源岩生烃理论研究方面也有两种不同的思维方法:一种是干酪根热降解晚期生烃学说,它实际上是油页岩热解生成页岩油的翻版,其热降解模拟结果存在明显的理论脱离实际的问题,以生油岩的生油潜量代替实际生油量,导致用成因法计算的石油资源量存在概念性错误;针对该学说存在的问题,提出了烃源岩有限空间生烃理论思维的新概念,烃源岩在成岩演化和有机物热演化过程中,提供有机物热降解反应以及容纳生成石油的只能是烃源岩此阶段的孔隙空间,它是有限的,而且随着埋深的增加而减小.     

How can China reach its CO2 intensity reduction targets by 2020? A regional allocation based on equity and development

In late 2009, the Chinese government committed to cut its carbon dioxide emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 40% to 45% of 2005 levels by 2020. This has raised the issue of how to allocate the CO₂ reduction target regionally to meet the national reduction target. To meet this objective, the following aspects may be taken into consideration: equity principles, ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’; intensity reduction target fulfillment; and economic difference and reduction potential among provinces. This paper selects per capita GDP, accumulated fossil fuel related CO₂ emissions and energy consumption per unit of industrial added value as indicators for emission reduction capacity, responsibility and potential, respectively. Based on these three indicators, a comprehensive index is developed and an intensity allocation model constructed. As decision makers may have different preferences when allocating the reduction burden, we allocate different weights to the indicators, analyzing the results using cluster analysis. The following aspects may also be considered together with the national regional development strategy to determine how to share the burden: the reduction potential of various regions; implementation potential of the plans; and promotion of a highly efficient low carbon economic development model.     

博弈论和模糊优选模型在水利现代化评价中的应用

为科学合理地评价不同地区的水利现代化水平,采用综合指标评价法,建立了单层多目标模糊优选可变模型,利用博弈论组合熵权法和层次分析法所确定的指标权重,得出主客观权重的综合权重。利用该模型对全国及四个典型省份的水利现代化水平进行评价,结果表明浙江省水利现代化水平最高,甘肃省最低,呈现与经济发展水平相适应的明显地域差异特征。该评价模型可随评价对象改变,综合了主观评价和客观评价的优点,为水利现代化评价提供了一种新思路。     

基于均时电价的分时电价协商模型

在分析消费者效用增量和生产者效益增量的基础上，用协商公理化方法建立了分时电价的协商模型，给出了由Ｎａｓｈ协商解确定的分时电价的基本特征和满足的条件，并指出了用这种方法确定的分时电价满足的各种合理性与公平性原则。     

Typical solar radiation year for southeastern Anatolia

The typical solar radiation year for seven provinces located in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey is generated from daily global solar radiation measured at least for 14 years, using the Finkelstein–Schafer statistical method. The typical data of the daily global solar radiation for the locations considered are presented throughout a year in a tabular form. The data obtained are also analyzed. It is expected that the presented typical data for southeastern Anatolia region, which has the highest solar energy potential in Turkey, will be useful to the designers of solar energy systems.