Trace elements (Mn,Cr, Pb,Se, Zn,Cd and Hg) in emissions from a pulverized coal boiler

The concentrations of seven trace elements (Mn, Cr, Pb, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured quantitatively in a 220 tons/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen concentration and trace elements' characteristics. Modified enrichment factors show more directly element enrichment in combustion products. The studied elements may be classified into three groups according to their emission features: Group 1: Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both Groups 1 and 3. The smaller the diameter of fly ash, the higher is the relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). Fly ash shows different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements (except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen concentration will not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb forms chloride more easily than Cd during coal combustion.     

Partitioning of trace inorganic elements in a coal-fired power plant equipped with a wet Flue Gas Desulphurisation system

The abatement capacity of trace inorganic elements was studied in a large Pulverized Coal Combustion (PCC) power plant equipped with a wet limestone Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) system. High proportions of most elements were retained as fly ash as consequence of the efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP, 99.6% of fly ash) and slag (11%). The most volatile elements, such as S and F are retained by the FGD gypsum, and Cl by the filtered water; whereas the moderately volatile elements, As and B, are retained mainly by fly ash, reaching very high abatement efficiencies for these elements when considering the whole plant (>92%). Selenium and Hg are still retained by the whole system with relatively high proportions (89% and 67%); however a prominently proportion is emitted; Se (11%) and Hg (29%), attaining gaseous/PM rate at the emissions reaching 0.08 and 290, respectively. The gaseous emissions are below the limits according to the European directive 2001/80/EC for large combustion plants and the PRTR threshold values with the exception of Hg emissions and particulate Se, As, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cr. Remediation actions to prevent and/or reduce the gaseous and PM emissions as well as the determination of leachable potential of trace inorganic pollutants retained in FGD gypsum, especially F in view of its disposal, are of significant relevance.     

Influence of trace metal distribution on its leachability from coal fly ash

The risks associated with the reuse of coal fly ash in natural environmental settings in terms of their mobility and ecotoxicological significance is largely determined by: (1) the physicochemical conditions the fly ash is placed under; (2) the total leachable metal content in fly ash and; (3) the distribution or mineralogical fractionation of metals. In this study, we report the mobility of As, Cr, Pb, Fe, Cu and Zn from a single Class F fly ash (CFFA). The influence of pH on metal release was compared to the total leachable metal content, as determined by single and sequential chemical extractions. The results show that the CFFA sample is environmentally safe under natural pH conditions, with metal leaching less than the mandated RCRA limits. The elements Fe, Pb and Cr were moderately soluble at acidic pH and sparingly soluble beyond neutral pH. Arsenic release from CFFA was higher under aggressive pH conditions (pH < 4 and pH > 9) and consistent with its oxyanionic behavior. Partial dissolution of the acid soluble (exchangeable) fraction at acidic pH; desorption of oxyanions at alkaline pH; adsorption and or co-precipitation of metals with iron (hydr) oxides at neutral pH appeared to be the probable mechanisms controlling metal release. While simple EDTA extractions provided good indications of the total leachable amounts, a direct correlation with pH leaching data was impossible as the mineralogical distribution of the metals in the fly ash appeared to play a significant role in their leachability. In the case of Class F fly ash, metal association with Fe-oxide appeared to play a more dominant role in metal release.     

Chemical, leaching and toxicity characteristics of CFB combustion residues

Within the last years, attention has been focused on the development of clean coal technologies, based on the pulverized coal fired once-through boiler technology and the circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC) systems. The environmental problems provoked from those wastes due to their toxic trace element contents necessitate their detailed characterisation. Within the scope of this concept, two different coal types were used in a series of experimental trials. Fly and bottom ash samples were collected and characterised in terms of morphology, mineralogy, leaching and toxicity behaviour. According to the results, toxic trace elements are preferentially concentrated in the fly ash particles since they presented the smaller particles size. However, the chemical analysis of the ash leachates showed that are acceptable for safe disposal, since none of them exceeds the maximum EPA limits. Additionally, the Microtox toxicity test proved that fly ash leachates, which presented the higher heavy metals concentrations, caused the higher toxic effects.     

Leaching characteristics of selected Korean fly ashes and its implications for the groundwater composition near the ash disposal mound

Currently only 20% of the fly ash produced in Korea is utilised for industry, and the remainder is disposed as waste in landfill sites. Both anthracite and sub-bituminous coals are burnt in Korea. Fly ash and coal samples were collected from five different coal-fired power stations in Korea and analysed for their chemistry and mineralogy. Batch leaching tests were also carried out to investigate the leaching behaviour of selected fly ashes. The fly ash leachate chemistry was compared with the groundwater taken directly from the monitoring well installed in one of the power stations. The anthracite coals contain illite, pyrophyllite and kaolinite whereas kaolinite is the representative clay mineral for the sub-bituminous coals. Anthracite coals were higher in Si, Al and K than the sub-bituminous coals, reflecting higher mineral matter contents in the anthracite coals. Mullite and quartz are the main mineral phases for two different types of the fly ashes, with some iron oxides. The chemical compositions of the anthracite and sub-bituminous fly ashes are comparable with each other, except for extraordinary high concentrations of Cr for one anthracite fly ash. Most of the trace elements in the ash were enriched in the finer fraction, indicating surface associations. Although, some elements including Na, K, Ca and Cu were released rapidly in the initial stage of leaching, measurable amounts of metals were still detectable in the fly ash leachate treated several times with distilled water. Such leaching behaviour indicates slow and long-term leaching of elements associated with the glass fractions of the ash particle. This was confirmed by leaching of weathered fly ash, which had been disposed of for several years. Comparison of the ash leachate, treated with 0.1N-HCl, fly ash slurry in the ash pond and the groundwater indicate the influence of the ash leachate from the ash disposal mound on the groundwater composition.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰处理技术现状与展望

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰是含有大量重金属和二噁英的危险废物,若不妥善处置,将对人类健康和生活环境造成严重影响。目前常用的垃圾焚烧飞灰处理处置方法,综合分析了其特点和优缺点,并指出飞灰烧制陶粒技术和利用UASB和EGSB装置回收重金属技术可同时实现无害化、减量化和资源化,是飞灰处理技术的发展方向。     

Characteristics and composition of fly ash from Canadian coal-fired power plants

Fly ashes were collected from the electrostatic precipitator (ESPs) and/or the baghouse of seven coal-fired power plants. The fly ashes were sampled from power plants that use pulverized subbituminous and bituminous feed coals. Fly ash from bituminous coals and limestone feed coals from fluidized-bed power plant were also sampled. The fly ashes were examined for their mineralogies and elemental compositions. The fly ashes from pulverized low sulfur coals are ferrocalsialic, those from high sulfur coals are ferrosialic and the fly ashes from the fluidized bed coals are ferrocalcic. The concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Mo, Ni, and Pb in fly ash are related to the S content of the coal. Generally, those feed coals with a high S content contain higher concentrations of these elements. The concentrations of these elements are also greater for baghouse fly ash compared to ESP fly ash for the same station. The S content of fly ash from high S coal is 0.1% for pulverized ESP fly ash and 7% for baghouse fly ash from the fluidized bed, indicating that most of the S is captured by fly ash in the fluidized bed. The baghouse fly ash from the fluidized bed has the highest content of Cd, Hg, Mo, Pb, and Se, indicating that CaO, for the most part, captures them. Arsenic is captured by calcium-bearing minerals and hematite, and forms a stable complex of calcium or a transition metal of iron hydroxy arsenate hydrate [(M²⁺)₂Fe₃(AsO₄)₃(OH)₄·10H₂O] in the fly ash. Most elements in fly ash have enrichment indices of greater than 0.7 indicating that they are more enriched in the fly ash than in the feed coal, except for Hg in all ESP ashes. Mercury is an exception; it is more enriched in baghouse fly ash compared to ESP. Fly ash collected from a station equipped with hot side ESP has a lower concentration of Hg compared to stations equipped with cold side ESP using feed coals of similar rank and mercury content. Fly ash particles from fluidized bed coal are angular and subangular with cores of quartz and calcite. The quartz core is encased in layer(s) of calcium-rich aluminosilicates, and/or calcium/iron oxides. The calcite core is usually encased in an anhydrite shell.     

水泵房进水阀门控制改造

水泵房虽然是水泥厂的辅助车间，但是在水泥厂运行中是必不可少的。其主要作用有：（1） 为某些设备提供循环冷却水，如磨机油站冷却等；（2） 生活供水；（3） 消防供水。     

Mobilization of some trace elements from ashes of Turkish lignites in rain water

Short-term water solubility characteristics of bottom ashes and fly ashes from two important Turkish lignites were investigated in association with the concentrations of some heavy metals. For this, the alkaline ashes were interacted with acidic rain water and dilute acidic solutions for leaching times changing from 10 min to 2 days to assess the mobilization potential during ash–water interactions. The concentrations of leachable trace elements such as chromium, lead, cadmium, zinc, and nickel were determined in leachate using Atomic Absorption (AA) Spectrometry. Iron concentrations were also investigated since it plays a critical role on trace element enrichment mechanism. The mineralogical and structural identification of the parent ash samples were carried out by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The extent of the mobility of the ashes was identified regarding the physical and chemical properties of the ashes. Concentrations of the trace elements in leachates were compared to the several guideline values regulating the maximum contaminant levels in drinking water and irrigation water as well as the regulatory threshold concentrations in leachate.     

Leaching behavior of fly ash-waste glass and fly ash-slag-waste glass-based geopolymers

The leaching behavior of contaminants in the fly ash/waste glass or fly ash/blast furnace slag/waste glass-based geopolymers was investigated through surface area analysis and leaching tests. Spent fluorescent lamps classified as hazardous waste due to their specific contaminant contents were used as a source of waste glass. The results from semi-dynamic leaching tests showed that the mobility of contaminants increases as the amount of waste glass added to the synthesis mixture increases. These results are consistent with those obtained from the surface area analysis. However, the comparative analysis of mobility of contaminants between types of activated mixtures highlighted a different trend of mobility of contaminants to that of pore size distributions. Therefore, the leaching behavior of contaminants suggests that their immobilization in the activated mixtures might occur by both physical and chemical mechanisms. Also, it was emphasized that waste glass is not compliant with respect to its leachable Hg content, and that Hg and Pb exhibit high mobility in the geopolymers with high amount of waste glass added to the synthesis mixtures.     

大宗粉煤灰的综合利用及提质方案

对于大宗粉煤灰原灰进行分选加球磨机粉磨,同时添加合适的激发剂进行提质,可以生产出不同细度和活性的粉煤灰产品,提升粉煤灰在水泥及商品砼中的用量。介绍了某发电公司的粉煤灰处置现状,在此基础上,对商品砼的粉煤灰性能要求进行了大量市场调研,针对性地给出了该公司粉煤灰的提质方案,最后进行了提质粉煤灰的应用市场和产品竞争力分析。     

Effect of coupling agent on the mechanical properties of fly ash–filled polybutadiene rubber

Fly ash, a waste productof thermal power stations generated in huge quantities, has been posing problems of its disposal. As such it contains a variety of inorganic oxides and is available in finely powdered form. Attempts have been made for its use as a filler in elastomers and plastics. It is important to note that fly ash used in in untreated form does not significantly enhance the mechanical properties of composites. In this work, fly ash treated with silane coupling agent (Si‐69) was used as a filler in polybutadiene rubber (PBR). The comparison of properties of composites filled with treated and untreated fly ash revealed that the composites with treated fly ash showed better reinforcing properties. Thus the silane coupling agent used here promoted adhesion between fly ash and the PBR. The improvement in mechanical properties in general and tensile properties (tensile strength, modulus 100% and modulus 200%, hardness) of the composites in particular were observed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1322–1328, 2004     

固体废物焚烧灰渣毒性评估及其控制方法研究进展

固体废物焚烧产生的灰渣时环境是一种二次污染物,其中,焚烧飞灰因其含有重金属及有毒有机污染物而被列为危险固体废物,因此在其最终处置前,必须进行稳定化处理.作者介绍了灰渣的污染特性,尤其是飞灰中所含重金属、有毒有机污染物的毒性及其各种评估方法,包括水平震荡法、浸出柱实验法、毒性浸出程序(TCLP),并综述了当前灰渣的控制技术方法和资源化利用手段,如水泥固化法、熔融固化法、化学药剂固化法.     

基于AHP的飞灰处理技术综合评价

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰因其含有重金属、二噁英等污染物而被定义为危险固体废物,需进行特别的处理处置。目前国际上对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理主要采用固化与稳定化处理。采用层次分析法(AHP)建立了综合评价体系,并对四种飞灰固化与稳定化处理工艺进行比较。结果表明化学药剂稳定化优于其他三种技术,值得向相关行业推广。     

上海城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的性质分析

垃圾焚烧飞灰是我国城市垃圾焚烧新技术发展过程中产生的一个新问题,飞灰中有大量有害物质。必须予以安全处置。而飞灰的性质对如何处置以及处置的效果非常重要。飞灰的性质有很大的地域性差异。我们对上海浦东御桥垃圾焚烧厂产生的飞灰的相关性质如化学组成、重金属浸出率、重金属挥发特性等进行了检测。并对结果进行了分析。结果表明：上海市飞灰中SiO2含量较高。有利于进行熔融固化。但飞灰在熔融过程中。重金属的挥发量较大,需要引起注意。     

320MW燃煤电厂痕量元素的分布、脱除及排放特性

燃煤电厂痕量元素的排放已经引起了世界的广泛关注。在一台配置选择性催化还原（SCR）+静电除尘器（ESP）+湿法脱硫装置（WFGD）的320MW燃煤电厂上进行了12种痕量元素（Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Mo、Cd、Sb、Ba、Pb）排放特性的实验研究,使用了US EPA Method 29对4个测点烟气痕量元素进行同时取样,考察了痕量元素在电厂中的分布、协同脱除以及在烟囱中的排放。结果表明：锅炉、SCR、ESP、WFGD和整个系统的痕量元素质量平衡率均在可接受的范围内。这12种痕量元素主要分布在底渣和飞灰中,分别占据底渣、ESP灰、WFGD脱除及烟囱排放痕量元素总量的1.90%～27.6%和72.3%～98.0%,然而,它们在烟囱和被WFGD脱除的部分所占比例较少,两者之和仅占0.11%～0.66%。ESP和WFGD对烟气痕量元素的脱除率分别为99.39%～99.95%和40.39%～78.98%,SCR+ESP+WFGD对烟气痕量元素的总体脱除率为99.79%～99.99%。ESP对痕量元素较高的脱除效率是APCDs系统具有较高的协同脱除效率的主要原因。烟囱排放的痕量元素浓度及排放因子分别为0.01～12.88 μg·m^-3和（0.002～4.57）×10^-12 g·J^-1。应进行更多的燃煤电厂痕量元素排放的研究,以便为中国燃煤电厂痕量元素的排放预测模型的建立以及相关标准的制定提供参考。     

粉煤灰的农用开发及其意义

粉煤灰农用具有投资少、容量大、需求平稳、波动少等多方面优点。粉煤灰富含Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ和相当数量的微量元素，具有吸附性能好、可磁化的特点，是粉煤灰农用开发的技术依据。以粉煤灰为原料制造有机复合肥是粉煤灰农用开发的重要方式。试验表明，粉煤灰磁化的效果与相应的土壤性质密切相关。今后应加强粉煤灰磁化肥效的基础研究     

The fate of trace elements and bulk minerals in pulverized coal combustion in a power station

The behaviour of 15 trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr) and 10 major and minor elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si and Ti) in coal during combustion in a power station has been studied. Synchronized sampling of pulverized coal, bottom ash and fly ash was undertaken over a limited time period. Fly ash morphology was studied by SEM and the mineral composition was studied by EDX and XRD. Major, minor and trace elements were determined by XRF and AAS. Differences between the composition of the ashes of pulverized coal, bottom ashes and fly ashes have been observed. As, Cu, Mo, Pb and Zn were concentrated in the fly ash. The relationship between the composition of the fly ashes and their particle size was studied. Enrichment factors were calculated for each element in different size fractions. As the particle sizes of fly ash decrease, the concentrations of As, Cu, Mo, Pb and Zn increase. From the different composition of bottom ashes and fly ashes (and relying on the results of the characterization of the feed coal carried out in previous work), it can be assumed that pyrite and carbonates make a greater contribution to the furnace bottom ashes. Quartz carries through into the fly ash. This mineral is almost absent in the finest fractions, reflecting the absence of small quartz particles in the feed coal.     

Aluminium extraction and leaching characteristics of Talcher Thermal Power Station fly ash with sulphuric acid

Although fly ash disposal is of environmental concern the quality of residues can be improved with respect to high value applications. Fly ash is considered as a potential source of aluminium and other strategic metals. Leaching and metal extraction behaviour of fly ash collected from Talcher Thermal Power Station have been thoroughly studied using sulphuric acid as extractant. The chemical and mineralogical composition of post-leached samples have been determined. Aluminium extraction by direct leaching at low acid concentration and ambient temperature is not suitable for high recovery. The extraction efficiency of aluminium increases significantly at a higher solid:liquid ratio. It is evident that the leachability of metals from fly ash depends on the nature of leaching medium, solid:liquid ratio, temperature and leaching time.     

Studies on colour removal from bleach plant effluent of a kraft pulp mill

A comparative study for colour removal of pulp bleach plant effluent with three different decolorising agents: fly ash, high molecular weight amine (Kemamine T 1902D) and lime, showed 90% or more colour removal. Fly ash treatment offered a promising way for colour removal (94%); amine treatment yielded better colour removal than fly ash but had comparatively high cost. The large amount of lime needed to remove the colour beyond 90% restricts its use, since large-scale equipment would be costly.