Asiatic acid prevents lipid peroxidation and improves antioxidant status in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Oxidative stress is a common pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and asiatic acid (AA) plays an important role in ameliorating those difficulties. The present study was designed the protective effects of AA on altered lipid peroxidation products, enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in experimental rats by single dose STZ (40 mg/kg b.w.) injection. Diabetic rats showed significantly increased levels of plasma glucose, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, creatine kinase, urea, uric acid, creatinine and decreased levels of plasma insulin. The activities of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase and the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione were decreased in diabetic rats. Oral treatment with AA (20 mg/kg b.w.) showed near normalized levels of plasma glucose, insulin, lipid peroxidation products, enzymatic and nonenzymatic markers in diabetic rats. The results demonstrate that AA possesses potent antioxidant effect comparable with glibenclamide in improving antihyperglycemia and attenuating antioxidant status in diabetic rats.     

Myricetin modulates streptozotocin–cadmium induced oxidative stress in long term experimental diabetic nephrotoxic rats

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. The present study was aimed to evaluate the modulatory potential of myricetin on streptozotocin (STZ)–cadmium (Cd) induced oxidative stress in diabetic nephrotoxic rats. Diabetic nephrotoxicity was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of (40 mg/kg body weight (b/w)) and Cd as cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) (100 p.p.m.). Myricetin was administered to diabetic nephrotoxic rats by intraperitoneally at 1.0 mg/kg b/w for a period of 12 weeks to assess its effects on fasting plasma glucose, plasma insulin, total haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid peroxidation products viz., thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), protein carbonyl content (PCO) and non-enzymatic antioxidants namely vitamins C and E and reduced glutathione (GSH) and also enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR). Improvement of antioxidant status in myricetin supplemented diabetic nephrotoxic rats revealed its cellular protective effect. Histopathology of liver and kidney confirmed the protective effects of myricetin in diabetic nephrotoxic rats. The outcome of this study concludes that myricetin could be therapeutic flavonol for regulating oxidative mechanism in STZ–Cd induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats.     

Protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin and chlorogenic acid against streptozotocin–nicotinamide generated oxidative stress induced diabetes

The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) against streptozotocin (STZ)–nicotinamide (NA)-induced type 2 diabetes in adult Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in experimental rats weighing 180–220 g, by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ (45 mg/kg BW), 15 min after the (i.p.) administration of NA (110 mg/kg BW). THC (80 mg/kg BW) and CGA (5 mg/kg BW) were orally administered to diabetic rats for a period of 45 days. Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA_1C), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) were significantly increased, whereas insulin, total haemoglobin (Hb), non-enzymic antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E and ceruloplasmin) were decreased significantly in diabetic rats. Though the diabetic rats treated with THC and CGA individual exerts beneficial effects in all the biochemical parameters in (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The combined treatment with THC and CGA normalized all the above-mentioned biochemical parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Normal pancreatic histological architecture in THC and CGA treated diabetic rats revealed that these phytochemical exert higher degree of protection when administered in combination than single treatment of individual compounds.     

Effects of a black rice extract (Oryza sativa L. indica) on cholesterol levels and plasma lipid parameters in Wistar Kyoto rats

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of an anthocyanin pigmented rice (e.g. black rice) to mitigate the onset of hypercholesterolemia in rats-fed atherogenic diets. Male Wistar (n = 10/group) rats were fed with atherogenic diets containing 0.5% cholesterol in the presence and in the absence of bile salt (e.g. 0.05% cholic acid) along with a standardized black rice extract (BRE) (e.g. 3%, w/w). All animals were individually housed in stainless steel cages and fed with the experimental diets during a 12-h period for 10 weeks. Body weights of rats were measured every week of the experiment. After 10 weeks fed on experimental diets, rats were sacrificed and plasma total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols were measured immediately. The total cholesterol (TC) content in the liver, heart and aorta, and the concentration of triacylglycerol (TAG) were measured after lipid extraction using Folch method. Rats fed with 0.5% cholesterol containing diets which also included bile salt exhibited a considerably more severe hypercholesterolemia than counterparts fed diets containing only 0.5% cholesterol. The inclusion of the BRE in diets significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the level of TC, LDL–TC and TAG in plasma of rats-fed control diets that either contained or were absent in bile salt (p < 0.05). There were no differences in HDL-level. Liver crude lipids and total cholesterol levels were also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in experimental groups relative to the control group in both experiments. Thus, supplementation of atherogenic experimental diets with BRE effectively decreased lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic rats. In lieu of the mixture of bioactive components present in BRE, it is possible that more than one mechanism underlying this reduction in lipids is involved.     

Preventive effects of caffeic acid on lipids,lipoproteins and glycoproteins in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats

Dietary phenolic compound intake has been reported inversely related to the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this research was to understand the preventive effects of caffeic acid, a phenolic acid on lipids, lipoproteins and glycoprotein components in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. Rats were pretreated with caffeic acid (15 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 10 days. After pretreatment, rats were induced myocardial infarction by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight). Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats showed significant (P < 0.05) decreased levels of heart phospholipids and significant (P < 0.05) increased levels of serum and heart cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids and serum phospholipids. Isoproterenol also significantly (P < 0.05) increased low density and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The activity of liver 3-hydroxy-3methyl glutaryl-coenzyme-A-reductase was significantly (P < 0.05) increased and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. In addition, the levels of glycoprotein components in the serum and heart were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in myocardial infarcted rats. Pretreatment with caffeic acid positively altered all the above mentioned biochemical parameters studied in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats.In conclusion, caffeic acid protected the rat's heart from the deleterious effects of lipids, lipoproteins and glycoproteins by its antilipidemic and antiglycative effects in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. A diet containing caffeic acid may be beneficial to myocardial infarction.     

Sorghum distillers dried grain lipid extract increases cholesterol excretion and decreases plasma and liver cholesterol concentration in hamsters

Grain sorghum is a rich source of phytochemicals. In this study, male hamsters were fed AIN-93M diets supplemented with a hexane-extractable lipid fraction from sorghum distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Diets contained 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 5.0% (w/w) DDGS lipid extract. After 4 wk, the 5.0% DDGS lipids group had significantly lower plasma non-HDL cholesterol and liver esterified cholesterol concentration. Faecal neutral sterol (i.e., cholesterol) excretion was significantly higher in the 5.0% DDGS lipids group compared to the other treatments (66% higher compared to controls). Bile acid excretion was not affected by DDGS lipid intake. Faecal cholesterol excretion was negatively correlated with liver cholesterol concentration (r = ?0.97, P = 0.026), and liver cholesterol concentration was directly correlated with plasma total cholesterol concentration (r = 0.96, P = 0.041). Thus, lipid extract of sorghum DDGS exhibited cholesterol-lowering properties due, at least in part, to increased cholesterol excretion from the body and could provide health benefits when incorporated into human diets.     

β-Conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) exert a hypocholesterolemic effect comparable to that of fenofibrate in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet

The hypocholesterolemic effect of isolated soybean proteins and fenofibrate in rats was compared. Forty-five rats were divided into five groups: standard (STD; casein), high cholesterol (HC; STD plus 1% cholesterol/0.5% cholic acid), HC + β-conglycinin, HC + glycinin and HC + fenofibrate. The proteins and the drug were administered by gavage for 28 days. The proteins decreased total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TG) in the plasma of the rats fed HC diet, to values very close to those fed on fenofibrate. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in the plasma were increased by the β-conglycinin, glycinin and fenofibrate groups. The largest TC reduction in the liver was observed in the fenofibrate group; in contrast, the β-conglycinin and glycinin groups exhibited reduced the levels of hepatic TG and TC. Based on these data, it could be suggested that the oral daily administration of isolated soybean proteins, in the range of 2.75% of the protein ingested daily, can promote a reduction in TC and TG in the plasma of rats fed hypercholesterolemic diets.     

Antidiabetic Activity of Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr.) and Rambutan (Nephelium Lappaceum L.) Fruit Peels in Alloxan Diabetic Rats

The present study was carried out to evaluate the in alloxan (150 mg/kgb.wt) induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract of Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) fruit peels administered orally to the diabetic rats for 11 days, produced significant decrease in the level of blood glucose. The highest percentage reduction in blood glucose levels were shown of rambutan fruit peels extract with dose 500 mg/kgb.w and the value of persentage reduction were 61.76±4.26%.     

Effects of thymoquinone rich fraction and thymoquinone on plasma lipoprotein levels and hepatic low density lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes expression

The hypocholesterolemic effect of thymoquinone rich fraction (TQRF) extracted from Nigella sativa seeds using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in comparison with commercial available thymoquinone (TQ) in male Sprague–Dawley rats was investigated. Rats were fed prepared diet supplemented with 1% (w/w) cholesterol and treated with TQRF at, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg and TQ at 20, 50 and 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol levels (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were significantly decreased in the TQRF and TQ treated rats compared to untreated rats. mRNA level of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) was significantly expressed and the mRNA level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-COAR) was significantly suppressed in the TQRF and TQ treated rats at different doses compared to untreated rats. These new findings identify TQRF and TQ as natural cholesterol lowering agents, and our study provides a molecular basis for the mechanisms of action through regulation of cholesterol in two main mechanisms first, uptake of LDLC via up regulation of LDLR gene and second, inhibition the synthesis of cholesterol via suppressing the HMG-COAR gene.     

Polar lipids,sphingomyelin and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids from the milk fat globule membrane are increased in milks produced by cows fed fresh pasture based diet during spring

Milk lipids are an interesting source of bioactive molecules with functional and nutritional properties. Although the composition of milk lipids is of utmost importance for food processing and human consumption, it is far from being fully known. The objective of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of lipids from bovine milks produced in French Brittany during spring (fresh pasture based diet) and winter (corn silage based diet). The polar lipid content and relative proportions of the glycerophospholipids and sphingomyelin were determined using HPLC/ELSD. The fatty acid composition of total lipids and polar lipids was determined using GC. The milks collected in spring contained i) a lower amount of total lipids: 39.7 ± 0.8 g/kg vs 41.7 ± 0.5 g/kg in winter, ii) a higher amount of polar lipids: 138 ± 11 vs 112 ± 8 mg/kg milk; 3.5 ± 0.3 vs 2.7 ± 0.4 mg/g fat, which was related to a smaller size of fat globules, and iii) a higher amount of sphingomyelin, 32 mg/kg milk vs 25 mg/kg milk in winter. Interestingly, the polar lipids from the milk fat globule membrane contained a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in spring (C18:1 n − 9, C18:2 n − 6, C18:3 n − 3 and long-chain n − 3 fatty acids). Milk from cows fed a fresh pasture-based diet during spring is an interesting source of dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for human consumption.     

Sesame lignan sesamol protects against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used to control pain, fever, and various inflammatory diseases; however, they have been identified as gastro-toxic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aspirin plus sesamol on gastric mucosa in rats. Rats were given oral aspirin (30 mg/kg/d) and oral sesamol (ranging from 0 to 30 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks, after which their gastric mucosal integrity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and neutrophil infiltration were assessed 6 h after gastric surgery. Sesamol dose-dependently decreased aspirin-induced gastric haemorrhage and mucosal ulceration, and significantly reduced (a) gastric mucosal lipid peroxidation, (b) nitric oxide production, (c) gastric mucosal proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-β levels), and (d) the activity of gastric mucosal myeloperoxidase compared with aspirin-alone groups. We hypothesize that aspirin plus sesamol decreases aspirin-induced gastro-toxicity by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and subsequent gastric mucosal inflammation and oxidative stress in rats.     

Effect of different dietary levels of natural-source vitamin E in grow-finish pigs on pork quality and shelf life

Improving pork quality and shelf life is important in today’s swine industry because higher levels of DDGS are incorporated into pig diets. Relatively high level of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in DDGS may increase pork susceptibility to lipid oxidation and thus reduce pork shelf life. Antioxidants such as vitamin E may delay the onset of pork lipid oxidation when used as an ingredient in the diet. This experiment examined carcass characteristics, meat quality, shelf life, and color stability in pork from pigs (n = 150) fed five levels of a natural vitamin E (Nova-E) and one level of synthetic vitamin E. Natural vitamin E and synthetic vitamin E had no effect on carcass characteristics or meat quality. Increasing dietary natural vitamin E from 10 to 200 mg/kg decreased lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation of pork chops and ground pork was similar between pigs fed 40 mg/kg and higher levels of natural vitamin E, indicating no additional benefits from supplementing beyond 40 mg/kg natural vitamin E. Supplementing 200 mg/kg synthetic vitamin E decreased pork lipid oxidation when compared to supplementing 10 mg/kg natural vitamin E. High levels of natural vitamin E or synthetic vitamin E, however, did not prevent discoloration of loin chops. These data indicate that natural vitamin E was effective to help reduce lipid oxidation and the effective minimal level of dietary supplementation appeared to be 40 mg/kg.     

A high-resistance-starch rice diet reduces glycosylated hemoglobin levels and improves the antioxidant status in diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is a common problem in developed countries. An improved postprandial hyperglycemic peak is one of the main therapeutic targets in diabetic patients. The Wistar rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes were divided into cornstarch (control) and Japonica rice groups, which were fed 640 g starch/kg diets for 4 weeks. The area (means ± SD) under the glucose curve of cornstarch was 173.8 ± 6.9 and Japonica rice diet was 154.3 ± 8.7 mmol × min/L, and the area (means ± SD) under the insulin curve of cornstarch was 12.9 ± 0.1 and Japonica rice diet was 12.0 ± 0.6 nmol × min/L. The glycosylated hemoglobin levels, serum fructosamine and cholesterol concentrations in diabetic rats fed the Japonica rice diet were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The decreased malondialdehyde levels and increased superoxide dismutase activity and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter in plasma were also found in rat fed the Japonica rice diet compared to the control. These results suggested that the diet containing high-resistance-starch Japonica rice might reduce glycosylated hemoglobin levels, serum cholesterol concentrations and raised the antioxidant status in the blood.     

Hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary evening primrose (Oenothera paradoxa) cake extract in rats

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary evening primrose cake extract (E) on the lipid indices and lipid peroxidation products in growing rats fed cholesterol-free standard diet (S) or diets enriched with 1% cholesterol (C). All animals were divided into five groups of 10 and were fed during 4 weeks experimental diets: group (Gr) 1–standard diet (S); Gr 2–S diet supplemented with 1% E (S+1%E); Gr 3–with 1% C (S+1%C); Gr 4–S+1%C+0.5%E and Gr 5–S+1%C+1%E. Dietary E significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) but did not change the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) either in rats fed cholesterol-free or enriched-in-cholesterol diets. Plasma TC were 98.7, 81.3, 144.6, 114.5 and 99.1 mg 100 ml⁻¹, whereas LDL-C values were 19.4, 7.6, 77.2, 43.6 and 27.6 mg 100 ml⁻¹ in Groups 1–5, respectively. Supplementation of diet with E significantly elevated triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations in the liver; also 1% E with C (S+1%C+1%E) caused significant TC accumulation in the liver and elevated malondialdehyde concentrations in plasma and erythrocytes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates, for the first time, that evening primrose cake extract (E) possesses strong hypocholesterolemic action. Its antioxidative properties, especially in animals loaded with dietary cholesterol, are less clear and need further studies..     

Effect of oral administration of water-soluble extract from citrus peel (Citrus unshiu) on suppressing alcohol-induced fatty liver in rats

Water-soluble citrus peel extract (WCE) from Citrus unshiu was studied for its anti-alcoholic fatty liver activities through chronic oral administration to Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. WCE, which was prepared by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), was co-supplemented with ethanol (2.87 ml/rat/day) at low and high dosages (278 and 576 mg/rat/day, respectively) for 6 weeks. Ethanol consumption significantly elevated both total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations in the serum of SD rats; otherwise co-administration of WCE lowered both serum TG and TC levels. Ethanol consumption caused a hepatic lipid content of 227 mg/g liver after 6 weeks whereas co-administration of WCE, especially at high dosage, significantly reduced it to 187 mg/g of liver. Analysis of hepatic fatty acids revealed that WCE suppressed conjugation of oleic acid into TG. These results support probable application of WCE as an anti-alcoholic fatty liver agent.     

β-Glucan administration to diabetic rats reestablishes redox balance and stimulates cellular pro-survival mechanisms

The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect observed in diabetic rats after treatment with a commercially available β-glucan-enriched extract (BGEE) were examined. Multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes was used (40 mg STZ/kg) as a model for type 1 diabetes. BGEE was administered daily (80 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, starting from the last day of the STZ treatment. In vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that significant free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of BGEE were responsible for a systemic adjustment of the redox disturbance and reduction of DNA damage in the liver and kidney of diabetic rats. BGEE-treated diabetic rats also displayed increased Akt kinase activity and decreased pro-caspase-3 degradation, implying that BGEE mediates its beneficial effects through activation of the cellular pro-survival pathway. We conclude that β-glucan administration under diabetic conditions promotes a systemic improvement that can be expected to increase the organism’s resistance to the onset of diabetic complications.     

Modulatory effect of S-allylcysteine on glucose metabolism in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

The antihyperglycemic effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats was investigated. Diabetes was induced into male albino Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of STZ. The SAC was administered orally (150 mg/kg bw) to normal and STZ-diabetic rats for 45 days. The diabetic rats showed an increase in levels of blood glucose. In addition, diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in the activity of hexokinase, glycogen synthase, liver glycogen and an elevation in the activities of enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase. Treatment with SAC significantly decreased blood glucose and. SAC administration to diabetic rats reversed these enzyme activities in a significant manner. Thus, the results show that SAC possesses an antihyperglycemic activity and provide evidence for its traditional usage in the control of diabetes.     

Flavanoid rich ethyl acetate fraction of Musa paradisiaca inflorescence down-regulates the streptozotocin induced oxidative stress,hyperglycaemia and mRNA levels of selected inflammatory genes in rats

Musa paradisiaca inflorescence is a commonly used vegetable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant; hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory activities of flavanoid rich fraction of M. paradisiaca inflorescence (MPIF) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes mellitus. Diabetic rats were treated with MPIF (200 mg/kg body weight/day) for 60 days. Diabetic rats showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in blood glucose, HbA₁C and lipid peroxidation products (LPO) and reduction in the activities of antioxidant enzymes in liver. The activities of inflammatory markers COX-2 and 5-LOX in monocytes and mRNA expressions of NF-κB, TGF-β₁, TNF-α and IL-6 in liver were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in diabetic group. In addition, the histopathological analysis of liver showed that severe steatosis and inflammation in diabetic group. But all these parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to near normal level and restored the histopathological alterations in MPIF treated group. In addition, HPLC and ESI-MS analysis of MPIF revealed that the presence of gallic acid (4.49 g%), quercetin (1.13 g%) and epicatechin. This indicates that the supplementation of MPIF may be beneficial as food supplement for the prevention or attenuation of diabetic complications.     

Supplementation of standardized lipid-soluble extract from maca (Lepidium meyenii) increases swimming endurance capacity in rats

The effect of lipid-soluble extract from maca (Lepidium meyenii), which contains macamides, on swimming endurance capacity, as an indicator of fatigue, in weight-loaded forced swimming rats was investigated. The swimming times to exhaustion of rats supplemented for 3 weeks with 30 and 100 mg/kg of maca extract increased by 25% and 41%, respectively. Supplementation with 100 mg/kg of maca extract reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase activity and muscle lipid peroxidation, and increased hepatic and muscle total glutathione compared with those values in controls. The levels of energy sources and serum lactate remained unchanged despite the longer swimming time in the supplemented rats than those in controls. These results suggest that supplementation with lipid-soluble maca extract improved swimming endurance capacity and this effect can be explained partly by attenuation of exercise-induced oxidative stress.     

Polyphenol-rich longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.)-flower-water-extract attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver via decreasing lipid peroxidation and downregulating matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9

Longan-flower-water-extract (LFWE) contains large amounts of phytochemicals where gentisic acid and epicatechin are the major compounds in phenolic acid and flavonoid compound, respectively. The objective of this study was to investigate if drinking LFWE could protect the liver from a hypercaloric dietary habit. Only rats fed the hypercaloric diet (HCD) with 25 g/L (w/v) LFWE solution (HCD_2X) group demonstrated lower (p < 0.05) serum triglyceride levels compared to those fed the HCD with normal distilled water (HCD_NDW) and HCD with 12.5 g/L (w/v) LFWE solution (HCD_1X) groups. However, drinking LFWEs decreased (p < 0.05) hepatic lipids in the HCD rats. Lower (p < 0.05) hepatic MDA levels, GOT and GPT values, and higher (p < 0.05) hepatic GSH levels were observed in HCD rats drinking LFWE. Besides, drinking LFWE downregulated (p < 0.05) gene expressions and activities of hepatic matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2/9) in HCD rats. In conclusion, polyphenol-rich LFWE displayed hepatoprotective characteristics against an energy-dense dietary habit.