Roasted garlic protects against leaky gut syndrome in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis mice

Food Science and Biotechnology - Garlic (Allium sativum) is a potentially beneficial functional food that is extensively grown around the globe. We have investigated the effect of roasted garlic on...     

山药多糖对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠溃疡性结肠炎的改善作用

[目的]探究山药多糖（YP）对溃疡性结肠炎（UC）小鼠的改善作用。[方法]设空白组、YP组、DSS组和DSS+YP组。通过饮用DSS水溶液搭建模型,治疗组连续灌胃给药7 d。检测各小鼠体重、疾病活动指数（DAI）评分、结肠中炎症因子和NLRP3炎症小体含量,并进行HE染色分析。用含1 μg/mL脂多糖（LPS）的培养液处理RAW 264.7巨噬细胞24 h建立体外细胞炎症模型,同时将一定浓度的YP溶液加入到培养液中与LPS共孵育24 h,酶联免疫吸附试验法检测细胞培养上清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的含量;免疫印迹法分析细胞中NLRP3炎症小体相关蛋白的表达水平。[结果]与空白组相比,DSS组小鼠体重下降,染色展现大区域溃疡,DAI和炎症因子含量升高。与DSS组相比,DSS+YP组小鼠的肠道损伤得到显著改善,肠道组织中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α表达和NLRP3炎症小体激活信号均被显著抑制。在细胞炎症模型中,YP干预处理可显著抑制LPS所致的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的分泌和NLRP3蛋白的表达。[结论]YP可改善DSS引起的小鼠UC,其机制是阻碍NLRP3炎症小体的激活来实现。     

A cheese-containing diet modulates immune responses and alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice

Diet has a significant effect on immune and inflammatory responses. To date, no studies have described how consumption of a diet containing a relatively high amount of cheese affects immune responses and the inflammatory status of the body. We examined these responses in normal mice and mice with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis associated with increased inflammatory responses, using a diet containing approximately 44% of a whole cheese powder and a diet containing casein, lard, and corn oil as the control. In normal mice, consumption of the cheese-containing diet induced regulatory T cells (T(reg)), which regulate immune and inflammatory responses, and suppressed the production of IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 in Peyer's patch cells from the intestine. The T(reg) population and cytokine production were not altered in spleen cells. In mice with DSS-induced colitis, consumption of the cheese-containing diet alleviated the symptoms of colitis, as evidenced by prevention of body weight loss and colon length shortening, and inhibition of an increase in the disease activity index, which includes diarrhea and fecal bleeding. This relief of clinical symptoms was also associated with decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17 and IL-6) and increased production of the antiinflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β1 in Peyer's patch cells. The T(reg) population was reduced by consumption of the cheese-containing diet in Peyer's patch cells and spleen cells, which might reflect the alleviated symptoms of colitis. Consumption of the cheese-containing diet compared with the control diet enhanced antiinflammatory and immune regulatory responses in normal mice and in a DSS-colitis mouse model.     

厚壳贻贝多糖对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导的结肠炎改善作用

为了探讨厚壳贻贝多糖(Mytilus coruscus polysaccharide,MP)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sodium sulfate,DSS)诱导的结肠炎的改善作用,试验设置空白组、模型组和MP组(300 mg/kg),在日常饮用水中给予质量分数3.5％DSS构建结肠炎模型,通过观察小鼠体态表征、肠...     

Supercritical fluid extract from maca alleviates colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice

The objective of this study was to investigate the possible protective effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii) extract (MLE) by supercritical fluid extraction on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Experimental colitis was induced by giving male BALB/c mice 3% DSS in drinking water, and MLE (30 mg/kg BW), sulfasalazine (100 mg/kg BW) or vehicle were administered orally. DSS challenge caused significant body weight loss, rectal bleeding, diarrhea, shortened colon length, histological changes, and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in DSS-treated mice. Oral administration of MLE significantly relieved the symptoms of diarrhea and rectal bleeding, and reduced colonic MPO activity (p<0.05). MLE treatment inhibited expression of several colonic proteins related to inflammatory responses, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and S100 calcium-binding protein A8, whose expressions were increased significantly by DSS treatment. These results suggest that MLE can alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating colonic inflammatory mediators.     

Ginger attenuates inflammation in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

Food Science and Biotechnology - This study assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of ginger extract on colitis by 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in BALB/c mice. The mice were administered either...     

核桃油对葡聚糖硫酸钠诱导小鼠结肠炎的影响

探讨核桃油(WO)对葡聚糖硫酸钠(DSS)诱导的小鼠结肠炎的保护作用。将昆明种小鼠随机分为4组,即正常对照组(Con)、DSS组、DSS+WO组和WO组,检测小鼠血清促炎因子、结肠组织抗氧化酶活性和Nod样受体蛋白-3(NLRP3)及相关mRNA的转录水平。结果表明:与Con组相比,DSS组小鼠血清白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和IL-6含量,结肠NLRP3、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1(Caspase-1)和IL-1βmRNA转录水平及NLRP3蛋白表达水平极显著增高(p <0.01),结肠超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性极显著下降(p <0.01);与DSS组相比,DSS+WO组血清IL-1β和IL-6含量、结肠NLRP3和Caspase-1 mRNA转录水平及NLRP3蛋白表达水平极显著降低(p <0.01),结肠SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性极显著增强(p <0.01)。核桃油通过增强结肠的抗氧化能力,并可能通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体通路基因的转录水平,降低相关炎性因子的表达水平,对DSS诱导的小鼠结肠炎发挥保护作用。     

Oral administration of docosahexaenoic acid attenuates colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice

Scope: Dietary supplementation of n‐3 PUFAs, containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), modulates the symptoms of colitis. Hence, we investigated the effects of oral administration of pure DHA and the therapeutic agent sulfasalazine (SAL) on chemically induced colitis in mice, and analyzed the expression levels of DHA‐responsive genes in colonic tissue using cDNA arrays. Methods and results: Colitis in BALB/c mice was induced by feeding 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days. DHA (30 mg/kg/day, DHA) or SAL (100 mg/kg/day, SAL) was administered orally throughout the treatment along with DSS. The DHA‐treated group showed significant reduction of the weight loss and colon shortening compared to the DSS‐treated colitis group. In contrast, SAL treatment was effective in reducing colon shortening, stool consistency and bleeding scores. DHA and SAL treatments also significantly reduced the changes in inflammation of the colon, and reversed the increase in myeloperoxidase activity induced by DSS. Among DSS‐responsive genes, those for inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, CD14 antigen and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1b), membrane remodeling genes (matrix metalloproteinase‐3, ‐10 and ‐13) and acute phase proteins (S100 calcium‐binding protein A8), which were increased by DSS, were downregulated by DHA or SAL treatment. Conclusions: DHA was effective in alleviating DSS‐induced colitis in mice, partly by modulating the expression levels of genes involved in colitis.     

Effect of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and tagatose as a synbiotic combination in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis murine model

Synbiotics, a combination of prebiotics and probiotics, produce synergistic effects to promote gastrointestinal health. Herein, we investigated the synbiotic interaction between the Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG; a probiotic strain) and tagatose (a prebiotic) in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis murine model. Initially, body weight, food intake, and clinical features were dramatically decreased after treatment with DSS, and the addition of LGG, tagatose, or both ameliorated these effects. In our pyrosequencing analysis of fecal microbiota, DSS treatment increased the abundance of Proteobacteria and decreased that of Firmicutes. When LGG and tagatose were administered as synbiotics, the gut microbiota composition recovered from the dysbiosis caused by DSS treatment. In particular, the abundance of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia was significantly associated with probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic treatments. Taken together, our results suggest that LGG and tagatose as synbiotics can alleviate colitis, and synbiotics could be applied as dietary supplements in dairy foods such as yogurt and cheese.     

Lactobacillus fermentum BR11, a potential new probiotic, alleviates symptoms of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in rats

Current treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are relatively ineffective. Recently, probiotics have emerged as a potential treatment modality for numerous gastrointestinal disorders, including IBD. Few probiotics, however, have undergone appropriate preclinical screening in vivo. The current study compared the effects of four candidate probiotics on development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were gavaged 1 mL of the potential probiotic (1 x 10(10) CFU/mL), or vehicle, twice daily for 14 days. Strains tested were Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 (TH-4), Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) and Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 (BR11). Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via administration of 2% DSS in drinking water. Disease activity index (DAI) was monitored daily until rats were killed at day 14. DAI decreased in DSS+Bb12 and DSS+BR11 compared to DSS+Vehicle. Colon length increased in DSS+BR11 (10%) and DSS+LGG (10%) compared to DSS+Vehicle. DSS+Bb12 and DSS+BR11 prevented the distal colon crypt hyperplasia evident in DSS+Vehicle, DSS+LGG and DSS+TH-4. BR11 was most effective at reducing colitic symptoms. Bb12 had minimal effects, whilst TH-4 did not prevent DSS-colitis and LGG actually exacerbated some indicators of colitis. Further studies into the potential benefits of L. fermentum BR11 are indicated.     

Protective effects of orally administered shark compound peptides from Chiloscyllium plagiosum against acute inflammation

The anti-inflammatory effects of shark compound peptides (SCP) from Chiloscyllium plagiosum were investigated. Results showed that SCP enhanced the viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Orally administered SCP exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice by suppressing serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), as well as nitric oxide (NO). Moreover, SCP significantly inhibited the inflammatory rise of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatinine (CRE), while blocking the decline of cholinesterase (CHE), with an efficacy close to aspirin. This research showed that orally administered SCP from C. plagiosum notably downregulated uncontrolled inflammatory responses, and conferred substantial protection from endotoxin-induced acute hepatic damage and renal functional impairment. Therefore, oral supplementation of SCP can be used as a preventive approach to reduce the risk of inflammatory-related diseases.     

角鲨烯对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用

目的:研究角鲨烯对急性酒精性肝损伤的保护作用。方法:60只ICR小鼠随机分为正常组,模型组,阳性组,角鲨烯高、中、低剂量组。正常组和模型组灌胃等体积花生油,阳性组灌胃葵花牌护肝片350 mg/kg;角鲨烯高、中、低剂量组分别灌胃角鲨烯500、250、125 mg/kg,每日1次,30 d后制备急性酒精性肝损伤模型。模型制备16 h后检测肝脏系数,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和甘油三酯(TG)水平及肝脏丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量。结果:角鲨烯可明显降低血清ALT、AST、TG水平,降低肝组织MDA含量,并提高肝组织GSH含量,且呈明显的剂量依赖性,大剂量还能明显降低肝损伤小鼠的肝脏系数。结论:角鲨烯对小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与其抗氧化作用有关。      

Preventive effects of rice bran oil on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine/dextran sodium sulphate-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats

This study included F344 rats which were fed AIN-93G-based 14% high-fat diets and were divided into the following six groups: Groups B and N, 14% soybean oil (SO); group P, 14% SO containing 0.04% piroxicam; group L, 5% rice bran oil (RBO) and 9% SO; group M, 9% RBO and 5% SO; and group H, 14% RBO. All the rats—except those in group B—were administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine/dextran sodium sulphate to induce colitis-related colon carcinogenesis. The rats were sacrificed, and their colons were removed to examine aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF). The results revealed that the rats from all the RBO group rats exhibited significantly reduced colon tumour formation, MDF, and ACF, especially sialomucin (SIM)-producing ACF. The hepatic antioxidant status, including the glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels as well as superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, was superior among the RBO groups, which might contribute to the potential of RBO with respect to delaying colon carcinogenesis.     

Microbiological effects of a partial or total replacement of sodium in sodium chloride with other cations - model systems

Growth of some important spoilage bacteria and pathogenic organisms has been investigated in model systems of either broth or meat emulsions where sodium from sodium chloride was substituted with other cations, i.e. potassium, magnesium and calcium. The replacement was based on equal water activity and pH. Generally, the inhibition of Brochothrix thermospacta, Serratia liquefaciens and Lactobacillus plantarum was strongest in broth cultures. The strongest inhibition of these bacteria and Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus was observed with divalent cations. The effect of replacing half or total of the sodium content with potassium in meat slurries was either rather small or negligible.     

Camel milk modulates the gut microbiota and has anti-inflammatory effects in a mouse model of colitis

Camel milk is a nutritionally rich food that shows anti-inflammatory, immune regulation, and gut microbiota maintenance properties. However, the relationship between camel milk and the intestinal microbiota during colitis is unclear. Herein, we evaluated the protective effect of camel milk in mice with colitis induced using dextran sodium sulfate. Our results showed that camel milk can prevent body weight loss and colon shortening, reduce the disease activity index, and attenuate colon tissue damage. Additionally, camel milk could reduce the overexpression of inflammatory factors, inhibit the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, and promote the expression of claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 proteins. Moreover, camel milk effectively regulated intestinal microbiota in mice with colitis by increasing the gut microbiota diversity, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as g_norank_f_Muribaculaceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group), and reducing the number of harmful bacteria (Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella). In addition, camel milk increased the levels of intestinal short-chain fatty acids. The results of the present study demonstrated that via regulating the intestinal microbiota, maintaining intestinal barrier function, and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines, camel milk can ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis.     

Yogurt starter cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus ameliorate symptoms and modulate the immune response in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

We investigated the yogurt starter cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus 151 and Streptococcus thermophilus MK-10 for their effect on the severity of experimental colitis, lymphocyte profile, and regulatory T-cell response. Colitis was induced in BALB/c mice via the administration of 3.5% dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS) in drinking water for 6 d. Next, the mice were gavaged intragastrically with an active yogurt cultures (YC) mixture (～5 × 10⁹ cfu/mouse per day) or saline (vehicle) for 8 d. Mice receiving DSS or saline alone served as positive and negative controls, respectively. The length of the colon, disease activity index, histological scores, myeloperoxidase activity, epithelium-associated microbes, short-chain fatty acid profile, total IgA antibody-forming cells, CD3⁺CD8⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺, CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T-cell subsets, and cytokine profiles (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor) were examined after termination of the mice. Feeding mice with YC mixture reduced disease symptoms and modified intestinal microbiota and host inflammatory responsiveness to DSS. We observed limited weight loss and a decreased disease activity index score, lowered myeloperoxidase activity, and somewhat reduced damage of the intestine. The YC mixture upregulated the colon length, increased the amount and diversity of mucosa-associated microbes (enterobacteria, enterococci, and yeast), and decreased the concentration of putrefactive short-chain fatty acids in the cecal contents. It downregulated the input of cytotoxic CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells and CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells in Peyer's patches and enhanced CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells in spleens and CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Simultaneously, IgA antibody-forming cells were downregulated in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and enhanced in spleens (SPL). The cultures mostly enhanced the production of cytokines tested in MLN and SPL, except for IL-6, which was downregulated in MLN. Interleukin-2 and IL-4 were the most upregulated in MLN, whereas IL-10, IL-4, IL-2, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor were most upregulated in SPL. In serum, the YC mixture downregulated IFN-γ and clearly increased IL-2. Based on these results, we recognize the high anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory potential of the L. bulgaricus 151 and S. thermophilus MK-10 set. The strains possess the ability to modulate the intestinal mucosal and systemic immune system toward both IgA production and induction of regulatory T cells, shifting Th1/Th2 balance.