麦秸秆粉/PP木塑复合材料紫外线加速老化性能

以麦秸秆粉为填充材料(质量分数50%),以聚丙烯(PP)膜为基体材料,采用混炼模压成型制备麦秸秆/PP木塑复合材料,对其进行紫外线加速老化实验,对比研究不同填充材料的木塑复合材料老化前后的力学性能和颜色变化,用FTIR分析探讨了复合材料老化机制,用SEM观察其表面微观形貌。结果表明,紫外线加速老化会导致麦秸秆/PP复合材料力学性能降低,当老化时间小于960 h时,麦秸秆/PP木塑复合材料弯曲强度、拉伸强度下降幅度较小,老化时间大于960 h时,力学性能下降幅度较大,材料褪色明显; 老化1200 h其弯曲强度、拉伸强度、冲击强度分别下降67.2%、47.89%、32.41%; 麦秸秆纤维中羟基加速了PP的紫外光降解,最终材料表面出现明显裂纹,部分纤维剥落并伴随有PP粉化现象。     

棉花纳米纤维素增强木塑复合材料

利用棉花纳米纤维素(CNF)增强木塑复合材料(WPC),首先以脱脂棉为原料,结合酸碱处理和机械处理的方法制备出CNF,然后通过挤出成型制备了木粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/CNF复合材料。挤出成型前,先将木粉和HDPE粉末加入到CNF悬浮液中加热搅拌进行预混合,以避免CNF在HDPE基体中的团聚。结果表明,利用预混合处理制备的WPC的抗弯强度和弹性模量都有明显的提高;WPC的热膨胀系数也出现一定程度的降低,但是降低的效果并不明显;从场发射扫描电子显微镜照片发现,CNF以三维网状细丝结构穿刺于塑料和木粉中,表明取得了理想的分散和增强效果。     

通过挤出-热拉伸制备CB/PET/PE导电复合材料

在前期热塑性塑料原位成纤研究基础上，尝试通过挤出-热拉伸制备原位微纤化炭黑(CB)／聚对幕二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)／高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)导电复合材料。先将CB／PET熔融混合制成母料，再将母料和HDPE按一定的比例挤出一热拉伸。实验发现，体系成纤性能受母料的熔融粘度影响。在相对低的CB含量下，复合物能形成较好的原位微纤，从而具有较好的电性能．     

玉米秸秆可降解复合材料的制备及力学性能研究

以玉米秸秆粉和PP塑料为主要原料制备了可降解的木塑复合材料,并通过对秸秆粉的含量、偶联剂的种类及其含量等因素的控制,研究上述因素变化对可降解木塑复合材料的各项力学性能的影响。结果表明:当秸秆粉质量分数达到30%时,可降解复合材料的抗弯强度、抗拉强度、抗冲击强度均为最佳;采用MAPP作为偶联剂且含量为4%时,材料的抗弯、抗拉强度、抗冲击强度均为最佳。     

碱处理对SF/PP木塑复合材料力学性能的影响

采用不同碱处理浓度、处理时间对剑麻纤维(SF)进行表面改性,通过与聚丙烯树脂(PP)混合、塑炼、模压成型制备SF/PP木塑复合材料。研究了剑麻纤维(SF)表面的碱处理方法、含量对SF/PP木塑复合材料力学性能的影响,借助光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对SF纤维和复合材料的冲击断面进行微观结构分析。结果表明:碱处理能够提高SF/PP木塑复合材料的力学性能。在碱浓度为10%时,处理时间为4h,SF含量为20%时,冲击强度为15.78kJ.m-2达到最大值,弯曲强度和弯曲模量随着SF含量的增加出现增大的趋势。     

彩色木塑复合材料的老化性能

向桦木粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料中添加白色、黄色和红色着色剂,采用热压成型工艺制备彩色木塑复合材料。研究着色剂种类及含量对木塑复合材料力学性能和表面颜色的影响,同时分别考察彩色木塑复合材料在户外自然老化和紫外光加速老化箱中的老化情况,分析讨论其老化机制。结果表明:添加着色剂可提高木塑复合材料的力学性能,改善材料的外观颜色;木塑复合材料的力学强度和总色差随着色剂用量的增加而逐渐增大,当着色剂用量为3.5wt%时,复合材料的性能达到最佳;木塑复合材料经老化实验后表面褪色明显且力学强度显著降低,但自然老化后其性能下降更明显。这主要是因为木塑复合材料在老化过程中,不仅受到紫外光的照射发生了光降解,而且长期被雨水冲刷导致材料表面的桦木纤维及着色剂大量剥落,降低了材料界面结合强度,从而导致材料性能明显下降。     

稻壳粉/PP复合材料的力学性能

制备了稻壳粉/聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,分析了稻壳粉粒度及含量对PP复合材料力学性能的影响,用扫描电镜(SEM)对稻壳粉/PP复合材料拉伸断面进行了分析。结果表明,稻壳粉粒径和含量对PP复合材料性能有一定影响,稻壳粉粒径为245μm的PP复合材料有较好的综合力学性能;随着稻壳粉含量的增加,PP复合材料拉伸强度及断裂伸长率下降,稻壳粉含量为30%时,复合材料弯曲强度和模量均有最大值。稻壳粉含量较低时,其在PP中分散较好,与PP相容性好,复合材料为韧性破坏;稻壳粉含量较高时,稻壳粉有集聚现象,与PP相容性较差,材料的性能较低,复合材料为脆性破坏。     

麦秸/聚氯乙烯复合材料新疆户外老化性能

为探讨新疆强紫外线与干热环境对木塑复合材料抗老化性能的影响,添加不同种类抗老剂(UV-531、1010和168),采用挤出成型制备麦秸/聚氯乙烯(PVC)复合材料,进行90天新疆户外老化。测试和分析麦秸/PVC复合材料老化前后表面官能团和颜色变化、表面形貌和力学性能,计算羰基指数、木质素指数和表面粗糙度。结果表明:老化后表面麦秸纤维与PVC发生分解,出现褪色现象,粗糙度升高,力学性能下降。抗老剂均能提高麦秸/PVC复合材料的抗老化性能。其中,添加抗老剂UV-531的麦秸/PVC复合材料效果最优,与对照组相比,其羰基指数提高了19.27%,木质素指数降低了4.44%,色差ΔE降低了11.12%,表面粗糙度S_a降低了33.38%,弯曲强度和拉伸强度分别提高了5.87%和6.44%,表面更平整,麦秸裸露少。该研究结果可为提高木塑复合材料抗老化效力提供试验数据和理论参考,有利于延长木塑复合材料在新疆干热环境下的使用寿命。      

电气石/PP复合材料的制备及性能研究

用钛酸酯对电气石进行改性,得到疏水性电气石粉体;将改性后的电气石粉体与聚丙烯(PP)按一定比例混合,在挤出机上挤出造粒,在注塑机上注塑成型制备出电气石/PP复合材料。力学性能测试表明:复合材料的拉伸性能、冲击性能都有一定程度的提高;当电气石含量为3%时(wt,质量分数),复合材料拉伸强度、冲击强度分别提高了15.38%和11.79%。电气石/PP复合材料同时具有释放负离子的功能,随着改性电气石含量的增加,复合材料负离子释放量不断增加。     

纳米无机粒子改性聚丙烯的研究

利用双螺杆挤出机,通过熔融共混工艺制备了聚丙烯(PP)/聚烯烃热塑性弹性体(POE)/无机纳米粒子复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了不同体系的断面形态,并测试了复合材料的力学性能。研究结果表明,对纳米粒子进行表面改性和用适当的共混方法,可以提高复合材料的冲击性能。     

热交换器的分类及优缺点分析

热交换器是将不同温度介质之间的热量通过热传导的形式,由高温介质传递给低温介质,使介质达到生产所需温度的工艺设备,也可作为一种节能设备使用.通过对不同热交换器的结构分析,总结不同热交换器的优缺点、适用环境,为生产工艺设计人员及设备制造单位在选择可降低能耗、提高效率的设备上提供参考.     

聚苯胺及其复合物的制备和结构及形貌分析

通过化学氧化法分别制备盐酸,盐酸和十二烷基苯磺酸,碳纳米管(MWNTs-COOH)掺杂的聚苯胺,利用红外光谱,紫外光谱,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对所制备聚苯胺的结构和形貌进行分析。分析不同掺杂物对聚苯胺的结构和形貌的影响;同时研究了超声波作用对聚苯胺形貌以及聚苯胺包裹MWNTs-COOH情况的影响。     

Thermodynamic similarity and prediction of the properties and characteristics of substances and processes

Principles of the theory of thermodynamic similarity are considered in application to all aggregate states of a substance, including phase transitions, and to the change in dissipative structures in open systems.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 709–716, November, 1987.     

Modelling and computation of curing and damage of thermosets

The curing of thermosets is a complex process involving the transition from a fluid into a (visco-) elastic solid. This phase transition comes along with an increase in stiffness and a volume shrinkage of the polymer. The latter may lead to severe residual strains and stresses, which in turn can cause damage in the final, usually quasi-brittle material. In this contribution a constitutive model is developed which takes into account the curing of a thermosetting material together with the process-induced damage as resulting from curing shrinkage. The curing of the material is governed by a phenomenological hypoelastic constitutive equation which includes temporal evolutions for stiffness and volume shrinkage. Thermal and viscous effects are neglected in the present study. An isotropic gradient-enhanced damage model is adapted to describe the damage evolution. The curing-damage model is implemented into a finite element code and numerical examples for thermosetting materials demonstrate that the proposed model is capable to predict cure-induced damage in thermosets.     

碳化硼陶瓷增韧补强和致密化研究现状及其展望

碳化硼陶瓷具有极高的硬度,然而其低韧性、低抗弯强度、难以致密化限制了它的广泛应用.已有一些研究集中于碳化硼陶瓷增韧补强和致密化,对这一方面国内外研究进展进行了归纳与评述,阐明各种增韧补强和致密化方法的优缺点,提出碳化硼陶瓷增韧补强和致密化研究值得发展的一些方向.     

Measurement and analysis of elastic and anelastic properties of alumina and silicon carbide

Measurements of dynamic Young's modulus, E, and damping as a function of temperature, T, were made for alumina and silicon carbide. The Young's modulus data were compared with some from the literature, and analysed in terms of a theoretical framework relating the Debye temperature, θD, with the elastic constants. For both materials this analysis yielded a ratio T₀/θ_D which was near 0.4, where T₀ is an empirical fitting constant for the plot of (E(0)−E)/T versus 1/T (E(0) is the value of E at 0 K). The analysis of the damping data in terms of an Arrhenius type dependence led to effective activation energies near kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanisms of Corosion and Oxidation of Metals and Alloys

Selected topics in field of the study of the mechanisms of corrosion and of oxidation of metals or alloys are presented. The first part reports a new model for the mechanism of the breakaway oxidation of ferritic stainless steels in water vapour. The second part is devoted to the physico‐chemical aspects of oxidation and presents experimental methods useful in the kinetic modelling applied to two alloys, the zircalloy‐4 and an AlMg5 % in the liquid state. In the third part the physical and numerical modelling of the stress corrosion cracking behaviour in face‐centered cubic (fcc) alloys is detailed, which enables the study of the influence of macroscopic parameters (such as the temperature or hydrogen activity) on the fracture process.     

Surface-charge density and potential of coal-liquid mixtures and control of their stability and fluidity

The preparation conditions of concentrated (>70%) aqueous suspensions of coal were optimized, as were the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal-water suspensions. The theoretical study showed that (1–3) or (2–3) electrolytes such as Na₂SO₄ or Na₅P₃O₁₀, greatly increase the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal particles in water. This study has led to the interesting result that thinners and stabilizing agents of concentrated clay suspensions, such as lignosulphonates, tripolyphosphates, polynaphtalene sulphonates, etc., must also be good thinners and stabilizing agents for ground coal-water suspensions. Two parameters were controlled: the stability and the fluidity of the suspensions. A penetrometry technique revealed the importance of the resistance coefficient,C _r that can be used as a criterion for the evaluation of coal-water mixture stability and fluidity. Concentrated coal suspensions (about 75% of solid by weight) were prepared in water by using different additives, for instance sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) and surfactants like lignosulphonates (by coupling of the dispersion and stabilizing effects) with the optimum concentration ratio of these two products equal to 1.9. The stability of the suspensions was then greater than 2 months and the viscosity was 1900 cP.     

SARS传染病数学建模及预测预防控制机理研究

首先，利用疾病传播的一般规律及人口守恒统计法则建立了四类人的SARS传染病数学模型，然后运用数学方法对四类人的SARS传染病数学模型进行分析，得出了其生理意义和预防、控制机理。其次，利用人工神经网络理论建立了SARS的预测模型，以北京市的SARS数据为例进行了预测和分析，预测结果显示该模型简单易行，预测精度高。