Balancing the power consumption speed in flat and hierarchical WSN

A combination of a cluster tree routing protocol and an Ad hoc on demand vector (AODV) routing protocol is used in the latest ZigBee standard wireless sensor networks (WSNs) technology. However, the AODV routing protocol has no means by which to take into consideration the power consumption of the nodes during the routing process. Therefore, a new approach is proposed in this paper to balance the power consumption speed and to distribute the responsibilities of routing among fiat wireless sensor nodes and the three levels of hierarchical wireless sensor nodes. These three levels are based on the three types of devices, which are used in the ZigBee standard: the coordinator, the touters, and the end devices. In this paper, we have compared the original AODV routing protocol with our extension approach for the distribution of power consumption. Based on the simulation results, our new approach has achieved better performance in terms of increasing the lifetime of the fiat wireless sensor network, the personal area network (PAN)coordinator, the touters, and the whole network of the hierarchical wireless sensor network. Additionally, it has better performance in terms of distributing the power consumption among the key nodes of the wireless sensor network.     

Energy efficient chain based cooperative routing protocol for WSN

In this paper, we investigate the reduction in total transmission time and the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks using multi-hop data aggregation by forming coordination in hierarchical clustering. Novel algorithm handles wireless sensor network in numerous circumstances as in large extent and high density deployments. One of the major purposes is to collect information from inaccessible areas by using factorization of the area into subareas (clusters) and appointing cluster head in each of the subarea. Coordination and cooperation among the local nodes via relay nodes in local cluster (By forming sub clusters) helped to serve each and every node. Routing is based on the predefined path, proposed by new transmission algorithm. Transmission distance is minimized by using cluster coordinators for inter cluster communication and relay nodes within the cluster. We show by extended simulations that Chain Based Cluster Cooperative Protocol (CBCCP) performs very well in terms of energy and time. To prove it, we compare it with LEACH, SEP, genetic HCR and ERP and found that new protocol consumes six times less energy than LEACH, five times less energy than SEP, four time less energy than genetic HCR and three times less energy than ERP, which further validate our work.     

Practical data compression in wireless sensor networks: A survey

Power consumption is a critical problem affecting the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. A number of techniques have been proposed to solve this issue, such as energy-efficient medium access control or routing protocols. Among those proposed techniques, the data compression scheme is one that can be used to reduce transmitted data over wireless channels. This technique leads to a reduction in the required inter-node communication, which is the main power consumer in wireless sensor networks. In this article, a comprehensive review of existing data compression approaches in wireless sensor networks is provided. First, suitable sets of criteria are defined to classify existing techniques as well as to determine what practical data compression in wireless sensor networks should be. Next, the details of each classified compression category are described. Finally, their performance, open issues, limitations and suitable applications are analyzed and compared based on the criteria of practical data compression in wireless sensor networks.     

具备网络编码感知的能耗友好WSN路由策略

为均衡及降低无线传感器网络(WSN)的路由能耗并最终延长网络的寿命,提出一种具备网络编码感知且能耗敏感的WSN路由策略。该策略通过对WSN环境中存在的网络寿命限制、数据流限制、广播流量限制3个重要因素的分析,对能耗最优路由进行建模,最后归结为对最优化问题的求解获得最佳路径。仿真实验表明该路由策略能够较好地均衡节点的能耗,从整体上显著延长WSN的生存期。     

无线应变测量节点的精度与功耗综合分析

在无线传感器网络中,一般采用电池供电,如何取得精度和功耗的平衡十分重要。应变片功耗与其他传感器相比大得多,直接决定无线节点总功耗。系统设计时,不但要考虑电路参数和器件噪声对精度的影响,功耗分析也很必要。从无线节点整体框架出发,系统分析了模拟和数字电路中精度和功耗的影响机理,建立了完整的理论模型。精度和功耗同时受电桥电压影响,电桥电压越高,精度越高,但功耗也越大,精度与功耗相互制约。以电桥电压和器件参数为影响因素,提出了在保证测量精度的同时,减小电路功耗的方法。在设计无线应变测量节点时,该研究可以为实现系统精度和功耗的平衡提供理论指导。     

面向WSN安全路由协议的自适应威胁模型

针对无线传感器网络路由发现过程中安全性评估问题,提出一种新的自适应威胁模型。该模型通过对传统Dolev-Yao模型进行改进,将攻击分为限定接收传输范围的单个攻击者到不限定任何能力的多个共谋攻击者等九类,在无须任何安全假设的情形下对不同路由发现过程的攻击进行分类安全评估,自适应地确定破坏协议时的攻击强度和破坏协议所需的最小攻击强度,以评估路由发现协议的安全性,进而采取相应的安全措施予以预防。最后以一类无线传感器网络自适应威胁模型为实例,说明该模型的正确性、有效性。     

无线传感器网络节点的低功耗设计

无线传感器网络(WSNs)能够协作地实时监测、感知和采集各种环境对象的信息,并将信息传递给系统用户主机进行分析处理。节点具有感知和路由的功能,在实际的应用中,功耗是影响节点工作寿命的关键因素。设计分析了WSNs系统功率消耗的构成,并从硬件和软件方面提出和总结了WSNs的低功耗设计方法,设计了一种低功耗的WSNs节点,并进行了测试,结果证明:该方法适合WSNs节点的应用,具有易使用、低功耗特点。     

Modelling and optimization of power consumption in wireless access networks

The power consumption of wireless access networks will become an important issue in the coming years. In this paper, the power consumption of base stations for mobile WiMAX, fixed WiMAX, UMTS, HSPA, and LTE is modelled and related to the coverage. A new metric, the power consumption per covered area PC_area, is introduced, to compare the energy efficiency of the considered technologies for a range of bit rates. Assuming the model parameters are correct, the conclusions are then as follows. For a 5 MHz channel, UMTS is the most energy-efficient technology until a bit rate of 2.8 Mbps, LTE between 2.8 Mbps and 8.2 Mbps, fixed WiMAX between 8.2 Mbps and 13.8 Mbps and finally mobile WiMAX for bit rates higher than 13.8 Mbps. Furthermore, the influence of MIMO is investigated.For a 2 × 2 MIMO system, PC_area decreases by 36% for mobile WiMAX and by 23% for HSPA and LTE compared to the SISO system, resulting in a higher energy efficiency.The power consumption model for base stations is used in the deployment tool GRAND (Green Radio Access Network Design) for green wireless access networks. GRAND uses a genetic based algorithm and is applied on an actual case for the Brussels Capital Region, showing the possibilities of energy-efficient planning.     

无线传感器网络的能量估计路由算法

传统LEACH路由算法因忽略了节点和整个网络的当前剩余能量而容易造成节点过早死亡,而引入能量阈值的改进算法忽略了网络的能量状态的获取方法,往往只能通过高耗能的广播方式得到能量阈值,在实际应用中有很大缺陷.为了避免以高能耗获取能量阈值,提出了一种能量估计路由算法,提前根据所要建立的网络模型结构对节点中的工作参数进行设置,自动根据估计算法计算网络能量,并对分簇数量进行优化,大大降低能量信息获取能耗,延长网络寿命.通过三维建模仿真结果表明,相对于LEACH和引入能量阈值的LEACH改进算法,能更有效地延长网络寿命.     

Application-aware integration of data collection and power management in wireless sensor networks

Sensors are typically deployed to gather data about the physical world and its artifacts for a variety of purposes that range from environment monitoring, control, to data analysis. Since sensors are resource constrained, often sensor data is collected into sensor databases that reside at (more powerful) servers. A natural tradeoff exists between resources (bandwidth, energy) consumed and the quality of data collected at the server. Blindly transmitting sensor updates at a fixed periodicity to the server results in a suboptimal solution due to the differences in stability of sensor values and due to the varying application needs that impose different quality requirements across sensors. In order to adapt to these variations while at the same time optimizing the energy consumption of sensors, this paper proposes three different models and corresponding data collection protocols. We analyze all three models with a Markov state machine formulation, and either derive closed forms for the operation point of the data collection application or suggest algorithms for estimating this operating point to achieve a minimal energy consumption. We observe that the operating point depends on environmental characteristics and application quality requirements, which the proposed algorithms aim to accommodate. Our experimental results show significant energy savings compared to the naive approach to data collection.     

Efficient data aggregation with in-network integrity control for WSN

Energy is a scarce resource in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Some studies show that more than 70% of energy is consumed in data transmission in WSN. Since most of the time, the sensed information is redundant due to geographically collocated sensors, most of this energy can be saved through data aggregation. Furthermore, data aggregation improves bandwidth usage and reduces collisions due to interference. Unfortunately, while aggregation eliminates redundancy, it makes data integrity verification more complicated since the received data is unique.     

关于低功耗气体传感器阵列的研究

由电池驱动以微机械技术制造的气体传感器的功耗是十分关键的实际问题.为了研制低功耗气体传感器,在传感器阵列上表面制备完成后,从下表面腐蚀传感器芯片的基底,以造成传感器芯片和封装室之间形成一个空气夹层.从而对有空气夹层的传感器芯片和没有空气夹层的传感器芯片的能耗做比较.实验结果显示,腐蚀过的传感器芯片具有较低的功耗.     

基于能量迭代的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇路由算法

能量空洞是影响无线传感器网络性能的关键问题之一,据此提出了一种基于能量迭代的非均匀分簇路由算法。该算法首先在簇头选举时通过减少迭代次数,降低能量消耗,同时综合考虑节点能耗速度、节点到汇聚节点的距离等因素,选出最优簇头;其次,考虑到节点到汇聚节点距离和节点密度对网络生命周期的影响,提出了非均匀分簇算法,实现网络能耗均衡的目的。仿真实验表明,当最大簇半径为50m ,选举因素所占权重为0.4 ,簇半径调节系数为0.7时,本算法达到最优,与LEACH-E和LEACH相比,网络生命周期分别延长125%和136%,同时有效避免了能量空洞现象的产生。     

WSN中APIT节点定位改进算法研究

为了提高无线传感器网络中APIT定位算法的定位覆盖率,提出了Min-max方法与APIT相结合的定位算法。改进算法不需要额外添加硬件,且容易实现。仿真结果表明改进算法与APIT算法相比定位覆盖率有显著提高。     

基于可转换三元多项式的WSN密钥管理方案

基于三元多项式的无线传感器密钥管理方案,由于拥有相同多项式的节点使用同一共享会话密钥,很难抵御节点捕获攻击,又由于通信开销大而不具有可扩展性。为了克服这些不足,提出了基于可转换三元多项式无线传感器网络(WSN)动态密钥管理方法,它保证拥有相同多项式的所有节点能够获得相同的管理密钥,拥有相同多项式的任意两个节点能够获得不同的共享会话密钥。分析表明,与基于三元多项式的方案相比,该方法总体上增强了抵御节点捕获攻击的能力,降低了通信开销。     

基于Sun SPOT平台的无线传感器网络多跳路由协议设计

多跳路由协议是无线传感器网络中的关键技术之一,针对传统多跳传输协议在无线传感器网络的实际应用中存在部署过程过于复杂等问题,设计了一种灵活实用的基于Sink节点控制的无线传感器网络多跳传输协议(Sink Controlling Multi-hop Protocol,SCMP)。Sink节点通过发送命令信息实现对传感器节点的控制,并收集各个节点的路由信息从而获得全局路由,然后对传感器节点的数据传输进行进一步控制。在Sun SPOT平台上对SCMP进行了部署实验,结果表明,基于Sink节点控制的多跳传输协议更加方便灵活,在实际的无线传感器网络应用中具有一定的有效性和可行性。     

遗传算法在电力传输温度监测系统中的应用*

电力传输系统中常常会发生高压电接点过热而造成的停电火灾事故,造成巨大的经济损失。将无线传感网络应用到高压电接点的温度监测系统中,当高压电接点温度过高时及时发出报警信息。针对无线传感网络的能量限制问题,采用改进后的遗传算法对网络中无线温度传感器节点进行能量上的优化,使整个无限传感网络能量的消耗趋于最优。MATLAB仿真结果表明：改进后的遗传算法有更好的寻优效果,克服了局部最优的误区,保证了电力传输过程中无线温度监测系统的能量优化。     

基于能耗量化传导的WSN路由探测算法

为了降低无线传感器网络(WSN)路由节点的能量损耗,提高网络的寿命周期,需要进行路由节点的优化分布设计。传统方法采用CSMA/CA有限竞争的信道分配模型进行WSN的路由探测算法设计,实现能量均衡,在节点规模较大和干扰较强时,节能的能耗开销较大。提出一种基于能耗量化传导的WSN路由探测算法,首先建立WSN的分簇能耗调度模型,以能量控制开销、丢包率、传输时延等为约束参量指标进行路由探测的控制目标函数的构建,然后采用路由冲突协调机制进行能耗量化分配,结合WSN传输信道的能量传导均衡模型实现WSN路由的优化探测和WSN节点的优化部署。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行WSN路由探测设计时网络的能效较高,传输时延和误码率等参量指标的表现优于传统方法。     

基于GASA的能耗均衡WSN路由协议

无线传感器网络的节点能量有限,需要高效节能的路由协议来降低网络能耗.提出一种基于模拟退火遗传混合优化算法的负载均衡的无线传感路由协议,采用结合遗传算法和模拟退火算法优势的混合优化算法来构造全局最优通讯链路,采用改进的能耗模型,在通讯过程中加入最大预期剩余能量节点信息,选择预期剩余能量最大节点为簇头.仿真结果显示,相比较PEGASIS协议,第一个节点死亡时网络生存周期提高266%～500%,20%和50%节点死亡时提高6%～20%,不同比例节点死亡时剩余节点剩余能量方差仅为PEGASIS的0.01%～1.34%,协议有效实现各节点能量消耗均衡,延长网络生存周期.