二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃详细化学反应动力学数值模拟研究(Ⅱ)--二甲基醚/天然气反应机理研究

应用零维详细化学反应动力学模型研究了二甲基醚／天然气双燃料均质压燃燃烧反应机理。结果表明由于两种燃料相互作用，DME低温反应进行程度很小，没有第二次加氧过程，β-scission起主导作用，大部分甲醛由CH3O生成，而不是DME的低温反应；H2O2主要由DME控制，H2O2浓度升高促进了天然气的低温反应进行；另一方面，天然气低温反应放热也促进了DME的氧化反应，OH浓度升高，使CO能够全部氧化。计算结果表明，在压缩比较高的条件下，天然气浓度变化对DME稀燃极限几乎没有影响，但压缩比较低时，随着天然气浓度升高，DME稀燃极限浓度升高。     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃化学动力学数值模拟

使用零维详细化学反应动力学模型，研究了二甲基醚和天然气双燃料均质压燃燃烧的化学反应动力学过程，缸内压力计算值和实测结果相当一致，计算结果表明，双燃料燃烧过程分为低温反应和高温反应两个阶段，低温反应主要是二甲基醚燃烧氧化，而高温反应主要是天然气的氧化，低温反应二甲基醚生成了大量自由基加速了天然气的燃烧反应．混合气初始温度升高，放热率增大，燃烧持续期缩短；二甲基醚浓度主要影响低温燃烧过程，天然气浓度则主要影响高温燃烧过程；惰性气体(CO2)使燃烧反应推迟，燃烧反应速率降低．通过控制二甲基醚、天然气和惰性气体浓度可以有效控制均质压燃燃烧过程，拓宽运行范围。     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃过程详细化学反应动力学数值模拟研究(Ⅰ)--二甲基醚反应机理研究

应用零维详细化学反应动力学模型对二甲基醚均质压燃燃烧反应机理进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明二甲基醚放热反应为典型的双阶段放热反应，经历低温反应、负温度系数区域和高温反应三个过程．高温反应又分为蓝焰和热焰两个阶段。二甲基醚自燃着火由过氧化氢(H2O2)分解所控制，甲醛(CH2O)是过氧化氢的主要来源。基于化学敏感性分析．得到了均质压燃二甲基醚反应的主要途径：首先是二甲基醚脱氢，经过两次加氧后得到甲醛基；然后生成甲酸基(HCO)；最后生成一氧化碳(CO)。在二甲基醚的氧化反应过程中，氢氧根(OH)发挥着重要的作用，它是二甲基醚脱氢反应和CO氧化过程中的主要自由基。     

甲醇缸内直喷热氛围燃烧的试验研究

在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了二甲醚(dimethyl ether,DME)气道喷射和甲醇缸内直喷的甲醇热氛围燃烧试验研究．结果表明,该燃烧方式呈现分布式放热规律,燃烧过程可分为DME低温放热、高温放热和甲醇扩散燃烧 3个阶段．随负荷的增加,实现稳定燃烧的最小DME比例减小．随DME比例减小,DME高温放热和甲醇燃烧滞后．在稳定燃烧的情况下,随DME比例的增大,燃烧效率和热效率降低,HC和NOx排放呈上升趋势,而CO排放先升高后降低．综合考虑,采用最小比例DME有利于提高其热效率、降低排放．此时热效率、HC排放与原柴油机相当, NOx降低约50％,但CO排放相对原柴油机有较大幅度的增加．     

高温环境下二甲基醚(DME)喷雾特性的实验研究

对二甲基醚（DME）在高温条件下的喷雾特性进行了实验研究。结果结果表明：与常温条件相比，DME喷雾体喷雾核心面积变小，喷雾体呈薄雾状发展，DME蒸发极为迅速；高温条件下喷油前期DME的嘴端压力比常温下小；在所实验的温度范围内，环境温度对喷雾体的贯穿距离没有影响；环境密度对喷雾体贯穿距离的影响也较小，环境密度增大时，贯穿距离略有减小。     

正庚烷均质压燃燃烧反应化学动力学数值模拟研究

应用零维详细化学反应动力学模型，对正庚烷均质压燃燃烧反应的化学反应动力学过程进行了数值模拟研究，分析了在内燃机边界条件下影响其燃烧反应的关键基元反应、关键中间产物以及自由基。结果表明，正庚烷的燃烧过程由高温反应和低温反应两个阶段组成，高温反应阶段又可以分为蓝焰反应和热焰反应两个阶段。正庚烷氧化反应首先经过脱氢反应，第一次加氧异构化后的第二次加氧是低温反应的必经途径，其产物的两次分解是低温反应阶段OH自由基的主要来源；蓝焰反应阶段主要是甲醛氧化成CO的过程，H2O2的热分解是控制该阶段反应最重要的基元反应，也是OH自由基的主要来源；热焰反应主要是CO氧化成CO的过程；CO的生成途径是：低温反应生成的甲醛(CH2O)脱氢生成HCO，HCO氧化生成CO，OH是CO氧化为CO2和正庚烷脱氢反应最重要的自由基。     

无烟煤和焦炭的NO_x生成规律研究

通过改变无烟煤和焦炭燃烧时的粒径、温度和氧浓度,采用管式炉进行焦炭和无烟煤的燃烧试验,并测量烟气中NO的体积分数。试验研究了铁矿石烧结时存在的粒径、温度、氧浓度对无烟煤和焦炭燃烧过程中NO_x释放和燃烧速率的影响。结果表明,焦炭的NO_x转化率会随着粒径增大而减小,而无烟煤的NO_x转化率则会随着粒径增大先增大后减小。焦炭和无烟煤的NO_x转化率都会随着温度升高而减小。在1000℃时,焦炭和无烟煤都会随着氧浓度的升高,NO_x转化率随之升高,但是在1100℃时,焦炭的NO_x转化率会随着氧浓度升高而减小。     

CaO在生物质定向气化条件下的高温CO_2吸收特性

生物质定向气化可以制备富氢燃气和一定化学当量比的合成气(用于合成醇、醚等),同时有效地减少温室气体排放,是一种可持续的清洁能源转化技术。文章基于生物质定向气化这一背景,结合实际工业生产,采用TG/DTA系统对生物质定向气化条件下CaO吸收CO2的特性进行了研究。实验结果表明:升温速率由10℃/min增加到50℃/min,CaO变温吸收CO2的反应都在800℃左右达到吸收与煅烧平衡,且CaO转化率随升温速率增大而减小;CaO转化率和质量变化速率随CO2浓度增加而增大,根据反应平衡时CO2浓度与温度的关系拟合出CO2平衡分压公式为RCO2,eq=1.16×108exp-21!399/T";CaO恒温吸收CO2的最终转化率随吸收温度的升高先增加后减小,生物质定向气化中CaO吸收CO2的最佳温度为700~750℃;循环吸收实验中CaO转化率随循环次数增加而减小。     

生物质气一步法合成二甲醚化学平衡分析

对生物质基合成气合成二甲醚反应体系进行热力学参数计算.选取CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇及甲醇脱水生成二甲醚为独立反应,CO、CO2、二甲醚为关键组分,提出了合成气合成二甲醚的计算模型.讨论了温度、压力对生物质气合成二甲醚化学平衡的影响.结果表明:CO平衡转化率、DME平衡收率随温度的升高而下降;随压力升高,CO平衡转化率、DME平衡收率增加.     

NH3/DME混合物着火特性试验与数值模拟研究

为了探究NH₃/DME混合物的着火特性，利用激波管测量了初始温度T=1 250～1 800 K、当量比Φ=0.5～2.0、DME掺混比X_DME=0～1.0、压力p=1 MPa条件下NH₃/DME混合物的着火延迟时间。基于测量的试验数据，更新了Issayev等人构建的NH₃/DME燃烧反应动力学模型的部分基元反应，更新后的模型表现出对NH₃/DME着火延迟时间的良好预测。在此基础上，进一步开展了NH₃/DME着火特性值模拟研究。结果表明：NH₃/DME高温着火延迟时间随二甲醚(DME)掺混比的增加呈指数降低；NH₃/DME的着火延迟时间随当量比的增加先降低后升高，且不同温度下达到最低着火延迟时间的当量比不同；中低温下NH₃/DME的着火延迟时间随初始温度的变化规律与高温下不同，呈现出明显的负温度系数(NTC)现象。     

A framework for stochastic estimation of electric vehicle charging behavior for risk assessment of distribution networks

Power systems are being transformed to enhance the sustainability. This paper contributes to the knowledge regarding the operational process of future power networks by developing a realistic and stochastic charging model of electric vehicles (EVs). Large-scale integration of EVs into residential distribution networks (RDNs) is an evolving issue of paramount significance for utility operators. Unbalanced voltages prevent effective and reliable operation of RDNs. Diversified EV loads require a stochastic approach to predict EVs charging demand, consequently, a probabilistic model is developed to account several realistic aspects comprising charging time, battery capacity, driving mileage, state-of-charge, traveling frequency, charging power, and time-of-use mechanism under peak and off-peak charging strategies. An attempt is made to examine risks associated with RDNs by applying a stochastic model of EVs charging pattern. The output of EV stochastic model obtained from Monte-Carlo simulations is utilized to evaluate the power quality parameters of RDNs. The equipment capability of RDNs must be evaluated to determine the potential overloads. Performance specifications of RDNs including voltage unbalance factor, voltage behavior, domestic transformer limits and feeder losses are assessed in context to EV charging scenarios with various charging power levels at different penetration levels. Moreover, the impact assessment of EVs on RDNs is found to majorly rely on the type and location of a power network.     

Effect of corrosion inhibitors on hydrogen uptake by Al from NaOH solution

Corrosion rate, hydrogen permeation rate (hydrogen uptake) and stress corrosion cracking of Al were studied in NaOH solutions, pure and with the addition of H₃BO₃, EDTA, KMnO₄ and As₂O₃. The presence of the studied species in electrolyte and the implantation of Al surface with B⁺ ions inhibited corrosion. Hydrogen uptake was found to be promoted or inhibited by means of studied species, depending on the method of their introduction into the base solution and on the applied polarization. The observed different influence of corrosion inhibitors on the hydrogen uptake was associated with the different chemical composition and structure (revealed by XPS analysis) of the surface films, formed on Al under the various conditions. Under similar polarization conditions, the presence of H₃BO₃ in the base solution similarly affected the hydrogen uptake by Al and the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking of the metal.     

Development of hybrid photovoltaic-fuel cell system for stand-alone application

In this paper we present firstly the different hybrid systems with fuel cell. Then, the study is given with a hybrid fuel cell–photovoltaic generator. The role of this system is the production of electricity without interruption in remote areas. It consists generally of a photovoltaic generator (PV), an alkaline water electrolyzer, a storage gas tank, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), and power conditioning units (PCU) to manage the system operation of the hybrid system. Different topologies are competing for an optimal design of the hybrid photovoltaic–electrolyzer–fuel cell system. The studied system is proposed. PV subsystem work as a primary source, converting solar irradiation into electricity that is given to a DC bus. The second working subsystem is the electrolyzer which produces hydrogen and oxygen from water as a result of an electrochemical process. When there is an excess of solar generation available, the electrolyzer is turned on to begin producing hydrogen which is sent to a storage tank. The produced hydrogen is used by the third working subsystem (the fuel cell stack) which produces electrical energy to supply the DC bus. The modelisation of the global system is given and the obtained results are presented and discussed.     

Energy management strategy of Supercapacitor/Fuel Cell energy storage devices for vehicle applications

This paper addresses the management of a Fuel Cell (FC) – Supercapacitor (SC) hybrid power source for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. The FC presents the main energy source and it is sustained with SCs energy storages in order to increase the FC source lifespan by mitigating harmful current transients. For this aim, the reported work proposes a Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) for an efficient power management of the studied hybrid power system. The key idea of the proposed approach is to incorporate the benefit of the GWO in terms of fast optimization and convergence accuracy, in order to achieve efficient energy sources exploitation and provide the desired driving performances. Simulations and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed management algorithm.     

A methodology for the performance evaluation of an experimental desiccant cooling system

An experimental investigation was conducted in an open cycle desiccant cooling system (DCS) operating on the ventilation mode in the laboratory site [M. Yıldırım, An experimental investigation on heat and mass transfer in a desiccant cooling system, PhD thesis, Gaziantep University, Turkey (2002). [1]]. Although the operation of DCS is presumably affected by the design of primary components of rotary regenerator (RR) and desiccant wheel (DW) the methodology used in the analysis of experimental data is presented in this paper to set a different approach for the performance evaluation of similar systems.

The rotational speeds of RR and DW (N_RR and N_DW), air mass flow rate (m_a) in process and regeneration lines, and the regeneration temperature (T_R) were defined as operation parameters. Meanwhile coefficient of performance (COP) and cooling capacity (CC) of the system were called as the performance parameters. The system operation with a variety of experimental conditions resulted in an extensive data set covering the ranges of N_RR, N_DW, m_a and T_R as 5 rpm ≤ N_RR ≤ 20 rpm, 0.1 rpm ≤ N_DW ≤ 0.4 rpm, 0.05 kg/s ≤ m_a ≤ 0.139 kg/s and 60 °C ≤ T_R ≤ 90 °C, respectively. The interactive influence of the operation parameters was determined through the realization of the psychrometric cycle in deviation from an ideal cycle. A dimensional analysis based on a trial and error procedure was followed to determine the functional relationship of COP and CC.

The proposed correlations between COP and CC and the introduced system performance parameter (PP) were determined to be a sole function of m_a independent of N_RR, N_DW and T_R in their covered ranges.     

Synergistic interaction of biocatalyst with bio-anode as a function of electrode materials

Comprehensive study was performed to understand the synergistic interaction between the biocatalyst and anode in terms of electron discharge (ED) pattern and microbial growth by varying electrode (bio-anode) materials viz., graphite, aluminum, brass, copper, nickel and stainless steel. Experiments were performed in bio-electrochemical cell consisting of three electrodes (bio-anode as working electrode, carbon rod as counter electrode and Ag/AgCl(S) as reference electrode) employing anaerobic mixed culture as anodic biocatalyst. Voltammetric and chronoamperometric analysis were used to enumerate the ED and redox reactions. Presence of higher microbial population and dominance of Gram positive bacteria with higher ED supported graphite function as a good bio-anode material. Nickel and stainless steel showed higher ED after graphite associated with dominance of Gram positive bacterial population. Although higher ED was noticed with brass, metal oxidation and decrement in ED with time doesn’t support its function as bio-anode. In spite of higher ED than nickel and stainless steel, aluminum and copper showed significant metal oxidation leading to change in both physical and electrochemical properties along with dominant growth of Gram negative bacteria. This study gives a comprehensive idea on biocatalyst interaction with anode in extracellular electron transfer which is important in improving the anode performance. Juxtaposing the results, it can be deduced that the outcome of the present study can be extended to all bio-electrochemical systems including microbial fuel cell (MFC).     

Designing and modelling of the asymptotic perturbed extremum seeking control scheme for tracking the global extreme

This paper presents the designing and modeling of the Asymptotic Perturbed Extremum Seeking Control (aPESC) scheme that is capable to locate and track the Global Extremes on the multimodal patterns. The multimodal patterns may appear on power generated by a photovoltaic (PV) array under Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs), but also on net power generated by a Fuel Cell (FC) system. The proposed aPESC scheme uses a scanning technique to determine the GMPP on different multimodal patterns based on two components of the searching signal: (1) the scanning signal locates the LMPP by sweeping the PV pattern based on a asymptotic dither modulated by the first harmonic of the PV power and controlled by the dither gain (k₂); (2) the tracking signal finds and tracks accurately the GMPP based on similar loop used in PESC schemes proposed in the literature that is controlled by the loop gain (k₁). These tuning parameters are designed based on the averaged model of this aPESC scheme. Also, the averaged scheme and local averaged loop of the aPESCH1 scheme are used to estimate the searching gradient and analyze the closed ESC loop stability. The design methodology is tested on generic multimodal patterns and then is validated considering a PV system and a FC system.     

上海市合同能源管理项目实施信息化管理的经验与启示

节能服务公司和合同能源管理项目近年来在我国发展迅速,为促进合同能源管理机制的进一步完善,建立一个科学、适用的管理平台,实现合同能源项目的报备、国家相关优惠补助政策和合同能源管理知识的宣传等等,都是很必要的。上海市合同能源指导委员会办公室通过管理信息系统,配合政府主管部门开展节能管理和监察工作,有效地促进了合同能源管理项目的信息共享,优化了资金审批流程,并为合同能源管理统计和分析工作提供了便利。     

Performance analysis of the tracking of the global extreme on multimodal patterns using the Asymptotic Perturbed Extremum Seeking Control scheme

This paper presents the capability of the Asymptotic Perturbed Extremum Seeking Control (aPESC) scheme to track the Global Extreme on multimodal patterns. The multimodal patterns are simulated based on power characteristics generated by a photovoltaic (PV) array under Partial Shading Conditions (PSCs). The aPESC scheme is tested to evaluate the performance of locating, searching and tracking of the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP). The following performance indicators such as the searching resolution, tracking accuracy, tracking efficiency, and tracking speed are used to compare the performance of the GMPP tracking (GMPPT) algorithms. The aPESCH1 scheme proposed has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink package to evaluate the performance indicators mentioned above. The results prove that the proposed aPESCH1 scheme is effective and simple to be implemented.     

Review of synergistic photo-thermo-catalysis: Mechanisms,materials and applications

Solar energy is potentially the most promising type of renewable energy for large-scale utilization in the future, thus maximizing the use of solar energy has long been long pursued. Photo-thermo-catalysis (PTC) has presented a novel strategy that could utilize the full-spectrum sunlight to stimulate the synergy between photocatalysis (PC) and thermocatalysis (TC), which not only achieves high utilization efficiency of solar energy but also minimizes the energy consumption compared to sole PC and TC. This review strives to give a comprehensive overview of major advances of PTC. It starts with the fundamental mechanisms of PTC categorized by either heating mode (local and global) or photo-thermal synergic mode (thermal-assisted photocatalysis, photo-assisted thermocatalysis, photo-driven thermocatalysis and photo-thermal co-catalysis). Then, various photo-thermal materials are illustrated, including metals, semiconductors, carbon materials, etc. After that, we focus on the diverse applications of PTC, specifically in the fields of energy (CO₂ reduction and H₂ evolution), environment (VOCs and 4-NP degradations) and organic synthesis (Suzuki coupling and cyclocondensation reactions). Special emphasis is placed on the synergism of photo and thermal effect that leads to enhanced catalytic performances in PTC. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of PTC are discussed. We hope this review could shed some light on the fundamental mechanisms of PTC reactions and serve as a clearer guidance for synergistically high-efficient solar energy utilization systems in the future.