Formal foundation of consistent EMF model transformations by algebraic graph transformation

Model transformation is one of the key activities in model-driven software development. An increasingly popular technology to define modeling languages is provided by the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF). Several EMF model transformation approaches have been developed, focusing on different transformation aspects. To validate model transformations with respect to functional behavior and correctness, a formal foundation is needed. In this paper, we define consistent EMF model transformations as a restricted class of typed graph transformations using node type inheritance. Containment constraints of EMF model transformations are translated to a special kind of graph transformation rules such that their application leads to consistent transformation results only. Thus, consistent EMF model transformations behave like algebraic graph transformations and the rich theory of algebraic graph transformation can be applied to these EMF model transformations to show functional behavior and correctness. Furthermore, we propose parallel graph transformation as a suitable framework for modeling EMF model transformations with multi-object structures. Rules extended by multi-object structures can specify a flexible number of recurring structures. The actual number of recurring structures is dependent on the application context of such a rule. We illustrate our approach by selected refactorings of simplified statechart models. Finally, we discuss the implementation of our concepts in a tool environment for EMF model transformations.     

Modeling and control of high-throughput screening systems

In previous work it has been shown how a max-plus algebraic model can be derived for cyclically operated high-throughput screening systems and how such a model can be used to design a controller to handle unexpected deviations from the predetermined cyclic operation during run-time. In this paper, this approach is extended by modeling the system in a general dioid algebraic setting. Then a feedback controller can be computed using residuation theory. The resulting control strategy is optimal in the sense of the just-in-time criterion, which is very common in scheduling practice.     

A Conceptual and Formal Framework for the Integration of Data Type and Process Modeling Techniques

A conceptual framework for the integration of data type and process modeling techniques, called integration paradigm, has been presented by the authors in previous papers already. The aim of this paper is to give a short review of this conceptual framework and to present a formal model for the integration paradigm. The formal model for the four layers, called data type, data states and transformations, processes and system architecture layers respectively, is based on an integration of abstract data types and structured transition systems. This formal model can be instantiated by all kinds of basic and integrated modeling techniques. Algebraic high-level nets, attributed graph transformation, an integration of Z with statecharts, and some diagram techniques of UML are discussed on the conceptual level. As instantiation of the formal model, a well-known CCS sender specification, place/transition nets, algebraic high-level nets and attributed graph transformation are presented in this paper, while instantiations of other modeling techniques will be discussed elsewhere.     

UML的形式化及其应用

本文介绍一个面向度量的UML的代数表达框架。这个框架可以作为设计模型检测的基础,并为设计人员提供一个在软件设计进化过程中检测一些设计错误和提出可能的优化方案的理论基础。本文给出了UML类图、序列图和状态图的代数表达并用例子说明了这个UML的代数表达框架的应用及它是如何检测设计错误和提供可能的优化建议的。     

View Transformation in Visual Environments applied to Algebraic High-Level Nets

Graph transformation systems are a well-founded and adequate technique to describe the syntax of visual modeling languages and to formalize their semantics. Moreover, graph transformation tools support visual model specification, simulation and analysis on the basis of the rich underlying theory.Despite the benefits of model validation by simulation, sometimes it is preferable for users to see the model's behavior not in the abstract layout of the formal model, but as scenarios presented in the layout of the specific application domain. Hence, we propose the integration of a domain-oriented animation view with the model transformation system. An animation view allows to define scenario animations in a systematic way based on the formal model. The specification of the well-known Dining Philosophers system as algebraic high-level Petri net serves as running example for the extension of the model by an animation view and the derivation of animation rules from the model transformation system. A scenario animation then is obtained as transformation by applying the animation rules to model states. This visualizes the behavior of the model in the layout of philosophers sitting around a table and eating with chopsticks. A prototypical implementation of the concepts in GenGED, a visual language environment, is presented.     

非线性代数规范的直接实现技术

代数规范是支持软件规格说明和设计的一种有效的方法，代数规范的直接实现技术是该研究领域的一个主要分支，目前这方面的研究基本上局限于线性代数规范，本文介绍一个实现非线性代数规范的转换过程，从该过程可自然是导出针对不同程序设计语言的转换系统，我们已实现了一个基于Ｐａｓｃａｌ语言的转换系统。     

Verification of System Level Model Transformations

This paper presents Model Algebra (MA), a formalism for representing SoC designs at system level. We define the objects and composition rules of MA and show how system level models can be represented as expressions in this formalism. The formalism is applied to a system level design methodology, where design decisions are used to gradually transform the functional specification model of the system to a transaction level model with components and communication structure. Each transformation is represented as a manipulation of a model algebraic expression, and proven for correctness using the laws of model algebra. These laws are based on the well defined execution semantics and notion of functional equivalence for MA models. Our approach promises significant savings in the verification of system level models because only the first model needs to be verified using conventional techniques. All transformations of this model, derived using MA laws, are proven to be functionally equivalent.     

陈述式基于方程仿真模型的约简

为解决复杂多领域连续系统的高效仿真问题,研究了陈述式基于方程仿真模型的约简策略.基于符号处理技术,提出了一种模型约简方法.该方法从方程的规范转换入手,通过消除特定形式方程缩减系统规模,将整个方程系统规划分解为一个可顺序求解的子系统序列.给出的实例表明文中约简方法效果显著.文中策略与算法已在多领域物理系统混合建模与仿真平台EMWorks中实现.     

Algebraic approach to controller design using structured singular value

The aim of this paper is to show an algebraic approach to controller design using the structured singular value (denoted μ) as a robust stability and performance indicator. The algebraic μ-synthesis is applied to three different problems–time-delay systems, the HIMAT vehicle model and the two-tank system. A way of treating general delayed systems with uncertain time delays via the linear fractional transformation is shown. A simple controller is derived, which handles uncertain time delay in both the numerator and denominator of an anisochronic system. The overall performance is verified by simulations for all systems and compared with the D–K iteration.     

UML—RT到一个实时多任务执行模型的转换

为解决把UML-RT行为建模模型平滑过渡到实时多任务系统的图形化软构件设计开发环境的过程设计模型中，本文提出了把UML-RT状态图行为模型转换到该环境下的执行模型的方法。首先介绍UML-RT状态图建模的概念及笔者研制的设计环境，其次给出从UML-RT状态图转换到该设计环境可执行模型的具体方法，最后以一个实例说明了转换方法。     

A simulation study with a combined network and production systems model of pilot behavior on an ILS-approach

A simulation study was conducted for determining information flow requirements of a pilot-cockpit interface during an ILS-approach. Study steps for modeling, simulating, and analyzing system processes are discussed. Starting with the problem definition which includes relevant flight processes, the network of pilot tasks, and performance measures, the conceptual model of processes is mathematically described by means of algebraic and difference equations as well as production systems. To transform the model into a simulation program, the simulation language SLAM is used. SLAM elements utilized for modeling flight processes and pilot tasks as well as the procedure of model validation are discussed. The analysis of simulation output data, i.e. state trajectories and task timelines, results in the determination of important information requirements useful in early stages of a design project.     

干扰解耦滤波器设计及应用研究

提出一种干扰解耦滤波器（ＤＤＦ）设计的新方法。通过一个简单有效的代数变换,将具有未知输入的系统变换成一个不含未知输入的等价系统;利用新息定理得到一种新的干扰解耦滤波器设计方法。针对机动目标跟踪问题,对常规Ｋａｌｍａｎ滤波器、最优干扰解耦观测器和干扰解耦滤波器进行了仿真比较,结果表明ＤＤＦ特别适用于目标高度机动且无有效机动模型的情形。     

Message-oriented decomposition for supervisory control in manufacturing system

Supervisory control in manufacturing systems is achieved through messages between the supervisory controller and processing devices. This paper presents a message-oriented model for supervisory control. The model supports realistic states for processing stations and some material handling devices. The major characteristics of the model are the decomposition of the system into small state models for components that cooperate via messaging as well as the algebraic manipulation for state progression. This paper also presents a definition of controllability meaningful in the design and analysis of supervisory control systems. The modeling and analysis are illustrated with a flow line example and a robotic cell example.     

A new algebraic model for implementing expert systems represented under the ‘Concept-Attribute-Value’ paradigm

This paper is concerned with expounding a new representation paradigm for modeling expert systems based on computing Groebner Bases. Previous research on Groebner Bases expert systems has so far been connected to modeling expert systems based on propositional logics. Our approach instead is based on the well-known Artificial Intelligence ‘Concept-Attribute-Value’ paradigm for representing knowledge. More precisely, our research is based on translating an already existent expert system described in terms of the ‘Concept-Attribute-Value’ paradigm to a new algebraic model which represents knowledge by means of polynomials. In this way, issues about consistence and inference within this expert system will be, through this new model, transformed into algebraic problems involving calculating Groebner Bases. By using this new model of ours, some interesting advantages ensue: on the one hand, knowledge representation may be performed in a more straightforward and intuitive way; on the other, calculating the Groebner Bases associated to our algebraic model is usually faster adopting this new ‘Concept-Attribute-Value’-based paradigm than it was in previous propositional logic-based expert systems.     

室内热舒适环境的模糊关系矩阵模型控制系统

针对复杂非线性系统中多个输出不能解耦的控制问题,基于实际系统的采样数据,利用矩阵半张量积运算建立模糊关系矩阵模型,得出一种新型模糊控制器设计方法.将传统模糊控制中的推理过程和模糊规则的建立转化成矩阵运算,有效避免了建模和控制的复杂性.将其应用于室内热环境舒适度控制系统中,基于室内外的温度、湿度等多个变量的采样数据对,给出具体的模糊关系矩阵的建立过程,设计得出新型模糊控制器.仿真和实验结果表明,该方法能够实现室内热环境的舒适度控制,并且不需要进行多变量之间的解耦.     

采用AADL的软件系统可靠性建模与评估方法

结构分析与设计语言(architecture analysis and design language,AADL)是应用于嵌入式领域的体系结构建模、分析和验证的重要手段。针对系统可靠性随着其规模、复杂度和性能需求的不断提升而愈显突出的问题,给出了一个基于AADL的软件系统可靠性建模与评估框架:首先建立AADL可靠性模型,然后将其转换为广义随机Petri网(generalized stochastic Petri net,GSPN)模型后再进行分析,最后根据分析结果判断是否需要进行模型改进。在研究已有的基本转换规则的基础上,重点讨论了系统中组件之间错误传播以及表示系统发生模式转换的Guard_Transition属性到GSPN的转换规则。以某飞行控制系统中数据发送和处理单元为实例,验证了所提转换规则和可靠性建模与评估框架的有效性。     

模型转换的重写逻辑构架研究

规则式的模型转换技术在模型驱动构架的模型转换实施中占有重要地位,但目前诸实施对于转换规则的定义存在多种解释、转换的协调方面、终止性和一致性等数学属性缺乏支持。该文提出一种Maude重写逻辑基础的构架(RLBA)以实施模型转换,通过产生式规范、多方法风格的重写规则集设计、OC(对象配置)和OM(对象消息)重写规则分类等技术并结合模型检查工具,为自动产生元模型和模型的面向对象可执行代数规范、转换规则的严格形式化定义、转换协调方面的刻画、终止性和一致性等的验证提供支持。     

Integrating behavior analysis into architectural modeling

Architectural modeling and behavior analysis are two important concerns in the software development. They are often implemented separately, and specified by their own supporting notations. Architectural modeling helps to guarantee the system design to satisfy the requirement, and behavior analysis can ensure the interaction correctness. To improve the trustworthiness, methods trying to combine architectural modeling and behavior analysis notations together have been proposed, e.g., establishing a one-way mapping relation. However, the one-way relation cannot ensure updating one notation specifications in accordance with the other one, which results in inconsistency problems. In this paper, we present an approach to integrating behavior analysis into architectural modeling, which establishes the interoperability between architectural modeling notation and behavior analysis notation by a bidirectional mapping. The architecture is specified by the modeling language, architecture analysis and design language (AADL), and then mapped to behavior analysis notation, Darwin/FSP (finite state process) through the bidirectional transformation. The bidirectional transformation provides traceability, which makes behavior analysis result provided by a model checker can be traced and reflected back to the original AADL specifications. In this way, the behavior analysis is integrated into architectural modeling. The feasibility of our approach is shown by a control system example.     

基于MOF面向方面建模工具的研究与实现

建模在软件开发中起着非常重要的作用,其有效性和准确性关系到软件系统的开发效率及扩展.该文结合MOF及面向方面的理论,建立了两阶段面向方面建模的理论模型,提出了一种基于MOF面向方面建模工具(MAMT)的设计和实现方法;并针对MAMT中方面模型给出了转换定义;同时提出一种新的模型转换语言AOMTL,来处理含有方面概念的模...