Exploratory in-session process research in individual psychotherapy: A review.

The goal of exploratory process research is to describe what occurs within psychotherapy sessions, eventually leading to the development of theories based on the accumulation of replicated results. Several areas in which exploratory methods are currently being used are described: therapist techniques, client behavior, covert processes, process models, interactions between therapist and client, and therapy events. Additionally, several areas in which exploratory methods would be useful for future research are described: the links between client personality characteristics, therapy process, and outcome; the timing and quality of therapist interventions; and client readiness for the therapist interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-cultural counseling process research: A rejoinder.

Replies to the criticism of J. E. Helms (1986) of the present authors' (1986) study of the effects of Black students' racial identity on perceptions of White counselors. Helms's comments on the way racial identity is conceptualized, operationalized, and measured using a racial identity attitude scale are answered, and their implications for continued cross-cultural counseling process research are explored. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Women in management: A research review.

Reviews the literature, giving attention to the entry of women into business and factors influencing the socialization of women once they have gained entry. The data suggest that women's self-perceptions and pressures by vocational counselors serve to inhibit decisions for management careers. Stereotypes as valid explanations for hiring discrimination are questioned, and alternate explanations are offered. Role conflict as a barrier to women entering management is discussed. (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hardiness: A review of theory and research.

Addresses fundamental issues in hardiness research, comparing and evaluating available hardiness scales. Information addressing the dimensionality of hardiness is examined. The most common way of categorizing Ss as high or low in hardiness is evaluated, and alternatives are presented. Research on causal pathways between hardiness and illness is reviewed and evaluated, and studies examining the neuroticism confound are considered, along with ways to approach this confound. It is concluded that in their effort to test hardiness theory, researchers should adopt a standard hardiness measure. The use of multiple scale and nonstandard scales has created a body of research that is difficult to research. For the immediate future, researchers may wish to use the 45-item Dispositional Resilience Scale because it has several advantages over alternative scales. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personal therapy: A review of empirical research.

Many case studies list the benefits of personal therapy. The question that I have attempted to answer is whether the therapist who has undergone psychotherapy can be shown to be more effective than colleagues who have not received such treatment. This has been the subject of some research, but the evidence is contradictory and the findings remain ambiguous. Further research is needed in order to clarify this important training issue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Crisis intervention: A review of outcome research.

Critically evaluates crisis intervention studies conducted (a) in community suicide prevention/crisis intervention programs, (b) in psychiatric settings, and (c) with surgical patients. In the 1st area, the impracticality of suicide as an outcome measure and the need for shifting evaluation emphasis from crisis worker performance to client behavior change measures is stressed. Also, the virtual impossibility of demonstrating overall program impact on the community and the need for developing overall program evaluation procedures is noted. Other criticisms are made as follows: Studies in psychiatric settings suffer from considerable methodological shortcomings that prohibit definitive conclusions; studies operationally specifying treatment components are greatly needed here. Studies with surgery patients indicate the necessity for developing intervention techniques most appropriate for individuals differing in their typical manner of dealing with stress. In all settings, outcome measures should be appropriate to the situation and logically related to the goals of intervention. (3? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Negotiating teams: A levels of analysis approach.

In light of the increasing presence of teams and work groups in organizations and their role in negotiations, the authors outline a framework for understanding the dynamics of negotiating teams. The traditional context of dyadic negotiations (i.e., one-on-one) is used as a point of departure for the analysis. The authors bring together research on negotiation, small group dynamics, and individual social cognition into a coherent framework to analyze negotiating teams. At the heart of the framework are 3 categories of psychological processes, corresponding to different levels of analysis, which highlight the contributions of individual, intragroup, and intergroup processes. These processes are discussed in terms of traditional negotiation concepts, such as integrative and distributive bargaining. Finally, guidance for future research is provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A perspective on the journal review process.

Comments on S. Epstein's (see record 1996-12802-001) suggestions for improving the journal review process. Rabinovich disagrees with Epstein's recommendation to provide the identity of the reviewers. The author discusses providing positive feedback to authors, providing suggestions for alternative methods of conducting research, and viewing the review process as mentoring as ways to improve the review process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gaze and eye contact: A research review.

A review of research on gaze and eye contact, organized within the framework of M. L. Patterson's (see record 1982-23533-001) sequential functional model of nonverbal exchange, shows how gaze functions to provide information, regulate interaction, express intimacy, exercise social control, and facilitate service and task goals. Personal, experiential, relational, and situational antecedents of gaze and reactions to gaze are summarized, and a means of analyzing the relation between gaze and physiological responses is described. Attribution theories are integrated into the sequential model for making predictions about people's perceptions of their own gazing behavior and the gazing behavior of others. Data on people's accuracy in reporting their own and others' gaze are presented and integrated with related findings in attribution research. The sequential model is then used to analyze research studies measuring the interaction between gaze and personal and contextual variables. Methodological and measurement issues are discussed. (7 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behaviour-therapy research with children: A critical review.

Evaluated behavior-therapy research with children published from 1965-1969 as to experimental design and execution. Studies were examined for use of control groups, base line, systematic variation of treatment, unbiased O, and follow up. Results indicate most studies to be inadequate. (French summary) (63 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A cost/benefit analysis of the interpersonal process recall technique.

Examined interpersonal process recall (IPR), a supervisory technique, by a cost-benefit analysis. Cost was defined as the possible inhibitory effects on client self-exploration of the use of IPR; benefit was defined as client satisfaction, increased supervisor ratings, and increased counselor empathy levels. Counselors were 36 master's level trainees, clients were 36 undergraduate psychology students, and supervisors were 6 doctoral students in counseling. The IPR treatment consisted of 3 videotaped interviews followed by client, counselor, or mutual recall. The comparison treatment consisted of 3 audiotaped interviews followed by traditional supervision. Results indicate that IPR, when compared to traditional supervision, did not produce differential effects on counselors' empathy level, client satisfaction, supervisor ratings, or clients' self-reported inhibition. Method of supervision, however, did effect significant change in clients' level of self-exploration over time. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research.

Reviews studies that have tried to empirically confirm the effects of child sexual abuse cited in the clinical literature. In regard to initial effects, empirical studies have indicated reactions—in at least some portion of the victim population—of fear, anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, aggression, and sexually inappropriate behavior. Frequently reported long-term effects include depression and self-destructive behavior, anxiety, feelings of isolation and stigma, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, a tendency toward revictimization, substance abuse, and sexual maladjustment. The kinds of abuse that appear to be most damaging are experiences involving father figures, genital contact, and force. The effects of duration and frequency of abuse, age at onset, the child's reporting of the offense, parental reaction, and institutional response are also considered. The controversy over the impact of child sexual abuse is discussed. (49 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stimulus overselectivity in autism: A review of research.

Reviews a series of investigations that suggest that autistic children show "stimulus overselectivity," a response to only a limited number of cues in their environment, and discusses how such overselectivity may relate to several of the behavioral deficits in autism. These include failure to develop normal language or social behavior, failure to generalize newly acquired behavior to new stimulus situations, failure to learn from traditional teaching techniques that use prompts, and a general difficulty in learning new behaviors. Several studies that suggest possible remedial procedures are discussed, and the concept of stimulus overselectivity is related to the literature on attentional or response deficits in adult schizophrenia, mental retardation, learning disabilities, and autism. (2? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Organizational climate: A review of theory and research.

Previous organizational climate research, definitions, and measurement approaches are reviewed and differentiated into 3 categories: a multiple measurement-organizational attribute approach, a perceptual measurement-organizational attribute approach, and a perceptual measurement-individual attribute approach. Similarities and differences between these approaches are discussed in an attempt to address a number of theoretical and psychometric concerns. A major focus is the extent to which organizational climate duplicates other organizational and individual domains. Recommendations for future research include a rationale for differentiating between organizational climate and psychological or individual climate, and an emphasis upon the distinction between level of measurement and level of explanation as related to future definitions of climate. (52 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Counseling as a social influence process: A review.

Conceptualizing counseling as an instance of social influence has led several authors to suggest that factors such as credibility and interpersonal attraction, extensively researched by social psychologists, may be of importance in understanding counseling and other therapeutic relationships. These suggestions, and especially the article by S. R. Strong (1968), have stimulated a great deal of research. That research and relevant, related research is reviewed with the intent of offering suggestions for future study and for considering the following questions: Do counselors influence clients? What cues do clients use to infer expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness in their counselors? Is it useful to consider counseling as a social influence process? (3? p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological distortions of the research process: A summary of psychotherapeutic explorations.

Presents the results of a psychotherapeutic research project concerning psychological blocks to research and creativity. Clients were 10 established researchers and postgraduate students who were offered psychoanalytically based focal-insight therapy. Some of the crucial personal-dynamic problems that hindered the normal development of the knowledge constructing aims of the researcher were anxiety-identity, separation, fear of criticism, competition and envy, research as a means of aggressive outlet, and intellectualization as a mechanism of defense. Illustrative case material is presented. The constructive role of anxiety in research is discussed together with the necessity of viewing research not only as an intellectual but also as an emotional activity. Findings reveal the impact of life situation on research and show a relationship between insight in therapy and the research process. (21 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measuring individual research productivity: A review and development of the integrated research productivity index.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate methods of measuring individual research productivity for counseling psychologists. Using the 60 members of the Journal of Counseling Psychology editorial board, the authors computed a comparison of 6 popular indices of productivity, revealing considerable levels of positive skewness, kurtosis, and overlap with each other. Combining the strengths of the 6 indices, the authors developed a new productivity index entitled the Integrated Research Productivity Index (IRPI). The IRPI measures individual productivity by statistically combining an individual's author-weighted publications, average times cited by other publications, and years since first publication into a comprehensive score. Productivity values and IRPI scores for 3 groups of counseling psychologists (Tyler Award recipients, Kuder Award recipients, and Division 17 Presidents) were computed to provide evidence of discriminant validity among the indices. In contrast to the other measures examined, the IRPI accounts for productivity per year and years in the field and assesses mean citation count per article as opposed to total citation count, thus yielding similar scores for Tyler (lifetime) and Kuder (early career) research award recipients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Advances in clinical intervention research: A decade review.

Reviews Canadian research on individual psychotherapy outcome, differential treatment efficacy, interpersonal skills, in-therapy performance, and cognitive behavioral approaches. Developments in family therapy and program development and evaluation are also discussed. The progression from a simple outcome research design to a new type of research closer to the level of clinical practice is highlighted. New approaches go beyond the study of static person–situation interactions to produce a process research that investigates the dynamic, cognitive, and affective performances of clients in specific in-therapy situations. (French abstract) (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of maternal employment on the child: A review of the research.

Reviews recent studies of the effects of maternal employment on the child. Research has been organized around 5 hypotheses: (a) The working mother provides a different role model than does the nonworking mother. (b) Employment affects the mother's emotional state-sometimes providing satisfactions, sometimes role strain, and sometimes guilt-and this, in turn, influences the mother-child interaction. (c) The different situational demands as well as the emotional state of the working mother affect child-rearing practices. (d) Working mothers provide less adequate supervision. (e) The working mother's absence results in emotional and possibly cognitive deprivation for the child. Accumulated evidence, although sketchy and inadequate, offered some support for the 1st 4 hypotheses. Empirical studies of school-age children yielded no evidence for a theory of deprivation resulting from maternal employment, but adequate data are not yet available on the effects of maternal employment on the infant. (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda.

The preponderance of a growing literature suggests that emotion inhibition is associated with poorer health. However, although inhibition and health are clearly related, the "inhibition hypothesis" has taken on the flavor of a contemporary dogma. Conceptual bases are accepted uncritically, and developments from other domains of psychology are incorporated in a selective, self-supporting, and unenlightening manner. Theories have been tested in homogenous samples, with little attention paid to possible contributions from ethnic diversity, developmental differences, or period effects. This article presents an evolutionary framework within which to consider these phenomena. It critiques the conceptual underpinnings of inhibition- health theories and provides a rationale for the expectation of moderator effects across cultures, individuals, and emotions. Directions for future empirical work are provided. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)