Relationships among team ability composition, team mental models, and team performance.

This study examined the relationship between the similarity and accuracy of team mental models and compared the extent to which each predicted team performance. The relationship between team ability composition and team mental models was also investigated. Eighty-three dyadic teams worked on a complex skill task in a 2-week training protocol. Results indicated that although similarity and accuracy of team mental models were significantly related, accuracy was a stronger predictor of team performance. In addition, team ability was more strongly related to the accuracy than to the similarity of team mental models and accuracy partially mediated the relationship between team ability and team performance, but similarity did not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigating models of affect: Relationships among EEG alpha asymmetry, depression, and anxiety.

The approach-withdrawal and valence-arousal models both predict that depressive and anxious profiles will be associated with relatively reduced left frontal and increased right frontal activity respectively, while the valence-arousal model also proposes a dissociation by lower and higher right parietotemporal activity, respectively. Recent work further suggests that subtypes of anxiety disorders may be characterized by distinctive patterns of activity depending on their type of arousal (anxious arousal/apprehension). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among nonclinical depression/anxiety and lateralized frontal/parietotemporal activity by categorizing participants (N = 428) on the basis of both negative mood and alpha EEG. Key findings include: (i) greater right frontal lateralization in anxious participants, symmetrical frontal activity in depressed/comorbid, and left frontal lateralization in healthy controls; (ii) right frontal lateralization in anxious arousal participants, left frontal and right parietotemporal lateralization in anxious apprehension; (iii) bilateral increase in frontal and increased right parietotemporal activity in depressed/comorbid participants. Findings support predictions for frontal but not posterior regions. Grouping on the basis of EEG may not be reciprocally predictive of negative mood groupings, suggesting involvement of additional factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among dissonance reducing responses.

This experiment compares the use which is made of available dissonance reducing responses by Ss who have received 3 types of experimental treatments. Ss who were forced to use 2 dissonance reducing responses made less use of 3 other available means of reducing dissonance than did Ss who were forced to use only 1. The latter Ss, in turn, made less use of other available responses than did those who were not forced to use any. These and other findings suggest that dissonance reducing responses combine additively rather than disjunctively. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among criteria of job performance.

Because intercorrelations between 5 criteria of job performance were low, "overall performance" seems to be of less value than previously thought. Ss were 975 individuals in 27 units of a delivery service firm. The 5 measures of job performance were: overall effectiveness, productivity, chargeable accidents, unexcused accidents, and errors. "Measurement and use of job performance criterion variables will remain at a primitive and empirical level until there is created some complex theory of job performance which takes into account systems of causal and conditioning variables." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex and salary.

Presents salary medians for doctorate psychologists in 11 employment settings. Results reveal females are found in greater numbers where their salaries approach parity with male salaries, and that females achieve 90% parity with males only in the public sector, where salary administration is standardized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among diverse measures of psychotherapy outcome.

Conducted a study concerned with relationships among 3 different methods of evaluating psychotherapy outcome: final status scores, pretreatment to posttreatment difference scores, and direct ratings of global improvement. 50 outpatients with acute stress reaction were seen by 7 therapists for approximately 6 wks of brief crisis-oriented treatment. Pre- and posttherapy status measures consisted of the Symptom Check List, filled out by the S, and the Psychiatric Evaluation Form and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale filled out by a research psychiatrist. These measures were oriented primarily toward symptomatology and daily functioning as deemed appropriate for a brief-treatment service. Ratings of global improvement were also available from the therapist and the S. Generally, final status measures correlated highly with each other and also with the direct improvement ratings. Global improvement ratings were not related to initial scores. Use of difference scores tended to obscure convergence of posttreatment measures. Similarities and differences among these relationships and those previously reported in the literature are discussed, and inferences are drawn concerning optimal methods of evaluation. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hindsight bias among physicians weighing the likelihood of diagnoses.

Examines findings showing that (1) those who know an event has occurred tend to claim that, if they had been asked to predict the event in advance, they would have been likely to do so; and (2) such Ss demonstrate hindsight bias to the extent that their "prediction" accuracy exceeds the accuracy of others who actually make the prediction without knowledge of the outcome. 75 practicing physicians were divided into 5 equal groups and given the same medical case history. The foresight group was asked to assign a probability estimate to each of 4 possible diagnoses. The 4 hindsight groups were asked to do the same, but each was told that a different 1 of the 4 possible diagnoses was correct. The hindsight groups, who were told that the least likely diagnoses were correct, assigned far greater probability estimates to these "correct" diagnoses than did the foresight group. Implications for physicians are discussed with respect to overconfident 2nd opinions, overconfidence in diagnostic accuracy, and inadequate appreciation of the original difficulty of diagnoses. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among leadership dimensions and cognitive style.

Witkin's differentiation hypothesis served as a basis for the investigation of 3 propositions: (1) field-dependent supervisors will show the highest "esteem for the least preferred co-worker," (2) field-dependent supervisors will be more "considerate," and (3) field-independent supervisors will be more "structure" oriented. Witkin's Embedded Figures Test (EFT), Fiedler's Esteem for the Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) instrument, and Fleishman's Leadership Opinion Questionnaire were administered to 73 civil service supervisors. The results establish the existence of significant curvilinear relationships between EFT and LPC (p     

Perceived equity of salary policies.

Three systems for distributing yearly salary raises to faculty according to merit were studied to determine which system is judged to be most equitable. In the relative system, persons with equal merit receive equal percentage raises. In the absolute system, persons with equal merit receive equal raises. In the adjustment system, persons who are equally underpaid receive equal raises. In Exp I, 20 faculty and 85 undergraduate judges were asked to assign raises to hypothetical faculty from a fixed raise pool. It was found that the assigned raises were greater for the lower paid of 2 people of equal merit, consistent with the adjustment system. In Exp II, 22 faculty and 103 undergraduate judges examined future salaries produced by the 3 different systems. Both groups judged the raises given by the adjustment system to be the most "equitable, just, and fair" and raises given by the relative system to be the least fair. In Exp III, 20 faculty members judged salary deserved as a function of merit and years of experience. This deservingness function was used to develop a specific policy for a particular situation in which raises are proportional to the deviations between actual salary and salary deserved. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among aspects of student alienation and self concept.

This study investigated the relationships among previous experiences of student alienation and the various aspects of self concept. A total of 351 undergraduate students were administered the Student Alienation and Trauma Survey-Revised (SATS-R) and the Tennessee Self Concept Scale: Second Edition (TSCS:2). Students were asked to report on their worst experience in school, symptoms they had following this worst experience, and overall feelings about themselves. Results indicated a moderate negative correlation between self concept and student alienation. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that among the subtests of the SATS-R, Hopelessness, and General Maladjustment scores best predicted poor student self concept. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among cognitive components in Logo learning and transfer.

A model of relationships among 4 cognitive components (working memory, representation, metacognition, and performance) implicated in the acquisition and transfer of Logo was developed and tested. Two implementations of mediated instruction, one of which involved a macrocontext (Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1990), also were compared with respect to these 4 components and to measures of transfer. Few reliable differences were found between instructional conditions, indicating that the systematic mediation of Logo learning was equally effective whether presented with or without the larger framework of a macrocontext. Path analysis of correlations among the 4 cognitive components and a series of transfer tasks indicated that transfer was regulated by a system of relationships among the cognitive components. The respective contribution of each cognitive component varied with the type of transfer task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among marital assessment procedures: A correlational study.

Examined the relationships among 3 methods for assessing marital adjustment: self-reports of marital satisfaction, spouse reports of pleasing and displeasing behaviors, and trained observers' coding of positive and negative communication behaviors; 27 couples served as Ss. Frequency of pleasing behaviors was the only measure that correlated with global marital satisfaction. Inverse relationships were found between positive and negative scores for 2 of the 3 methods investigated. (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among measures of fear and anxiety for snake phobics.

Examined the relationships between various measures of fear for snake phobic Ss. 107 female undergraduates reporting high degrees of fear for snakes were given the Fear Survey Schedule, the Bendig Emotionality Scale, the MA scale, the Lang Snake Questionnaire, the Endler Stimulus Situation-Response Inventory of Anxiousness, Nawas' Behavioral Avoidance Test, and the Walk Fear Thermometer. 25 Ss who were unable to touch the snake also completed Welsh's A scale. 2 factors were extracted which accounted for 61% of the total variance: (a) generalized and pervasive anxiety, and (b) specific fears. A correlation matrix of results is presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among therapist empathy and authoritarianism and a therapist's prognosis.

Administered the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale (Form E), the Hogan Empathy Scale, and a therapy prognosis scale to 25 therapists (PhD psychologists). A positive relationship was found between therapist empathy and the prognosis variables dealing with perception of degree of disturbance and overall prognosis. Multiple regression analysis revealed that (a) empathy, number of years of experience, and age (in that order) are of greatest importance in predicting a therapist's perception of degree of disturbance of an individual; and (b) empathy and number of years of experience (in that order) are most important in predicting a therapist's overall prognosis for an individual. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships among locus of control, anxiety, and valued-goal expectations.

55 male and 86 female undergraduates completed Rotter's Internal-External Control Scale, the Institute for Personality and Ability Testing Anxiety Scale, and a valued-goal questionnaire. Results support earlier research in showing that the relationship between anxiety and locus of control held for males and females in a noninteractive manner and that lower goal expectation was related to higher anxiety and externality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the one-mediator null hypothesis of salary equity.

Responds to comments by S. D. McLaughlin (1982) and R. M. McFatter (1982) and states that when the one-mediator model is acceptable, there is no reason to argue for bias on the basis of mean differences in salary between matched groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of perceived inequity on salary allocation decisions.

Conducted a study of 65 evening undergraduates to examine how salary allocation decisions at one organizational level affect those at other levels. Ss who experienced different degrees of inequity in regard to their own salaries allocated salary to their subordinates. Results indicate that the total amount allocated among all subordinates as well as the relative amount allocated among subordinates differed as a result of the degree of inequity experienced by the allocator. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships of occupational hazards with burnout: An assessment of measures and models.

A survey of aircraft maintenance technicians with the Canadian Forces (N?=?157) found support for a model of burnout and occupational risk assessment. The model depicted employees' assessment of occupational risk as a function of the prevalence and lethalness of workplace hazards, as well as of the amount of control employees experience over their interactions with these hazards. A confirmatory factor analysis, in which LISREL analysis was used, supported an integrated model of risk perception and burnout. In this model, the employee's sense of control in managing occupational hazards was pivotal in both the experience of exhaustion and being at risk at work. Safety training contributed to perceived control and technicians' sense of effectiveness at work. The extension of the burnout construct beyond the human service domain was considered by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey (C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & A. P. Leiter, 1996). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)