生物含氧燃料成分对柴油机性能影响的试验研究

将占体积比80％的柴油分别掺混20％乙醇、20％生物柴油以及10％乙醇和10％生物柴油的混合物,连同纯柴油组成E20、B20、E10810和柴油共4种燃料,在一台4缸柴油机上进行燃烧、性能及排放特性试验研究。结果表明：含氧燃料成分的不同对折合油耗率基本不产生影响,但对燃烧和排放特性影响较大。发动机燃用E20的缸内最大爆发压力较柴油要大,B20、E10810较柴油要小;含氧燃料中生物柴油的加入使最大压力升高率减小,燃烧变得柔和;含氧燃料的放热时刻均落后于柴油的放热时刻。含氧燃料成分在中低负荷下对HC和CO的排放影响较大,随着含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加HC和CO排放增加,在中高负荷下,3种含氧燃料的HC和CO排放基本相当;除了在2300r／min的中低负荷下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油高以外,其它工况下含氧燃料的HC和CO排放较柴油要低。含氧燃料成分不同对NOx排放的影响很小,3种含氧燃料的NOx排放都比柴油低。3种含氧燃料的碳烟排放较柴油要低,而且随含氧燃料中乙醇比例的增加,碳烟排放减小。     

Exploring the potentials of lean-burn hydrogen SI engine compared to methane operation

The global rush for decarbonization and the more restrictive emission regulations are pushing the research for cleaner powertrains to the transport sector. In this sense, this work contributes with an experimental investigation of the performance and emissions of a single-cylinder SI engine operating under lean-burn hydrogen combustion. Its performance, combustion parameters, exhaust emissions, and indicated efficiency for a wide range of mixture dilutions are then compared to methane under similar engine load conditions. Hydrogen achieved stable combustion up to lambda 3.4, presenting zero CO emission and very low HC emission for all tested operating conditions. Hydrogen operation also presented zero NOx emissions for conditions leaner than lambda 2.2 and 3.0 at 2000 and 3000 rpm, respectively, however, the NOx emissions increase as the mixture is enriched. The high in-cylinder pressure rise rate limited the operation at mixtures richer than lambda 1.3 at 2000 rpm. When compared to methane, the hydrogen allows de-throttle the engine to burn lean mixtures maintaining a proper flame speed, resulting in lower pumping losses, lower pollutants emissions for most of the conditions tested, and higher indicated efficiency, making hydrogen a promising fuel to replace conventional fuels on cleaner SI engines.     

Performance and emission characteristics of CIE using hydrogen,biodiesel, and massive EGR

Hydrogen is considered as an excellent energy carrier and can be used in diesel engines that operate in dual fuel mode. Many studies have shown that biodiesel, which is sustainable, clean, and safe, a good alternative to fossil fuel. However, tests have confirmed that using biodiesel or hydrogen as a fuel or added fuel in compression ignition engines increases NOx concentrations. Cooled or hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) effectively controls the NOx outflows of diesel engines. However, this technique is restricted by high particulate matter PM emissions and the low thermal efficiency of diesel engines.In this study, gaseous hydrogen was added to the intake manifold of a diesel engine that uses biodiesel fuel as pilot fuel. The investigation was conducted under heavy-EGR conditions. An EGR system was modified to achieve the highest possible control on the EGR ratio and temperature. Hot EGR was recirculated directly from the engine exhaust to the intake manifold. A heat exchanger was utilized to maintain the temperature of the cooled EGR at 25 °C.The supplied hydrogen increased NOx concentrations in the exhaust gas emissions and high EGR rates reduced the brake thermal efficiency. The reduction in NOx emissions depended on the added hydrogen and the EGR ratios when compared with pure diesel combustion. Adding hydrogen to significant amounts of recycled exhaust gas reduced the CO, PM, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions significantly. Results showed that using hydrogen and biodiesel increases engine noise, which is reduced by adding high levels of EGR.     

含氧燃料对内燃机燃烧和排放性能的影响

列举醇类、醚类、酯类、生物柴油等及其作为含氧燃料添加剂与汽、柴油混合的混合燃料性能，介绍部分纯质含氧燃料及其混合燃料对内燃机燃烧和排放的影响。研究表明，醇类燃料及其与汽油的混合燃料能够降低点燃式发动机的HC和CO排放，使发动机的动力性和经济性提高；二甲醚燃料、柴油与DMC或ADMM等的混合燃料对降低压燃式发动机的微粒排放具有显著的作用。含氧化合物混入燃油中有利于降低内燃机中HC，CO等物质的排放。     

辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性和性能的影响

通过不同比例的正庚烷和异辛烷混合得到不同辛烷值的混合燃料，在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究燃料辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性、性能和排放特性的影响．研究结果表明，燃料辛烷值增加，着火始点推迟，燃烧反应速率降低，缸内爆发压力降低．燃料辛烷值增高，均质压燃向大负荷工况拓宽，燃料辛烷值较高时，存在极限转速，辛烷值增加，极限转速降低．对于每一工况，存在一个最佳经济性的燃料辛烷值，负荷增大，最佳辛烷值增高；随着燃料辛烷值增高，发动机NO、HC和CO排放增加，尤其是HC排放增加更为明显．对于均质压燃发动机，低负荷工况适合燃用低辛烷值燃料，高负荷工况适合燃用高辛烷值燃料。     

提高化学计量比汽油机的燃油经济性及降低排放的研究

提出了采用排气再循环同时提高压缩比的方法改善化计量比汽油机的经济性、降低排放的新方法,并在单缸汽油机上进行了试验研究。试验中保持空燃比为化学计量空燃比,通过优化压缩比、涡流比及EGR率,发动机压缩比可以提高到11．8而不发生爆燃,燃油经济性提高5．3％,NOx排放下降50％－60％,HC排放有所上升,但（NOx＋HC）排放下降20％－30％。试验结构表明,采用该方法来改善化学计量比汽油机的性能是行之有效的。     

Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas: A review

Natural gas (NG) is one of the most important and successful alternative fuels for vehicles. Engine combustion and emission fuelled with natural gas have been reviewed by NG/gasoline bi-fuel engine, pure NG engine, NG/diesel dual fuel engine and HCNG engine. Compared to using gasoline, bi-fuel engine using NG exhibits higher thermal efficiency; produces lower HC, CO and PM emissions and higher NOx emission. The bi-fuel mode can not fully exert the advantages of NG. Optimization of structure design for engine chamber, injection parameters including injection timing, injection pressure and multi injection, and lean burn provides a technological route to achieve high efficiency, low emissions and balance between HC and NOx. Compared to diesel, NG/diesel dual fuel engine exhibits longer ignition delay; has lower thermal efficiency at low and partial loads and higher at medium and high loads; emits higher HC and CO emissions and lower PM and NOx emissions. The addition of hydrogen can further improve the thermal efficiency and decrease the HC, CO and PM emissions of NG engine, while significantly increase the NOx emission. In each mode, methane is the major composition of THC emission and it has great warming potential. Methane emission can be decreased by hydrogen addition and after-treatment technology.     

运行工况对基础燃料均质压燃燃烧过程影响的试验研究

在一台经改装的单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了不同辛烷值基础燃料下发动机转速对均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧特性、工况范围和排放特性影响的试验研究。研究结果表明：发动机转速升高,不同辛烷值燃料着火燃烧时刻推迟,以曲轴转角计算的燃烧持续期延长,高辛烷值燃料的缸内最大爆发压力和缸内温度降低;在中间转速,HCCI实现的最高平均指示压力最大,高转速工况,最高平均指示压力降低;对于低辛烷值燃料,转速对燃烧效率影响不大,转速升高,指示热效率增大;对于高辛烷值燃料,转速升高燃烧效率降低,指示热效率在中间转速最高,高转速降低。排放测试表明,转速升高使得HCCI运转的HC和CO排放都升高,NOx排放则逐渐降低。     

Emission analysis of diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel and its water blends

The present study is carried out to formulate stable water-in-soybean biodiesel emulsion fuel and investigate its emission characteristics in a single cylinder diesel engine. Four types of emulsion fuels, which consist of a different percentage of water (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) in soybean biodiesel, were prepared with suitable surfactant and properties were measured. The physicochemical properties are on par with EN 14214 standards. The experimental result of test fuels indicates that the soybean biodiesel promotes a lower level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions compared to base diesel except for nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. Increase in water concentration with soybean biodiesel significantly reduces the NOx emission and smoke opacity. The HC and CO emissions are further reduced with emulsified biodiesel up to 10% water concentration and beyond that limit, marginal increases are recorded. Overall, it is observed that inclusion of water with soybean biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions when compared to base diesel and soybean biodiesel, and 10% water in soybean biodiesel is an appropriate solution to reduce the overall emissions in the soybean-fuelled diesel engine.     

非直喷式增压柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能与排放特性

研究了非直喷式增压柴油机燃用柴油一生物柴油混合燃料的性能和排放特性。未对原机作任何调整和改动,研究了不同生物柴油掺混比例的混合燃料对功率、油耗、烟度和NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油后柴油机功率略有下降,油耗有所上升,烟度大幅下降,NOx排放增加明显。油耗、烟度和NOx的变化均与生物柴油掺混比例呈线性关系,合适的生物柴油掺混比例即可以保持柴油机的性能,又可有效地降低碳烟排放,且不引起NOx排放的显著变化。对于该增压柴油机,掺混生物柴油对外特性下的排放影响最大,影响最小的为标定转速下的负荷特性。不论是全负荷还是部分负荷,燃用生物柴油时低速下的烟度降低和NOx上升幅度均比高速时大,而同转速下高负荷时烟度降低和NOx上升更为明显。     

直喷式柴油机燃用生物柴油燃烧特性的研究

研究了柴油机燃用0#柴油和生物柴油的燃烧放热规律。通过对燃烧特征参数的计算分析,发现生物柴油的燃烧始点有所提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧初期放热尖峰出现时刻对应的曲轴转角有所提前,瞬时放热率峰值下降;燃烧持续期延长。同时还比较了柴油机燃用生物柴油和0#柴油的经济性和排放特性,发现燃油消耗率上升12％左右,而各种排放污染物除NOx略有上升外,CO、HC和颗粒物(PM)均显著下降。     

柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料柴油机燃烧与排放特性研究

为了使柴油与甲醇互溶,提高燃料氧含量以控制碳烟排放,以正戊醇作为助溶剂,形成柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料,对三元燃料在不同温度下的互溶性进行了研究。在一台电控高压共轨柴油机上测试了1 400r/min转速下柴油/正戊醇/甲醇三元微乳化燃料的燃烧压力和排放特性;计算了瞬时燃烧放热率与燃烧温度,并与柴油进行对比。研究结果表明:甲醇能够以一定比例与柴油/正戊醇互溶,且互溶比例随温度升高而增大。与纯柴油相比,随氧含量的增加,混合燃料的滞燃期延长,燃烧持续期缩短,峰值燃烧温度升高;在中低负荷,峰值燃烧放热率上升;在高负荷,三元微乳化燃料的峰值燃烧放热率下降,但其扩散燃烧强度增加;混合燃料的有效燃油消耗率增加,但是其热值逐渐降低,有效热效率上升;3种含氧燃料的CO排放在低负荷时增加,高负荷时降低;HC及NOx排放升高,NO2在NOx中的比例下降;碳烟排放明显减少。     

An experimental investigation of the impact of added HHO gas on automotive emissions under idle conditions

The paper describes an experiment aimed at specifying the effects of adding Brown's gas (HHO gas) in automotive engines operating at idle speed. HHO gas was obtained from the author's parallel plate generator with a single central anode and two side cathodes separated by six neutral plates. The generator was powered by an external power source (power supply unit) and produced a constant HHO gas flow rate in the experiment. The so obtained HHO gas was added to the engine intake systems of 5 passenger cars – three SI engines, i.e. Fiat Cinquecento, Renault Twingo, and Opel Corsa and two CI engines, i.e. Skoda Octavia and Opel Combo. The engines operated in idling conditions. The MAHA MGT5 analyzer measured the concentrations of CO, HC, NOx in the exhaust gases of those cars first fueled by stock fuel (SF) only and then with added HHO gas, i.e. SF + HHO. The ambient conditions remained constant.The results show that fueling with an HHO gas additive has an impact on emissions: CO and HC concentrations in the exhaust gases were reduced in the most of the cases; NOx concentration was reduced in the SI engines but increased in the Diesel ones. Adding HHO gas to the engine intake system of the Fiat Cinquecento operating at idle slightly deteriorated the combustion process there (the impact of carburetor-based supply without feedback). Although HC concentration was lower by 24%, the amount of CO increased by 34% and nitrogen oxides hardly changed. CO concentration if any decreased in the other vehicles.The concentration of HC in the exhaust gases of each of the vehicles show that adding HHO gas to the original fuel, regardless of fueling methods and techniques, reduces the concentration of unburned hydrocarbons: by more than 20% in the Fiat and by about 40% in the others. The NOx concentration in the exhaust gases of each of the vehicles show that after adding HHO to the original fuel, the amount of NOx depends on a fueling method. In the SI engines with indirect injection, adding HHO gas to the intake system reduced the NOx concentration. In the Fiat with a carburetor without feedback, the NOx concentration remained practically unchanged but it increased in the CI engines if HHO gas was added to their intake systems.     

Combustion performance and emission reduction characteristics of automotive DME engine system

This article is a condensed overview of a dimethyl ether (DME) fuel application for a compression ignition diesel engine. In this review article, the spray, atomization, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics from a DME-fueled engine are described, as well as the fundamental fuel properties including the vapor pressure, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, and the bulk modulus. DME fuel exists as gas phase at atmospheric state and it must be pressurized to supply the liquid DME to fuel injection system. In addition, DME-fueled engine needs the modification of fuel supply and injection system because the low viscosity of DME caused the leakage. Different fuel properties such as low density, viscosity and higher vapor pressure compared to diesel fuel induced the shorter spray tip penetration, wider cone angle, and smaller droplet size than diesel fuel. The ignition of DME fuel in combustion chamber starts in advance compared to diesel or biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine due to higher cetane number than diesel and biodiesel fuels. In addition, DME combustion is soot-free since it has no carbon–carbon bonds, and has lower HC and CO emissions than that of diesel combustion. The NO_x emission from DME-fueled combustion can be reduced by the application of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation). This article also describes various technologies to reduce NO_x emission from DME-fueled engines, such as the multiple injection strategy and premixed combustion. Finally, the development trends of DME-fueled vehicle are described with various experimental results and discussion for fuel properties, spray atomization characteristics, combustion performance, and exhaust emissions characteristics of DME fuel.     

Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with WCO biodiesel/diesel blends at different compression ratios and EGR

The present study investigated the effect of compression ratio (CR) with the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on the performance of combustion characteristics at different CRs and engine loads; the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), volumetric efficiency (VOL.EFF), exhaust gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission (CO₂), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen content (O₂). The single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine was run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared from Iraqi waste cooking oil at (B0, B10, B20, and B30). A comparison has been achieved for these combustion characteristics at different blends, load, and CRs (14.5, 15.5, and 16.5) at 1500 rpm constant engine speed. The transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel and ASTM standards have been used to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and compare them to net diesel fuel. The preliminary conducting tests indicated that engine performance and emissions improved with the B20 mixture. Experimental test results showed an increase in BTE when CR increased by 17% and SFC increased by 23%. It also found a higher VOL.EFF by 6% at higher pressure ratios. A continuous decrease in BTE values and an increase in SFC were sustained when the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture was increased. Emissions of carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx increased by 12%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, as CR reached high values. NOx increased with the addition of biodiesel to 35%, which necessitated the use of EGR technology at rates of 5% and 10%. The results indicated that the best results were obtained in the case of running the engine with a mixing ratio of B20 with the addition of 10% EGR, NOx decreased by 47% against a slight increase in other emissions.     

不同海拔下VGT对含氧燃料柴油机性能的影响

利用大气压力模拟装置,试验研究了可变几何截面涡轮增压器(VGT)对高压共轨柴油机分别燃用纯柴油和生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(BED)含氧燃料的经济性、排放特性及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,柴油机经济性恶化,氮氧化物(NO_x)排放降低,而一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放及烟度升高。燃用纯柴油与含氧燃料,随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大,柴油机的经济性均有不同程度的恶化,而CO、HC排放及排气烟度也都有不同程度的升高。在高海拔地区,燃用纯柴油的经济性优于含氧燃料,但使用含氧燃料有助于改善柴油机的CO、HC排放及烟度。在中等负荷工况下,NO_x排放随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势;在高负荷工况下,放热率峰值和最高气缸压力均随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大而降低,从而降低了NO_x排放。     

新型多碳醇-柴油燃料对柴油机性能及排放的影响

试验在一台S195柴油机上进行,试验结果表明,新型多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的油耗率比纯柴油高,但随负荷的增大,差距呈下降趋势。新型混合燃料在较大工况范围都保持较低的CO排放量。新型混合燃料中,小比例多碳醇油料的加入有利于混合燃料的HC排放状况的改善,大比例多碳醇油料的加入,对改善混合燃料的HC排放影响不明显;新型混合燃料的NOx排放均比纯柴油低,并且小比例多碳醇-柴油混合燃料的NOx排放比其大比例混合燃料的NOx排放量低;新型混合燃料的碳烟排放均比纯柴油低,并且随着多碳醇掺混比例的增大,改善效果越好。     

Influence of hydrogen peroxide emulsification with gasoline on the emissions and performance in an MPFI engine

Spark ignition (SI) engines have been a major contributor from the transportation sector towards the increased emissions to the environment. Modifications to the SI engine like structural modifications, pre, and post-combustion treatments have been investigated in the literature. The use of oxygenated additives to gasoline fuel has been major research interest in curbing the emissions without any significant loss in engine performance. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has not been investigated as an additive in SI engines although its effect is demonstrated for compression ignition (CI) engines. This paper aims to address this gap by ascertaining the influence of H₂O₂ concentration on SI engine emissions and performance. H₂O₂ is varied from 0 to 1.5% and the engine speed varied from 1500 to 3000 rpm by operating at a constant load. A total of 16 trials (with three replicates) is carried out. The output responses are brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), emissions of CO, CO₂, HC, and NOx. Artificial neural networks are adopted to ascertain the relation between the inputs and the output responses. Emulsifying gasoline with 1.5% H₂O₂ resulted in an average reduction of CO and HC emissions by 21.1% and 28.6% respectively with an overall average of 25.3% of reduction in the NOx. The average BTE at all engine speeds increases from 21.6% for G0 to 23.8% for G1.5 and an overall average of 10.5% reduction in BSFC is obtained. The study shows that H₂O₂ can be employed as an emulsifier to gasoline fuel, however, more rigorous studies are required to ascertain its impact, volatility, and storage.     

山茶油生物柴油特性及用于柴油机的性能与排放研究

研究了不同山茶油生物柴油比例混合燃料的热重特性,并在R180柴油机上进行试验,分析比较了柴油机的经济性和排放特性。结果表明：生物柴油与柴油混合性良好;不同燃料的热重特性基本相同;柴油机动力性没受明显影响;与柴油相比,混合燃料的当量燃油消耗率略为增加;CH排放降低;CO排放在中低负荷时降低,高负荷时增加;NOx排放在中间转速时随着生物柴油比例的提高先增加后降低,高速时降低。研究证明山茶油生物柴油用于柴油机具有良好的替代柴油、减少排放的效果。     

F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

在两种不同供油提前角下研究了燃用F-T柴油对直喷式柴油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,结果表明:发动机不做任何调整时,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的滞燃期较短,预混燃烧放热峰值较低,扩散燃烧放热峰值较高,最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率较低,燃油消耗率和热效率都得到了改善,HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放同时降低。当供油提前角推迟3℃A时,燃用F-T柴油燃烧持续期明显缩短,预混燃烧放热峰值、最高燃烧压力和最大压力升高率进一步降低,扩散燃烧放热峰值略有升高,燃油消耗率变化不大,NOx排放进一步降低, HC、CO和碳烟略有增加,其中HC排放与原柴油机相当,而CO和碳烟仍远低于原柴油机。