Improving Throughput of Transmission Control Protocol Using Cross Layer Approach

Most of the internet users connect through wireless networks. Major part of internet traffic is carried by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has some design constraints while operated across wireless networks. TCP is the traditional predominant protocol designed for wired networks. To control congestion in the network, TCP used acknowledgment to delivery of packets by the end host. In wired network, packet loss signals congestion in the network. But rather in wireless networks, loss is mainly because of the wireless characteristics such as fading, signal strength etc. When a packet travels across wired and wireless networks, TCP congestion control theory faces problem during handshake between them. This paper focuses on finding this misinterpretation of the losses using cross layer approach. This paper focuses on increasing bandwidth usage by improving TCP throughput in wireless environments using cross layer approach and hence named the proposed system as CRLTCP. TCP misinterprets wireless loss as congestion loss and unnecessarily reduces congestion window size. Using the signal strength and frame error rate, the type of loss is identified and accordingly the response of TCP is modified. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the throughput of proposed TCP upon which bandwidth usage is increased.     

Delay-based TCP congestion avoidance: A network calculus interpretation and performance improvements

In delay-based TCP congestion avoidance mechanisms, a source adjusts its window size to adapt to changes in network conditions as measured through changing queueing delays. Although network calculus (NC) has been used to study window flow control and determine performance bounds, there is a lack of a bridge between NC theory and the practical issues of delay-based TCP congestion avoidance. In this paper, we use an NC-based approach to derive ideal congestion controllers for representative delay-based window flow control models with time-variant feedback delays. We show that the basic delay-based TCP congestion avoidance mechanisms in TCP Vegas, Enhanced TCP Vegas, and FAST TCP can be viewed as different approaches to approximating a certain NC controller. Moreover, we derive another NC controller that is explicitly constructed to address the throughput degradation of the current delay-based methods due to delayed acknowledgement (ACK) packets caused by network traffic in the reverse path (ACK packet) direction. The approximation of this F-model NC-based controller is shown to provide better throughput and fairness over the existing delay-based methods for a variety of network topologies in ns-2 simulations.     

FAST TCP协议研究及性能分析

FASTTCP是一种面向高速长延迟网络的新型TCP拥塞控制协议,它从根本上改变了传统TCP的拥塞控制机制。论文对FASTTCP进行了详细研究,讨论了其设计动机、体系结构和算法实现,在Linux2.4.22内核中嵌入了FASTTCP协议。在千兆以太网内设计了一系列实验,使用iperf网络测量工具,测试了传统TCP与FASTTCP的性能。实验验证了即使在延迟较小的局域网内FASTTCP较传统RenoTCP也具有一定的性能优势。     

Analysis of MIMD congestion control algorithm for high speed networks

Proposals to improve the performance of TCP in high speed networks have been recently put forward. Examples of such proposals include High Speed TCP, Scalable TCP, and FAST. In contrast to the additive increase multiplicative decrease algorithm used in the standard TCP, Scalable TCP uses a multiplicative increase multiplicative decrease (MIMD) algorithm for the window size evolution. In this paper, we present a mathematical analysis of the MIMD congestion control algorithm in the presence of random losses. Random losses are typical to wireless networks but can also be used to model losses in wireline networks with a high bandwidth-delay product. Our approach is based on showing that the logarithm of the window size evolution has the same behaviour as the workload process in a standard G/G/1 queue. The Laplace–Stieltjes transform of the equivalent queue is then shown to directly provide the throughput of the congestion control algorithm and the higher moments of the window size. Using ns-2 simulations, we validate our findings using Scalable TCP.     

Design of proportional-derivative-type state feedback controllers for congestion control of transmission control protocol networks

A new proportional-derivative-type state feedback controller is proposed for congestion control of transmission control protocol (TCP) networks. An analytical TCP model is adopted. In the proposed control scheme, it is possible to efficiently control the TCP traffic using only the queue length at the router without the need to know the TCP window size which is not available locally. The results are presented in terms of delay-dependent linear matrix inequality. The proposed method is verified by simulation examples using NS software, and the effectiveness and superiority of our method over other control schemes, such as the proportional-integral, random early detection and generalised minimum variancemethods, are also shown.     

数据中心网络中基于传输速率分配算法的TCP协议

传输控制协议(Transmission Control Protocol,TCP)是数据中心网络中常用的传输协议。然而,同一个网络环境下,由于TCP协议的公平共享原则,TCP无法保障不同优先级业务的服务质量。针对该问题,提出了基于传输速率分配算法的TCP(Transmit Rate Allocation based TCP,TRA-TCP)。汇聚节点实时监测记录不同优先级业务的数据传输速率,并为不同优先级的业务流分配不同的传输速率,以保障高优先级业务的QoS。实验表明,与已有协议相比,TRA-TCP协议最高能够将高优先级业务的吞吐量提升50%,并且将高优先级业务的时延保持在0.1秒以下。     

Impact of background traffic on performance of high-speed TCP variant protocols

This paper examines the effect of background traffic on the performance of existing high-speed TCP variant protocols, namely BIC-TCP, CUBIC, FAST, HSTCP, H-TCP and Scalable TCP. We demonstrate that the stability, link utilization, convergence speed and fairness of the protocols are clearly affected by the variability of flow sizes and round-trip times (RTTs), and the amount of background flows competing with high-speed flows in a bottleneck router. Our findings include: (1) the presence of background traffic with variable flow sizes and RTTs improves the fairness of most high-speed protocols, (2) all protocols except FAST and HSTCP show good intra-protocol fairness regardless of the types of background traffic, (3) HSTCP needs a larger amount of background traffic and more variable traffic than the other protocols to achieve convergence, (4) H-TCP trades stability for fairness; that is, while its fairness is good independent of background traffic types, larger variance in the flow sizes and RTTs of background flows causes the protocol to induce a higher degree of global loss synchronization among competing flows, lowering link utilization and stability, (5) FAST suffers unfairness and instability in small buffer or long delay networks regardless of background traffic types, and (6) the fairness of high-speed protocols depends more on the amount of competing background traffic rather than its rate variability. We also find that the presence of high-speed flows does not greatly reduce the bandwidth usage of background Web traffic.     

FAST TCP拥塞控制机制研究

随着网络带宽和距离的不断增大,传统的TCP协议已经成为阻碍网络高速传输的瓶颈。本文介绍了一种新的拥塞控制算法——FASTTCP,它能够使大带宽长距离网络保持较好的性能。     

Simple Available Bandwidth Utilization Library for High-Speed Wide Area Networks

The growth of high-speed wide area networks (WANs) has enabled the emergence of new classes of data intensive, wide area computing applications, such as the remote analysis and exploration of data and distributed data mining. The de facto standard for reliable data transfers is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Despite improvements in TCP over the years (to reduce overhead and achieve higher throughput), it is still a common experience for the end-to-end data rates of wide area data mining and data analysis applications to be inefficient. This paper introduces a library called SABUL (Simple Available Bandwidth Utilization Library) which merges features of UDP and TCP to produce a light-weight protocol with flow control, rate control and reliable transmission mechanisms that is designed for data intensive applications over wide area high performance networks. In this paper, we describe the library and give experimental evidence of its effectiveness.     

单链路多源网络中FAST TCP的稳定性

FAST TCP是面向未来高带宽延迟积网络提出的新一代传输控制协议.在不同的网络环境中分析其稳定性是目前研究的热点之一.建立了单链路多源网络中,FAST TCP和路由器组成的闭环系统的非线性、延迟微分方程模型.根据模型得到系统的平衡点,在平衡点附近将非线性模型进行线性化,采用现代控制理论方法证明了系统局部稳定的充分条件,解除了稳定性条件与网络参数之间的耦合.大量的仿真实验验证了稳定性结论的正确性.     

基于改进慢启动算法的大文件快速传输

针对传统TCP在当前网络环境下传输大文件性能较低的问题,对TCP传输协议中的慢启动算法部分进行了相应的研究与优化。根据标准慢启动算法存在的问题并结合高速网络以及大文件传输的性能特点,提出了一个具有网络状态感知能力的慢启动改进算法。改进算法主要优化了TCP拥塞窗口的增长策略,它实时地监测文件在传输过程中TCP报文段的往返时间（RTT）,并根据RTT的变化情况采用不同的窗口增长方式更新拥塞窗口;将改进算法部署在Linux网络模块中并分别在模拟网络环境和实际网络中进行测试。实验结果显示,改进算法能使发送窗口一直保持在一个较高的水平,实际数据传输速率和吞吐量均有了明显的提高。     

Multi-hop cellular networks: Architecture and protocols for best-effort and real-time communication

Until recently, research on cellular networks concentrated only in single-hop cellular networks. The demand for high throughput has driven to architectures that use multiple hops in the presence of infrastructure. We propose an architecture for multihop cellular networks (MCNs). MCNs combine the benefits of having a fixed infrastructure of base stations and the flexibility of Ad hoc networks. They are capable of achieving much higher throughput than current cellular systems, which can be classified as single-hop cellular networks (SCNs). In this work, we propose an extended architecture for MCN using the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LANs for connection-less service and a TDMA-based solution for real-time support. We provide a general overview of the architecture and the issues involved in the design of MCNs, in particular the challenges to be met in the design of a routing protocol, a channel assignment scheme, and a mobility management scheme. We also propose a routing protocol called Base-Assisted Ad hoc Routing (BAAR) protocol for use in such networks and a model for the performance analysis of MCNs and SCNs. We also conduct extensive experimental studies on the performance of MCNs and SCNs under various load (TCP, UDP, and real-time sessions) and mobility conditions. These studies clearly indicate that MCNs with the proposed architecture and routing protocol are viable alternatives for SCNs, in fact they provide much higher throughput. MCNs are very attractive for best-effort packet radio where they can achieve an increase in throughput up to four when compared to similar SCNs. But for real-time traffic, even though they do outperform SCNs, they also suffer from a few disadvantages such as frequent hand-offs and throughput degradation at high mobility. We also present results from a detailed comparison study of our architecture for MCN with the Hybrid Wireless Network (HWN) architecture and Integrated Cellular Ad hoc Relaying (iCAR) Architecture.     

DCCP研究及其性能分析

This paper explores simulation results of the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol(DCCP). The Internet community has seen the growth of real-time applications, which by the nature of their data flow do not desire the congestion control semantics of TCP and are thus left to build their applications on top of UDP. However, such methods have left with applications writers developing their own congestion control mechanisms. With congestion control mechanisms built directly into the transport layer, DCCP provides ease of use for application writers, as well as a selection of standards for use by applications. We explore the advantages of DCCP using an AIMD congestion control mechanism. An initial implementaion and experimentation of DCCP and its TCP-like congestion control mechanism show its behaviors.     

无线自组网络中TCP流公平性的分析与改进

研究了TCP(transmission control protocol)流在多跳无线自组网络中的公平性问题,发现IEEE802.11DCF协议在此环境下会导致严重的不公平性,即部分节点垄断了网络带宽而其他节点被饿死.首先,通过仿真分析了产生TCP流不公平性的原因,指出其根源在于MAC(media access and control)协议的不公平性,同时,TCP的超时机制加剧了不公平性的产生;然后,利用概率模型定量分析了TCP不公平性与MAC协议参数之间的关系,发现TCP流的公平性与TCP报文长度直接相关,并且增加MAC协议初始竞争窗口的大小能够有效提高公平性.据此,提出了一种根据TCP报文长度动态调节初始回退窗口大小的自适应回退MAC协议改进算法.理论分析和仿真表明,该算法在很大程度上可以有效缓解不公平性问题的产生,并且不会引起网络吞吐量的严重降低.     

Congestion control in high-speed communication networks using the Smith principle

High-speed communication networks are characterized by large bandwidth-delay products. This may have an adverse impact on the stability of closed-loop congestion control algorithms. In this paper, classical control theory and Smith’s principle are proposed as key tools for designing an effective and simple congestion control law for high-speed data networks. Mathematical analysis shows that the proposed control law guarantees stability of network queues and full utilization of network links in a general network topology and traffic scenario during both transient and steady-state condition. In particular, no data loss is guaranteed using buffers with any capacity, whereas full utilization of links is ensured using buffers with capacity at least equal to the bandwidth-delay product. The control law is transformed to a discrete-time form and is applied to ATM networks. Moreover a comparison with the ERICA algorithm is carried out. Finally, the control law is transformed to a window form and is applied to Internet. The resulting control law surprisingly reveals that today's Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol implements a Smith predictor for congestion control. This provides a theoretical insight into the congestion control mechanism of TCP/IP along with a method to modify and improve this mechanism in a way that is backward compatible.     

一种基于带宽估计的无线网拥塞控制机制

针对无线网提出了一种基于带宽估计的拥塞控制机制。该机制利用TCP确认帧携带的数据包到达时间来估算包到达速率，从而得到带宽的估计值。在此基础上用带宽的估计值更新拥塞窗口，避免在发生链路错误时启动拥塞控制机制，由此提高了TCP在无线网上的性能。实验结果表明，算法能减少链路差错对TCP性能带来的影响，提高了TcP在无线网上的吞吐率。     

一种Ad Hoc网络端到端的TCP拥塞控制改进方案

传统的TCP协议是为有线网络而设计的,它假定数据包的丢失是由网络拥塞引起的,然而在Ad Hoc网络中,除拥塞丢包外,其它非拥塞因素也会引起数据包的丢失。分析Ad Hoc网络影响TCP性能的主要因素,在原有拥塞控制方案MMJI的基础上,提出了一种端到端的TCP拥塞控制改进方案（Imp MMJI）。该方案能根据前向路径跳数自适应调整拥塞窗口的大小,防止拥塞窗口过快增长,当发生路由改变或链路中断时,重新计算拥塞窗口cwnd和ssthresh的值,以确保路由重建前后TCP连接负载率的一致性;并在ACK应答包的TCP首部增加了状态标志位,结合多个度量参数联合判断网络状态,提高网络状态识别的准确性,使发送端实时采取相应的措施。仿真结果表明,该方案能使网络吞吐量得到明显的提高,改善了TCP的性能。     

基于无线自组织网络的TCP Freeze-Probing改进协议

传统的TCP协议在有线网络中能够良好地工作,但用于无线自组织网络时则性能有所下降.其原因在于,传统的TCP协议无法分辨网络丢包原因,如网络拥塞、链路断开、信道错误或者链路改变.为了提高TCP协议在无线自组织网络中的性能,提出了一种TCP协议的改进方案TCP Freeze-Probing.该方案是一种端到端方法,不需要网络中间节点的反馈合作同时,提出了一种基于TCP Freeze-Probing的吞吐量模型并利用仿真对模型进行了验证.分析和仿真结果表明,该方案能够有效地改进TCP在无线自组织网络的性能.     

TCP-Illinois: A loss- and delay-based congestion control algorithm for high-speed networks

We introduce a new congestion control algorithm for high-speed networks, called TCP-Illinois. TCP-Illinois uses packet loss information to determine whether the window size should be increased or decreased, and uses queueing delay information to determine the amount of increment or decrement. TCP-Illinois achieves high throughput, allocates the network resource fairly, and is incentive compatible with standard TCP. We also build a new stochastic matrix model, capturing standard TCP and TCP-Illinois as special cases, and use this model to analyze their fairness properties for both synchronized and unsynchronized backoff behaviors. We finally perform simulations to demonstrate the performance of TCP-Illinois.     

一种流量预测的服务质量区分MAC退避算法

为提高流量大且流量变化急剧的中高速无线传感器网络性能, 针对竞争型MAC协议的退避算法进行研究, 基于BDQR退避算法提出了一种流量预测的服务质量区分MAC退避算法FPQoSD。该算法引入流量预测因子, 以实现流量精确预测而窗口动态适应目的; 引入优先级因子, 进行服务质量区分而满足关键数据实时性要求; 利用能耗因子来自适应信道接入概率, 均衡能耗而延长整体网络生命周期。NS2仿真结果表明, 该FPQoSD退避算法在节点高密度与高负载环境下网络性能优越, 其中吞吐量比BDQR算法提高15%, 平均时延降低25%, 平均能耗下降10%, 整体生命周期得以延长。