发酵大麦提取物抑制秀丽隐杆线虫的脂肪沉积

本论文研究植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum dy-1)发酵大麦提取物(LFBE)及其主要活性组分对秀丽隐杆线虫脂肪沉积的影响。在建立秀丽线虫肥胖模型的基础上,设计不同浓度提取物及主要活性组分作用于肥胖模型,通过油红O染色法分析秀丽线虫体内脂肪含量变化。结果表明,与模型组相比,LFBE能显著降低秀丽线虫脂肪沉积量,其中浓度为1600μg/mL时,脂肪含量降低了26%,其模型组体脂含量趋于正常组,而未发酵大麦提取物(RBE)则未见此效果;从LFBE中分离出的酚类化合物,总蛋白质,总糖均具有不同程度的减少脂肪沉积的作用,浓度为16μg/mL的酚类化合物、480μg/mL的蛋白质、480μg/mL的总糖,分别能使秀丽线虫脂肪沉积量下降39%、26%及12%。总之,LFBE能显著抑制秀丽线虫体内脂肪的积累,且其中酚类化合物降低脂肪沉积的效果尤为显著。     

苦瓜皂苷对秀丽隐杆线虫寿命的影响及其机制研究

目的：研究苦瓜皂苷对秀丽隐杆线虫寿命的影响及其与降脂作用的相关性。方法：结合油红O染色与甘油三酯生化试剂盒分析苦瓜皂苷（50、100、200 μg/mL）对线虫脂肪沉积的作用;通过测定线虫体长、体宽、运动能力以及寿命评估苦瓜皂苷对线虫基础生理指标的影响;采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应技术检测脂代谢相关基因的mRNA表达水平;利用脂代谢相关基因缺失的线虫突变株,通过系统寿命评估,考察苦瓜皂苷调控线虫寿命与脂代谢的相关性。结果：100、200 μg/mL苦瓜皂苷在不改变虫体大小、运动能力等基础生理指标条件下,能够显著降低线虫甘油三酯相对含量（P＜0.05）,并延长线虫自然寿命（P＜0.000 1）。经100 μg/mL苦瓜皂苷处理后,脂肪合成相关基因nhr-80、fat-5、fat-6和fat-7 mRNA表达水平显著降低（P＜0.05）,而对脂肪酸氧化或脂肪分解相关的基因无明显作用。经苦瓜皂苷处理后,fat-6、fat-7单突变体和fat-6/fat-7双突变体的寿命均无显著延长（P＞0.05）。结论：苦瓜皂苷延长线虫自然寿命的作用与其降低脂肪沉积的功效密切相关,其机制主要是抑制了脂肪酸合成途径中脱饱和酶fat-6和fat-7的基因表达。     

瘤胃微生物转化的富含共轭亚油酸乳对小白鼠脂肪沉积的影响

试验在奶牛日粮中添加葵花油,通过饲养试验获得富含共轭亚油酸乳,并以此乳饲喂4周龄的雄性昆明种小白鼠,研究瘤胃微生物转化的CLA功能乳对小白鼠脂肪沉积的影响.结果表明,在奶牛日粮中添加5%的葵花油,可使牛奶乳脂中共轭亚油酸质量分数增加到21.36 mg/g.通过生物转化生产的CLA功能乳能显著降低小白鼠增体质量、腹脂质量、体脂质量、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇质量分数与动脉硬化指数,增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇与脂肪酶质量分数,对脂蛋白脂酶的影响不显著.     

Short communication: Further validation of the fat sub-model in the Cornell-Penn-Miner Dairy model

Recently, a fat sub-model was introduced into the Cornell-Penn-Miner Dairy model (CPM-Dairy; Moate et al., 2004). The principal aim of the work reported here was to validate this fat sub-model in terms of its accuracy in predicting the apparent absorption (intake − feces) of total long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) in lactating dairy cows. The fat sub-model in CPM-Dairy was used to predict the amounts (g/d) of total LCFA apparently absorbed from 63 diets described in 14 published experiments. These predicted amounts (PLCFA) were regressed against the amounts reported to be apparently absorbed (RLCFA). The regression equation was:

     

Diet,the intestinal microbiota,and immune health in aging

Many countries are facing aging populations, with those over 65 years of age likely to represent the largest population over the next 10–20 years. Living longer often comes with poor health and, in particular, a decline in the immune function characterized by poor vaccine responses and increased risk of infection and certain cancers. Aging and diet represent major intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence the makeup and activity of resident intestinal microbes, the microbiota, the efficient functioning of which is essential for sustaining overall health and the effectiveness of the immune system. The provision of elderly specific dietary recommendations appears to be lacking but is necessary since this population has an altered microbiota and immune response and may not respond in the same way as their healthy and younger counterparts. We have reviewed the evidence supporting the role of diet and, in particular, dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat in influencing the microbiota and its generation of key metabolites that influence the efficient functioning of immune cells during aging, and how dietary intervention might be of benefit in improving the intestinal health and immune status in the elderly.     

Insights into the mechanism of the formation of the most stable crystal polymorph of milk fat in model protein matrices

The effect of incorporation and presence of various ingredients in a model sodium caseinate-based imitation cheese matrix on the polymorphism of milk fat was comprehensively described using powder x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and microscopy. With anhydrous milk fat (AMF) in bulk used as control, the embedding of AMF as droplets in a protein matrix was found to result in a greater extent of formation of the β polymorph than AMF alone and AMF homogenized with water and salts solution. The use of other protein matrices such as soy and whey protein isolate gels revealed that the nature of the protein and other factors associated with it (i.e., hydrophobicity and molecular structure) do not seem to play a role in the formation of the β polymorph. These results indicated that the most important factor in the formation of the β polymorph is the physical constraints imposed by a solid protein matrix, which forces the triacylglycerols in milk fat to arrange themselves in the most stable crystal polymorph. Characterization of the crystal structure of milk fat or fats in general within a food matrix could provide insights into the complex thermal and rheological behavior of foods with added fats.     

The effect of production system and age on concentrations of fatty acids in intramuscular fat of the longissimus and triceps brachii muscles of Angus-cross heifers

The concentrations of fatty acids were measured in intramuscular fat from the longissimus lumborum (LL) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles of Angus-cross heifers finished either on a high-concentrate ration in Washington, USA, (US cattle, n = 15) or on pasture in New Zealand (NZ cattle, n = 16). Half of the NZ cattle were of a similar age to the US cattle (NZAge) and half were of a similar weight (NZWt). Intramuscular fat levels were higher for the LL muscle and for the US cattle but only within the LL muscle (P < 0.05). Aspects of the fatty-acid patterns that are of relevance to human nutrition tended to favour the pasture-finished NZ cattle with lower n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratios (P < 0.001), higher concentrations of an anticarcinogenic conjugated linoleic acid (C18:2 c9,t11) (P < 0.05) and its precursor (trans-vaccenic acid, TVA) (P < 0.01), and lower levels of the 18-carbon trans monounsaturated fatty acids other than TVA (P < 0.01). Concentrations of 20 of the 22 fatty acids analysed differed significantly between the two muscles. When values were adjusted to a common intramuscular fat level by covariance, most of the group differences remained, but a number of the muscle differences became non-significant. For almost half the fatty acids considered, there was a significant interaction between treatment group and muscle, which indicates that the results for one muscle do not necessarily apply to other muscles, although the ranking of the groups was usually the same for both muscles.