双膜法工艺长期运行稳定性分析及污染控制研究

对开发区东区再生水厂双膜法工艺实际运行数据进行分析和对比,重点关注双膜法工艺对COD、NH3-N、TDS、Mn、Fe和浊度等水质指标的去除效果,并对反渗透系统的膜污染和膜清洗问题进行深入分析。结果表明双膜法工艺对市政污水中的污染物去除率高,且系统能够长期稳定运行,满足市政污水回用的要求。     

新型超高分子量聚乙烯管式微滤膜处理高铁地下水的试验研究

采用新型超高分子量聚乙烯管式微滤膜为过滤介质,研究了预曝气-微滤组合工艺对高铁地下水的处理效果.结果表明:预曝气-微滤组合工艺对铁的去除率达90%以上,比单独微滤提高40%～60%,出水铁浓度小于0.1 mg/L,满足饮用水卫生标准;且有曝气时有毒有害微污染物去除效率高,对TOC、UV_(254)和UV_(410)的平均去除率分别为41.5%、82.1%和88.7%;有无曝气时对浊度的去除影响不大,去除率都大于95%,出水浊度小于0.2 NTU.铁等无机物是造成膜污染的主要原因,用2%～3% HCl清洗管内壁后再用清水反冲洗是处理此类膜污染的简单有效方式.     

超低压反渗透处理太湖水的中试分析

中试以超滤过滤后的太湖水为原水,研究超低压反渗透膜在此水源条件下的运行工况,考察其对于有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在临界通量下超低压反渗透膜运行稳定,年产水量下降约为5%,反渗透对于UV_(254)、COD_(Mn)和TOC去除率分别为100%、77%和89%,对水中有机物的去除效果显著;超过临界通量运行后发现膜污染情况加重,但运行通量和污染速率却未呈线性正相关,可能与原水水质变化及难以保证的化学清洗效果有关,对于实际工程运行具有一定指导意义。     

纳滤和反渗透技术在高含盐地下水中的应用及比较研究

J市地下水无机盐污染物超标,常规工艺难以有效处理。为保障居民用水品质,开展以纳滤和反渗透为核心的膜分离技术中试和扩展小试研究。结果表明:使用超滤作为预处理工艺能有效保证纳滤和反渗透工艺的进水水质;纳滤和反渗透工艺能有效去除水中的TDS、总硬度、硫酸盐、氟化物、UV_(254)和DOC,除氟化物外去除率均在95%以上,且纳滤和反渗透工艺运行稳定,投加阻垢剂后无明显膜污染;为提高经济性,可将处理水与原水掺混供水,掺混比为38%,掺混后供水水质达标;通过技术经济分析,结合当地水质情况,纳滤工艺更适合作为改造的核心工艺。     

膜组合工艺浓缩净化电厂湿法脱硫废水研究

对膜组合工艺中试设备处理燃煤电厂湿法脱硫废水的回用水、浓缩水水质进行了长期监测,并对各系统的性能和膜污染情况连续观察。结果表明,膜组合工艺能够有效截留水中的溶解性污染物,TDS的去除率大于99.3%,使产水水质达到回用水要求。纳滤膜和反渗透联用能够有效分离水中的二价盐和单价盐,使蒸发系统的处理量降低一半,得到纯度稳定高于99%的NaCl结晶盐。研究还发现,预处理过程中过量投加的絮凝剂会造成超滤膜通量的快速下降,超滤膜能够有效截留水中的各种颗粒性污染物,缓解纳滤膜和反渗透的污染过程。     

反渗透处理高盐化工废水的试验研究

以经过两级混凝-超滤预处理后的化工废水为研究对象,通过试验考察了反渗透脱盐工艺处理高盐废水的效果和工艺稳定性。通过反渗透脱盐率和膜通量的变化来判定运行条件和进水水质对膜性能的影响。结果表明:系统稳定运行后对COD、电导率的平均去除率分别为94.38%、98.20%。在恒定压力(0.85 MPa)下,当进水TDS为3 500 mg/L时,膜性能稳定,膜通量衰减速率为0.008 6 L/(m2.h),在进水TDS>4 500 mg/L时脱盐率与膜通量随进水浓度的增大急剧下降。阻垢剂投加量为3.0~4.0 mg/L时,系统稳定运行150 h内压差稳定在0.04~0.07 MPa,出水满足该厂部分工艺用水的水质标准。     

进水浓度对人工湿地净化城市湖泊水体影响研究

以西安市兴庆湖为研究对象,实验研究进水浓度对水平潜流人工湿地净化城市湖泊水体的影响。实验参照排入西安市兴庆湖的混合污水的水质,测定了进水浓度对化学需氧量、总氮、总磷、氨氮的去除效果。结果表明:随着水力停留时间的变化,进水浓度对CODcr、TP、NH3-N的去除影响不大,CODcr、TP、NH3-N的去除率分别为79.77%,81.61%,50.66%,有较好的去除效果。而进水浓度对TN的去除有明显影响,去除率仅为27.12%。     

不同清洗条件下反渗透系统清洗效果的对比分析

伴随着生产和生活产生的排水,市政污水和工业废水越来越多的成为了膜法水处理的给水。随着反渗透膜在市政污水回用领域的广泛应用,膜系统污染的问题日益突出,通常系统污染表现为进水压力升高、段间压差增大和产水量下降等现象。当污染物积累到一定程度就需要对系统进行清洗,通过对再生水厂反渗透系统污染物的分析,其中有机物占77%,无机盐占23%,有机物和微生物污染较为严重。通过对不同清洗条件下,系统清洗效果的分析,可以得出在保持清洗时间为15h、清洗温度为30℃时,去除反渗透系统有机物和微生物污染较为有效的药液配置是0.025%Na—SDS加0.1%NaOH组成的碱性清洗液,去除碳酸盐垢有效的清洗药液配置为0.2%HCl的酸性清洗液,在该清洗条件下反渗透系统清洗后进水压力和段间压差降低显著。     

全膜深度处理工艺处理太湖水的中试研究

采用超滤-纳滤(UF-NF)全膜工艺处理东太湖水,通过中试考察全膜工艺对水中各种污染物的处理效能。试验结果表明,超滤预处理能充分保证纳滤的稳定运行,试验工艺处理浊度、COD_(Mn)、TOC、UV_(254)、氨氮、藻密度和叶绿素a的去除率分别为99.93%、89.33%、62.33%、93.72%、82.1%、99.67%和98.32%。工艺对水中的TDS和电导率的去除率为43%。三维荧光和有机物特性分析表明,原水中有机物构成以芳香蛋白类物质、溶解性微生物代谢产物和小分子有机物为主,全膜工艺去除效果优异。     

纳滤、反渗透工艺深度处理饮用水研究

利用纳滤和反渗透膜深度处理工艺进行长江原水水质净化中试研究,工艺流程为长江原水→混凝沉淀→沙滤→颗粒活性炭→纳滤/反渗透,比较纳滤、反渗透膜工艺对污染物特别是微量有机物苯系物、三氯乙烯及消毒副产物等的去除效果。结果表明膜工艺预处理能够有效地去除原水的浊度和部分污染物,有利于纳滤、反渗透的稳定运行。纳滤膜工艺的最佳操作压力是0.4 MPa,此压力下产水量为250 L/h,回收率为24%,SO₄^2-,Cl^-,NO₃^-和总硬度的去除率分别为91.7%,85.4%,85.2%,89.3%;采用浓缩水回流能兼顾较高的回收率和良好的去除率。2种膜工艺对苯系物与三氯乙烯的去除率均在95.7%以上;对消毒副产物也有较好的控制效果,其中大部分的削减率在63.7%以上。与反渗透膜工艺比较,纳滤膜工艺具有较低的生产成本。纳滤膜工艺净化出水中可部分保留对人体有益的矿物质,使得净化后的出水成为优质健康饮用水。     

Simultaneous optimization of multiple performance characteristics in coagulation-flocculation process for Indian paper industry wastewater

The goal of this study was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process in wastewater generated from the paper and pulp industry using a grey relational analysis (GRA)-based Taguchi method. Process parameters included types and doses of natural coagulants and coagulant aid, and pH. To track the efficiency of the treatment process, the following responses were chosen for optimization: chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity of wastewater, alone or in combination or all together. Analysis of variance showed that the type and dose of the coagulant aid were the most significant parameters, followed by pH and the dose of the coagulant; the type of coagulant used was found to be insignificant in the coagulation-flocculation process. Optimization of process parameters to achieve lower turbidity and greater removal of COD and TDS was verified in a separate confirmatory experiment, which showed improvements in COD and TDS removal and a decrease in turbidity of 8.2, 6.35 and 26.17%, respectively, with the application of the Taguchi method and GRA.     

植物灭螺剂"螺威"杀灭湖北钉螺药效试验研究

 采用室内和现场试验评价植物灭螺剂“螺威”杀灭湖北钉螺药效。室内采用泥盘喷洒、烧杯浸杀法,用敲击法鉴定钉螺死亡数和存活数,观察不同浓度植物灭螺剂“螺威”对湖北钉螺的杀灭效果。结果表明：7.5,5.0,2.5g/m³ 3个浓度的4%螺威粉剂（TDS）室内浸杀湖北钉螺48h死亡率为100% ;室内喷洒试验 7.5,5.0,2.5g/m³ 3个试验浓度中7.5 ,5.0g/m³ 浓度组均达到死亡率95%以上,浓度为 2.5g/m³ 的4%螺威粉剂（TDS）现场浸杀湖北螺钉72h死亡率为100%;喷洒湖北螺钉360h死亡率为 90.03%。4%螺威粉剂（TDS）室内浸杀、喷洒试验和现场浸杀、喷洒试验对湖北钉螺药效均达到合格指标。     

三室电渗析回收黄姜皂素水解废液中硫酸的研究

采用三室电渗析从黄姜皂素水解废液中分离硫酸,研究了电渗析过程中各种离子的迁移规律。在电流密度130A/m2条件下,H+、SO24-、溶解性固体(TDS)分离效率分别为81.4%、81.6%和97.9%,而水解废液中有机物的浓度不变。H+和SO24-电流效率分别为69.5%和65.9%,分离1kg硫酸的电耗为8.4kW·h。     

Membrane bioreactor application within the treatment of high-strength textile effluent

A pilot-scale dual-stage membrane bioreactor (dsMBR) incorporating two ultra-filtration (UF) side-stream membrane modules was designed, constructed, operated and evaluated on-site for treating high-strength textile effluent. The effluent stream was characterised by a COD range of between 45 to 2,820 mg/L and an average BOD of 192.5 mg/L. The dsMBR achieved an average COD reduction of 75% with a maximum of 97% over the 9 month test period. The COD concentration obtained after dsMBR treatment averaged at 190 mg/L, which was well within the discharge standard. The average reduction in turbidity and TSS were 94% and 19.6%, respectively, during the UF-MBR stage of the system. Subsequent treatment of the UF-permeate with nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) removed both the residual colour and remaining salt. A consistent reduction in the color of the incoming effluent was evident. The ADMI was reduced from an average of 659 to ～20, a lower ADMI and colour compared to the potable water. An average conductivity rejection of 91% was achieved with conductivity being reduced from an average of 7,700 to 693 μS/cm and the TDS reduced from an average of 5,700 to 473 mg/L, which facilitated an average TDS rejection of 92%.     

A Deterministic Algorithm for Determination of Optimal Water Quality Monitoring Stations

Water quality monitoring networks are usually designed according to statistical approaches and general criteria without a consistent or logical deterministic design strategy. In this research, a deterministic approach for allocating the most sensitive water quality monitoring stations was proposed. This approach was applied on the western part of the Al-Hammar Marsh. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality simulation models were used to estimate the distribution of total dissolved solids (TDS) within the marsh for all of the expected conditions. Subsequently, the spatial distribution of the variance of TDS was computed based on the results of these models and performed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) database layer. The standard acceptable TDS variation limits of ±5%, land-use map, land-cover map and other main selection criteria of the monitoring stations were set as constraints via GIS database layers. These layers were integrally applied to the variance layer to obtain the locations of the most sensitive monitoring stations. It was concluded that, the most representative monitoring network consists of 46 stations. This number can be reduced to 37 and 29 stations by increasing the acceptable TDS variation limits to ±10% and 15%, respectively. The developed approach can be used with limited data. Moreover, it can be applied to rivers, lakes or wetlands, considering all of the related constraints. In addition, the GIS database can be easily updated and analysed. These features are not available in other methods such as the Sanders method, multiple criteria decision making and dynamic programming approach.     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究国内外少有涉及.为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,开展了不同矿化度(3、30、100、250 g/L)潜水蒸发试验,着重分析不同处理潜水累积蒸发动态、日间蒸发动态及昼夜变化规律.结果表明:潜水累积蒸发量与时长、土壤剖面积盐量与矿化度均显著线性正相关;潜水蒸发相对于EΦ20水面蒸发变化存在明显滞后;水面与潜水蒸发动态均表现为夜间变化强烈,不同矿化度潜水平均夜间蒸发量占日蒸发较大份额,除3 g/L处理外,均达60％左右.高盐度潜水蒸发过程对土质的影响呈非线性且非单一方向;夜间潜水蒸发的驱动因素为白天大气蒸发能力的延迟驱动及夜间水汽凝结产生的负压驱动.     

A Water Model for Water and Environmental Management at Mae Moh Mine Area in Thailand

It is revealed that the water quality in Mae Moh Reservoir, Thailand, has been deteriorated by lignite mine drainage and power station effluent. This study aims to manipulate water quantity and quality to reduce environmental impacts in Mae Moh area through a model for water management. The model was constructed on the basis of materials balance to predict water flow, which includes concentrations of TDS and SO ^2– ₄. Data collected during 1996–2000 were used. Model validation showed that the mean of predicted and actual values of TDS and SO ^2– ₄ load were significantly similar at 95% confidence limit. The test result is acceptable and the water model can be used as a tool for water system management in the area. In 2006, Mae Moh mine excess water will be discharged at 10.76 Mm³, with a pH of 7.3, TDS and SO ^2– ₄ concentrations of 2,547 and 1,803 mg/l, respectively. Mae Moh power station effluent will be 14.59 Mm³, with pH of 7.1, TDS and SO ^2– ₄ concentrations of 610 and 358 mg/l, respectively. Predicted results showed that the outflow of Mae Moh Reservoir will be 83.67 Mm³ and the concentrations of TDS and SO ^2– ₄ will be as high as 1,501 and 822 mg/l, respectively. Mine excess water management measures are recommended according to the following strategy. All mine excess water should be stored during dry season. During wet season, 50% of the excess water should be stored and the remaining treated at 90% of TDS removal before being discharged. The end result would be a significant improvement in water quality in the Mae Moh Reservoir over the 4-year period to 2010. Pollutants in terms of TDS would be reduced by 35% from 1,501 mg/l in the beginning of 2006 to 975 mg/l at the end of 2009.     

输水条件下额济纳绿洲浅层地下水水化学特征与水位埋深关系

浅层地下水水化学特征及水位埋深是干旱区地下水环境变化的重要指示,研究其时空变化对干旱区绿洲生态环境修复及其可持续发展具有重要意义。以我国西北干旱区第二大内陆河——黑河下游额济纳绿洲为研究区,以2017年8月水化学组分分析数据为基础,结合水化学历史分析数据(2001年9月和2009年8月)及地下水位埋深自动监测数据,运用反距离权重(IDW)插值方法和水化学Piper图解法,分析了生态输水以来(2001-2017年)额济纳绿洲地下水水化学特征和水位埋深的时空变化特征及二者间的响应关系。结果表明,在空间上,地下水位从西南到东北逐渐降低,地下水总溶解固体(TDS)沿着地下水流向呈增加趋势。2001年、2009年及2017年地下水化学类型变化不明显,分别呈SO_4·Cl-Mg·Na,SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg,SO_4·Cl-Na·Mg;地下水中TDS变化较为明显,即在2001年最高,2017年次之,2009年最低。TDS与地下水位埋深之间呈非线性统计关系,具体表现为:水位埋深在1.5～3m及6m以下范围内,TDS变化不大,稳定维持在2 000mg/L左右;但在3～6m范围内,TDS随地下水位埋深增大呈一定的增加趋势。     

Treatment of industrial wastewater using photooxidation and bioaugmentation technology.

The versatile metabolism of microorganisms has an played important role in the biodegradation of recalcitrant toxic compounds entering into the natural environment. The biodegradability of organics can be enhanced using bioaugmentation and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for aerobic/anaerobic treatment programs. Wastewater from a bulk drug (cresol) plant had high levels of TDS, COD and BOD, whilst the levels from a pigment plant low. Both contained organics difficult to degrade. AOP using hydroxyl radical generated in 1 L glass reactor using UV and H2O2 efficiently oxidised phenol and cresol. COD and sulphite reduction in cresol containing wastewater were 20-60% in 1-6 h. A twenty to thirty percent reduction in copper phthalocyanine pigment effluents was achieved in 6 h using AOP. Strains of Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Nocardia degrading phenol, cresol were isolated from soil and sludge. Mixed biomass of these organisms removed phenols (1,000 ppm) and cresols (500 ppm) completely in 24 and 72 h, respectively. The COD and BOD reductions under the optimum nutritional and physiological conditions were in the range of 70 to 90%. When added to the bioreactor, 20% of the developed biomass of mixed strains of Micrococcus, Nocardia and Pseudomonas increased the rate of COD and BOD reduction gradually and stabilised at 80-90%. Added biomass improved the overall efficiency of the aerobic process.     

水系连通工程下博斯腾湖矿化度时空变化及其驱动因素研究

分析了开都河－黄水沟－大湖区－小湖区连通工程实施后博斯腾湖矿化度的时空变化及其驱动因素,以期为进一步改善博斯腾湖水环境提供科学指导。结果表明：空间变化上,水系连通工程促进了博斯腾湖大、小湖区水循环,改善了博斯腾湖矿化度,使黄水沟河道（南大闸）矿化度降低了0.5~1.0 g/L、大湖区西北角和东南部矿化度降低了0.3~0.5 g/L、小湖区东部矿化度降低了0~1.5 g/L;时间变化上,博斯腾湖黄水沟区、西岸区、大湖区和小湖区矿化度变化具有较高的同步性;水系连通工程的实施对改善博斯腾湖矿化度空间分布作用显著;高矿化度水体的扩散和湖水水位,尤其是水温等因素共同驱动了矿化度随时间的变化。在水系连通工程实施下,科学调控年内入湖、出湖水量并严格阻止污水入河、入湖是改善博斯腾湖矿化度的关键。