轻压下对20CrMnTiH钢240mm×240mm铸坯中心碳偏析和低倍组织的影响

试验研究了单辊轻压下量（0～14 mm）和压下位置（1^#～7^#）对低碳钢20CrMnTiH 240 mm×240 mm铸坯低倍组织和中心碳偏析的影响。结果表明,从3^#拉矫辊开始压下,最大压下量9 mm,低倍无缩孔比例上升12.3%,中心疏松1.0级比例和中心碳偏析无明显改善;从2^#拉矫辊开始压下,最大压下量1 1 mm,中心疏松1.0级比例和无缩孔比例下降,中心碳偏析合格率提升14.2%;从1^#拉矫辊开始压下,最大压下量14 mm,中心疏松1.0级和无中心缩孔比例均为100%,中心碳偏析合格率达到71.4%。综合分析得出,20CrMnTiH 240 mm×240mm铸坯在拉速0.85 m/min、结晶器搅拌300 A、5 Hz、单辊轻压下量14 mm时,铸坯中心碳偏析和低倍组织最佳。     

280 mm×380 mm连铸坯结晶器电磁搅拌技术的应用

试验研究了电磁搅拌的电流(150～500 A)对重轨钢U75V等钢种(mm)280×380、280×325连铸坯冶金质量的影响。结果表明,当电流由250A提高至500A时,重轨钢U75V铸坯中心区等轴晶率由18.8%增至36.2%,夹杂总量由8.53mg/10kg降至4.68mg/10kg,中心疏松、偏析、缩孔、中心裂纹和中间裂纹等缺陷≤1.0级别的比例达98%。中碳钢连铸电磁搅拌电流为350～400A,低碳钢连铸电磁搅拌电流为250A时,铸坯内部缺陷≤1.0级的比例分别为93%和90%。     

Coordinating optimisation of F-EMS and soft reduction during bloom continuous casting process for special steel

To control the halfway cracks and shrinkage cavities during bloom continuous casting (CC) process, final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) and soft reduction techniques have been coordinately optimised. The halfway crack and shrinkage cavity can be successfully controlled by adopting the CC technique parameters described as follows: (1) casting speed is 0.62 m min-1, (2) secondary cooling water ratio is 0.2?L?kg^?1, (3) reduction amount is 18?mm; (4) reduction region ranges from 19.9?m (location of M3 roller) to 25.4?m (location of M9 roller) distance from meniscus; and (5) corresponding distributions of reduction amount for each roller are 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, and 3?mm along the casting direction. As compared to origin scheme for bearing steel, the difference between the maximum and minimum segregation degrees at the strand centre can be reduced from 0.35 to 0.09 under the optimal case.     

压下对重轨钢大方坯内裂纹敏感性的影响

为研究压下对连铸坯内部裂纹产生的影响,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了230 mm×280 mm断面大方坯压下数学模型。通过压下模型对重轨钢连铸坯压下过程进行热力耦合模拟计算,对压下过程中产生的内部裂纹进行了预测。首先,对连铸坯不同中心固相率为0.3～0.7的温度场进行计算;然后,利用压下模型计算了连铸坯中心固相率0.3～0.7时凝固前沿的等效塑性应变。研究结果表明,在连铸坯中心固相率为0.3～0.7的位置处分别施加7 mm压下量进行压下,连铸坯凝固前沿等效塑性应变未超过临界等效塑性应变（0.4%）,连铸坯未出现内裂纹;同时,对连铸坯在中心固相率为0.6位置处进行了不同压下量的研究,研究结果表明,当连铸坯压下量超过7 mm时,凝固前沿的等效塑性应变超过临界塑性应变（0.4%）,连铸坯出现内裂纹,并且压下量越大,连铸坯内裂纹越严重。同时,工业试验结果与模型计算结果基本吻合,验证了模型计算的准确性。      

高强船板钢中心偏析的成因及其改善措施

分析了高强船板钢中心偏析的成因及其影响因素.中心偏析的形成是因枝状晶晶间富含溶质的钢液流动和积累造成的.这种钢液流动的驱动力来自两方面:一是凝固坯壳收缩和铸辊对坯壳的压缩,二是坯壳在未收缩时开口和铸辊间发生鼓肚引起负压.采取控制钢水化学成分和过热度、稳定拉速、优化二冷配水、加大凝固末端辊缝收缩量等措施可减少连铸坯中心偏析,改善高强船板钢的内部质量.凝固末端实施轻压下对减少中心偏析效果明显.     

凝固传热模型在静态轻压下技术中的应用

在实测铸坯表面温度的基础上,通过对各冷却段界面换热系数进行修正,建立了适合实际工况条件的凝固传热数学模型,并将模型计算结果应用于静态轻压下试验中,取得了良好的效果。研究结果表明:实施轻压下最佳的工艺条件为:过热度10～30℃、二冷比水量0.28 L/kg、拉速0.85 m/min,压下量8 mm;采用轻压下技术后,铸坯的中心疏松级别由原来的2.0～2.5级降低为1.0～1.5级;V型偏析和中心缩孔有所改善;铸坯的中心平均碳偏析指数由1.17～1.26降低为1.07～1.13。     

Reduction of centre cavity by forging with liquid core in round billet

Abstract

A series of experiments on the mechanical reduction of 263 mm diameter round billets of 13%Cr steel by forging with a liquid core was carried out, with variation in the amount of reduction. The decrease in the centre cavity with the amount of reduction was investigated. Then the conditions preventing centre cavity formation and the influence of the presshead shape were assessed by a deformation model using finite element modelling (FEM) analysis. In the experiments it was found that the centre cavity was nearly removed by a 2 mm reduction with a round presshead. A 3 mm reduction was demonstrated by FEM analysis to give a reduction in area almost equal to the percentage shrinkage. The use of a round presshead with a radius similar to the original billet is recommended for efficient centre cavity reduction.     

凝固末端电磁搅拌和轻压下复合技术对大方坯高碳钢偏析和中心缩孔的影响

基于ANSYS软件建立了310 mm×360 mm断面大方坯连铸过程二维凝固传热数学模型,并采用窄面射钉试验及铸坯表面测温试验对模型的准确性进行了验证.通过模型研究了过热度、拉速和二冷比水量对铸坯中心固相率以及凝固坯壳分布的影响,并结合高碳耐磨球钢BU的高温拉伸试验结果,确定了最佳的拉速以及最优轻压下压下区间要求.通过工业试验对理论模型进行了验证,并分析研究了拉速对采用凝固末端电磁搅拌(F-EMS)以及凝固末端17 mm大压下量的轻压下技术生产310 mm×360 mm断面大方坯高碳耐磨球钢BU铸坯的偏析和中心缩孔的影响.结果表明:采用凝固末端电磁搅拌和轻压下复合技术,通过调整拉速优先满足轻压下压下区间要求,可显著降低中心偏析、V型偏析及中心缩孔,但如果仅达到凝固末端电磁搅拌位置要求时,则铸坯中心质量不会得到明显改善.拉速为0.52 m·min-1且轻压下压下区间铸坯中心固相率为0.30~0.75时,偏析和中心缩孔有很大程度的改善,不合理的压下量分配会引起铸坯出现内裂纹以及中心负偏析.      

轻压下技术在高碳钢方坯连铸中的应用

台湾中钢、韩国浦项等5家钢厂在高碳钢方坯连铸中采用轻压技术之后，铸坯中碳和其它元素的中心偏析程度明显降低，缩孔和中心疏松缺陷也大大减少。从这些厂家的应用效果还可以看出，普通的轻压下技术，即机械轻压下技术用于小方坯连铸似乎存在一定的局限性，而热轻压下技术则为小方坯连铸提供了一种新的选择。     

Dynamic Soft Reduction Technology for Bloom Casting

 The dynamic soft reduction technology for 360mm×450mm bloom casting and its application results at PISCO (Panzhihua Iron &; Steel Co.) were presented. In order to analyze the influence of the soft reduction on internal defects of bloom, such as center porosity and central segregation, experiment for contrasting process with or without soft reduction for bloom was investigated. The operation shows that after applying the soft reduction of bloom alloy steel, the ratio of center porosity whose defect level is below 1.0 increased from 66.67% to 85.71%, ratio of central segregation whose defect level is below 1.0 increased from 94.44% to 100%, ratio of central shrinkage cavity which is free increased from 88.89% to 96.42%, and central segregation index of carbon decreased from mean value of 1.15 to 1.05. These results have provided important technology supports for PISCO to optimize the steel product structure, and to improve the production of high quality, property, and value added products.     

板坯连铸大辊径大压下及低压缩比轧制特厚板

 近年来,国内外科研工作者开发的连铸凝固末端重压下技术在改善连铸坯的疏松、偏析等方面取得了良好效果,但仍存在扇形段小辊径压下厚铸坯时,应变难以渗透到铸坯芯部、不利于中心疏松改善等不足。以高效率、低成本、低能耗获得高质量厚铸坯,并实现低压缩比轧制高质量厚规格产品,仍需要进一步探索。为了更加有效地解决厚铸坯连铸凝固过程产生的中心疏松及偏析问题,提出一种全新的宽厚板坯连铸大辊径大压下(BRHR)技术并研制了BRHR设备,在宽厚板坯连铸生产线上安装、调试并运行两年多,同时配套开发了宽厚板坯连铸工艺过程预测与控制系统、二冷水工艺优化控制技术。结果表明,开发的BRHR装备与技术有利于压下应变渗透到铸坯芯部,在连铸生产线上利用凝固末端或刚完全凝固(固相分数f_s=1.0)形成的大于500 ℃或大于400 ℃的大梯度温度场实施大直径辊大压下,可以显著改善宽厚板坯中心缺陷。生产实践证明,采用BRHR装备与技术使厚度为400 mm的宽厚板连铸坯缩孔、疏松及偏析得到显著改善,结合轧制工艺优化以1.90~2.53的极低压缩比轧制生产出厚度为150~200 mm的高质量特厚板,这对低成本、短流程生产高质量特厚规格产品及节能减排意义重大。     

Development and Application of Die-Casting High Speed Steel Rolls

Therollslikenickelchromiuminfinitechilledcastiron ,bainiticductileiron ,highchromiumcastironandhardalloyrollhavebeeninvestigated[1- 4] .Theformerthreerollsarecost effectiveandhaveashorterservicelife .Forthelatterone ,ithasexcellentwearresistancebutmuchhig…     

自旋式浸入水口对LZ50车轴钢Φ690mm连铸坯质量的影响

研究了自旋式6孔浸入水口对铁路车轴钢LZ50 Φ690mm连铸坯包括低倍组织、夹杂物、碳偏析等质量的影响.结果表明:与传统5孔水口相比,自旋式浸入水口连铸坯中心最大中心缩孔由22.7 mm降低到12.8 mm,平均缩孔尺寸从7.8 mm减小到5.5 mm,大于15 mm的缩孔消失;疏松程度均为1级,中心等轴晶区增大了7...     

连铸轻压下技术冷态模拟研究

通过自行创新设计的实验装置,应用丁二腈-5%(摩尔比)水透明模型合金冷态模拟研究方法,在压下量为0～5 mm范围内,研究连铸轻压下对中心偏析的影响.结果表明:随着压下量的增加,压下段中心偏析逐渐改善.较小的压下量对中心偏析改善作用较小;随压下量增加,压下量对中心偏析的改善作用逐渐增大;当压下量增加到一定程度时,压下量对...     

Study on the Design of the Soft Reduction Unit of High‐Speed Billet Casters

The production of continuously cast products that display very low centre segregation and thus more homogeneous properties is an important objective, particularly for high‐speed continuous casting of billets, in meeting increasingly stringent quality requirements. In addition to the well known methods of reducing macro‐segregation in continuous casting, inline deformation of the partially solidified strand, already used successfully in slab and bloom casting, offers an alternative for producing material with low segregation level. The present report considers the feasibility and effectiveness of mechanical soft reduction for the continuous casting of billets. The structural design of the soft reduction unit as a stand or segmental construction was investigated, as well as the influence of varying roll diameters. A strand of the existing billet caster S4 was modified for this purpose and soft reduction tests were conducted on spring steel grade 54SiCr6 at casting speeds between 3.30 and 3.60 m/min. The conclusions drawn from the test results as regards roll diameter, required reduction rate and necessary reduction force formed the basis for designing the soft reduction unit of the new billet caster SO that went in operation in March 2004.     

高碳钢矩形坯凝固末端永磁搅拌试验

 为了改善高碳钢82A断面180 mm×240 mm矩形坯内部质量,首次在凝固末端进行了永磁搅拌工业试验。根据射钉结果,确定了搅拌器安装位置为距弯月面7 m。搅拌器磁体采用液压系统驱动,通过增加永磁搅拌器入口油压来提高搅拌频率。随着搅拌频率从0增加到5 Hz,矩形坯凝固中心平均碳偏析值从1.18降到1.09。此外,永磁搅拌改善连铸坯中心疏松和缩孔效果显著,铸坯中心疏松0.5级的比例增加了40%,中心缩孔0级比例从0增加到20%。     

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Macrosegregation and Shrinkage in Large-Diameter Steel Roll Castings

Minimizing macrosegregation and shrinkage in large cast steel mill rolls challenges the limits of commercial foundry technology. Processing improvements have been achieved by balancing the total heat input of casting with the rate of heat extraction from the surface of the roll in the mold. A submerged entry nozzle (SEN) technique that injects a dilute alloy addition through a nozzle into the partially solidified net-shaped roll ingot can mitigate both centerline segregation and midradius channel segregate conditions. The objective of this study is to optimize the melt chemistry, solidification, and SEN conditions to minimize centerline and midradius segregation, and then to improve the quality of the transition region between the outer shell and the diluted interior region. To accomplish this objective, a multiphase, multicomponent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code was developed for studying the macrosegregation and shrinkage under various casting conditions for a 65-ton, 1.6-m-diameter steel roll. The developed CFD framework consists of solving for the volume fraction of phases (air and steel mixture), temperature, flow, and solute balance in multicomponent alloy systems. Thermal boundary conditions were determined by measuring the temperature in the mold at several radial depths and height locations. The thermophysical properties including viscosity of steel alloy used in the simulations are functions of temperature. The steel mixture in the species-transfer model consists of the following elements: Fe, Mn, Si, S, P, C, Cr, Mo, and V. Density and liquidus temperature of the steel mixture are locally affected by the segregation of these elements. The model predictions were validated against macrosegregation measured from pieces cut from the 65-ton roll. The effect of key processing parameters such as melt composition and superheat of both the shell and the dilute interior alloy are addressed. The influence of mold type and thickness on macrosegregation and shrinkage also are discussed.     

Formation and control of macrosegregation for round bloom continuous casting

Based on the developed coupled model of electromagnetism, heat and solute transportation, the macrosegregation formation and effect of secondary cooling water ratio on macrosegregation degree in strand during round bloom continuous casting process have been investigated. The solute segregation degree fluctuates from a positive to a negative value with distance from strand surface in the initial solidified shell region within thickness of 20?mm. A negative segregation region in concave shape and an irregular positive segregation zone are presented in the fixed and loosened side of strand respectively due to the gravity and thermosolutal convection. As the secondary cooling water ratio decreases from 0.25 to 0.15?L?kg^??1, the solidification ratio at final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) centre increases from 73.14 to 77.83%. For the steel grade of 50Mn casted by round bloom casting within diameter of 0.35?m, the optimal solidification ratio at F-EMS centre is 75.05%, where the radial centre crack and shrinkage cavity at strand cross-section are removed.     

高速重轨钢洁净度与均质性控制关键技术

高速铁路对重轨钢质量提出了更高的要求,洁净度与均质性控制是其质量提升的关键。包钢高速重轨钢采用无铝脱氧工艺降低钢水全氧质量分数、VD 真空脱气工艺强化脱氢、全程保护浇注与中间包冶金防止钢水二次氧化和促使钢中夹杂物上浮,提高钢的洁净度;通过合理控制钢液过热度、严格控制拉速、采用结晶器电磁搅拌、动态二冷、动态轻压下控制等关键技术来减轻和消除铸坯中心偏析,提高钢的均质性。生产实践表明,高速重轨钢中w T ［O］≤0.0020%、w［N］≤0.0050%、w［H］≤0.00015%、w［Al］≤0.0040%,A类夹杂物不超过2.0级,B、C、D 类夹杂物不超过1.0 级,中心疏松评级不超过1.0级的比例平均为83.1%,中心缩孔不超过0.5级的比例平均为94.3%,中心碳偏析指数最大为1.07。包钢高速重轨钢综合质量满足了《时速200km客运专线铁路用钢轨标准》的要求。     

宽厚板连铸动态轻压下工艺

在工业试验的基础上,对宽厚板连铸机实施动态轻压下后连铸坯中心偏析严重的原因进行了探讨与分析。研究发现：扇形段辊缝实测值与位移传感器测量值之间存在差值,且每个位置差值的偏差较大,导致压下量的实际执行量存在较大偏差,是产生严重中心偏析的重要原因。通过扇形段开口度测量与标定方法的优化改进,将每个扇形段不同位置的辊缝实际值与位移传感器测量值的差值保持在标准差值a,连铸机扇形段的辊缝得到了精确控制,动态轻压下工艺参数得到了精确执行,连铸坯内部质量得到了较大改善。