Hot workability analysis and processing parameters optimisation for 20CrMnTiH steel by combining processing map with microstructure

The processing map of 20CrMnTiH steel is developed by using the dynamic material model according to the hot compression experiments, performed on a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator at the temperature range of 850–1150°C and the strain rate of 0.01–1?s^?1. Hot workability characteristics of 20CrMnTiH steel are analysed based on the developed processing map. The safe deformation regions with higher power dissipation efficiency η exhibit the dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) mechanism and show fine and homogeneous microstructure. The unstable regions with negative instability coefficient ξ occur at both lower temperature with all strain rates and at high temperature with high strain rate at the strain of 0.2. The area of instability gradually decreases with the increasing strain and only appears at lower temperature and higher strain rate when the strain is above 0.2. The unstable regions indicate the flow localisation by microstructure analysis. Combining with the developed processing map with DRX behaviour, the optimal values of hot processing parameters for 20CrMnTiH steel are obtained to achieve good hot workability and small grains sizes at the process parameters ranged at 1036–1070°C/0.1–1?s^?1 and 918–985°C/0.01–0.014?s^?1.     

Custom 450钢热加工图及显微组织分析

 为了探究Custom 450高强度不锈钢最佳的热变形区间以指导实际生产过程的工艺参数设计,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机在变形温度为900~1 200 ℃、应变速率为0.01～10 s-1的条件下开展了热压缩试验,探讨了Prasad和Murty两种失稳判据在Custom 450钢中的适应性,确定了最佳的热变形区间和塑性失稳机制。研究结果表明,该钢在应变速率为0.2~10 s-1、变形温度为900~1 080 ℃的条件下变形时产生了大量的局部变形带和“项链状”组织,是导致塑性失稳发生的主要原因,显微组织观察结果与Murty准则预测的塑性失稳区更为接近。基于Murty准则建立了Custom 450钢的热加工图,并确定了其最佳的热加工工艺区间分别为1 050~1 200 ℃、0.1~1 s-1和1 100~1 200 ℃、1~10 s-1。     

High-temperature deformation behaviour and microstructural evolution of low carbon steel based on processing map

The high-temperature deformation behaviours of low carbon steel QD08 were investigated by hot compression tests over temperatures from 1000 to 1200°C and strain rates from 0.1 to 10 s^?1. The processing map was obtained by superimposition of the power dissipation and the instability maps and the regions having the lowest strain rate sensitivity added for more clarification of low and high workability regions. The results show that the security domain mainly of hot deformation with a higher powder dissipation factor and maintain a smooth variation, by the metallographic observations, the grain refinement by DRX under the stable deformation conditions. On the basis of processing map and microstructure evolution, the optimal deformation processing parameters are the hot deformation temperature range from 1070 to 1100°C, and strain rates range from 5 to 10 s^?1.     

6069铝合金的热变形行为和加工图

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机在温度为300～450℃,应变速率为0.01～10 s?1条件下对6069铝合金进行热压缩实验,研究该合金的热变形行为及热加工特征,建立热变形本构方程和加工图。结果表明,6069铝合金热变形过程中的流变行为可用双曲正弦模型来描述,在实验条件下的平均变形激活能为289.36 kJ/mol。真应变为0.7的加工图表明合金在高温变形时存在2个安全加工区域,即变形温度为300～350℃、应变速率为1～10 s?1的区域和变形温度为380～450℃、应变速率为0.01～0.3 s?1的区域。适合加工的条件是变形温度为350℃,应变速率0.01 s?1。     

1Cr17Ni1双相不锈钢的热变形行为及其热加工图

 运用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究了1Cr17Ni1马氏体-铁素体双相不锈钢在变形温度为950～1 150 ℃、应变速率为0.1～10 s－1条件下的热压缩变形行为。运用双曲正弦函数构建了本构方程,得到了表观激活能为391.586 kJ/mol,并基于动态材料模型绘制了1Cr17Ni1钢不同应变量下的热加工图。观察变形后的组织形貌得到较低温度下发生动态回复与动态再结晶,较高温度只发生动态回复,综合热加工图与变形后组织得到最佳热变形工艺：热加工温度范围为950～1 000 ℃、热加工变形速率范围为0.1～0.3和5～10 s－1。     

EH47船板钢热加工图的建立

 在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上,利用热压缩变形研究EH47号船板钢的热变形特性。设置最大真应变为0.7,变形温度分别为950、1 000、1 050、1 100、1 150 ℃,变形速率为0.1、0.5、1、5、10 s-1。利用试验所得数据通过一系列公式计算并绘制热加工图,结合不同压缩工艺得到的金相组织对比发现：变形温度为（1 000±10） ℃、应变速率为0.1 s－1区域耗散率因子[η]值达0.62以上,再结晶晶粒细小而均匀,为热加工最佳工艺参数;而变形温度为950～1 050 ℃、应变速率为0.5～2 s－1区域再结晶晶粒较少,晶粒尺寸参差不齐为加工失稳区,热加工时应避免选择该区域。根据热加工图中得出的最佳热加工工艺参数,计算得出现场最佳轧制参数：轧制温度为1 000 ℃,压下量为15～20 mm。     

基于热加工图的中碳钢加工性能分析

??Taking LZ50 steel as deformation material?? the stress- strain curves during hot compression was analyzed. The mathematical model of peak stress and strain?? critical stress and strain?? steady stress and strain as well as the stress and strain at which material exhibited maximum flow softening were established by liner regression method. The hot processing map of LZ50 steel under different strains was plotted to predict microstructure evolution behavior during forging process in order to guide production and processing. The results indicate that work hardening rate increases when temperature decreases or strain rate increases. The hot processing map of Murty criterion is optimum to predict the microstructure evolution of LZ50 steel during hot forming by comparing three different instability criterion??s hot processing maps??Prasad criterion?? Murty criterion and Poletti criterion??. The zone of high temperature and high strain rate hasn??t obvious microstructure defects?? so it??s ??false instability range??. The most optimum range for LZ50 steel deformation is zone of medium temperature and medium strain rate?? such as 1020?? and 0. 5s-1?? where the structure is homogeneous and the grain keeps equiaxed after deformation.     

14Cr-ODS铁素体钢的热变形行为及热加工图

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟实验机研究机械合金化法制备的14Cr-ODS铁素体钢在变形温度为1 050~1 200℃、应变速率为0.001~0.3 s 1条件下的高温变形行为,测定其真应力真应变曲线,分析流变应力随应变速率以及变形温度的变化关系。应用MATLAB软件计算最佳的应力水平参数,通过线性回归分析得出材料的变形激活能、材料常数和材料的双曲线本构方程,构造14Cr-ODS铁素体钢的热加工图。结果表明:14Cr-ODS铁素体钢的流变应力随温度升高而减小,随应变速率增加而增大;其变形激活能为501.11 kJ/mol,最佳应力水平参数为0.007,应力指数为4.08;加工失稳温度区域为1 050~1 100℃,应变速率区域为0.1~0.3 s 1;适合加工的条件是变形温度为1 150℃,应变速率为0.1 s 1。     

310S耐热不锈钢热变形行为及热加工图

研究了310S耐热不锈钢在应变速率为0.01~30s-1、变形温度为1 000~1 200℃条件下的热变形行为和再结晶规律,计算出热变形激活能为564.25kJ/mol,建立了热变形方程和热加工图,并给出了310S热加工失稳区域。310S耐热不锈钢的热加工过程是软化和硬化竞争的过程,软化作用始终抵消不了加工硬化的作用,整个变形过程中流变应力一直增加,没有流变应力峰值现象。     

20CrMnTiH钢的热变形物理模型及三维加工图

随着精密成形技术的发展,对热锻工艺的要求越来越严格,采用建立材料的物理模型及热加工图这一方法来优化最佳工艺条件,为实现产品的质量精确控制提供了科学保障。通过Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对20Cr Mn Ti H钢在变形温度为850~1 150℃,应变速率为0.01~10 s~(-1)条件下进行等温热压缩试验,研究了20Cr Mn Ti H钢的热压缩变形特性,采用Zener-Hollomon参数法建立了20Cr Mn Ti H钢高温塑性变形的物理模型;并以热压缩试验为基础,绘制了20Cr Mn Ti H钢的三维热加工图并进行分析,确定了该钢的最佳热成形工艺参数。通过流变曲线可以看出,20Cr Mn Ti H钢在热成形过程中发生了明显的动态回复与动态再结晶,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加,随变形温度的升高而降低;由热加工图分析得到了该钢在试验参数范围内较优的热加工工艺参数,加工温度为900~1 025℃,应变速率为0.01~0.2 s~(-1)。     

AZ31镁合金的热变形加工图及其应用

为了确定AZ31镁合金轧制工艺参数,利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机进行热压缩试验以测试其热变形行为,并根据动态材料模型理论得到其热加工图.当变形温度为380~400℃、应变速率为3~12 s^-1时,功率耗散效率大于30%,属于动态再结晶峰区;在该区域进行异步轧制变形退火处理后得到平均晶粒直径为2.3μm的细晶组织,抗拉强度为322.7 MPa,延伸率为19.6%.当应变速率大于15 s^-1时,属于流变失稳区,250~300℃低温加工时合金的塑性显著降低,350~400℃高温加工时合金出现混晶组织.     

Hot deformation behavior of GH4945 superalloy using constitutive equation and processing map

The hot deformation behavior of GH4945 superalloy was investigated by isothermal compression test in the temperature range of 1 000-1 200°C with strain rates of 0.001-10.000s~(-1) to a total strain of 0.7.Dynamic recrystallization is the primary softening mechanism for GH4945 superalloy during hot deformation.The constitutive equation is established,and the calculated apparent activation energy is 458.446kJ/mol.The processing maps at true strains of 0.2,0.4and 0.6are generally similar,demonstrating that strain has little influence on processing map.The power dissipation efficiency and instability factors are remarkably influenced by deformation temperature and strain rate.The optimal hot working conditions are determined in temperature range of 1 082-1 131°C with strain rates of 0.004-0.018s~(-1).Another domain of 1 134-1 150°C and 0.018-0.213s~(-1) can also be selected as the optimal hot working conditions.The initial grains are replaced by dynamically recrystallized ones in optimal domains.The unsafe domains locate in the zone with strain rates above 0.274s~(-1),mainly characterized by uneven microstructure.Hot working is not recommended in the unsafe domains.     

纯镍N6平面热压缩变形行为及加工图

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机对纯镍N6在变形温度800~1100℃,应变速率5~40 s^-1,应变量70%条件下进行了高温塑性变形压缩试验,分析纯镍N6高温高应变速率热变形行为,得到了材料在不同变形参数条件下的组织变化规律及流变应力变化曲线,利用动态材料模型绘制出了纯镍N6在不同应变条件下的热加工图.通过对组织及热加工图的分析研究,得出变形温度为1000~1100℃,应变速率为5~7 s^-1或20~40 s^-1以及变形温度为800~900℃,应变速率为5~10 s^-1为纯镍N6材料高温高应变速率热变形的两个合理变形参数区间,在参数区间内N6组织均匀;而流变失稳区变形参数条件下得到的组织比较紊乱,晶粒大小不一.纯镍N6热变形后的晶粒尺寸随变形温度升高及应变速率减小而增大.     

Cu-Ni-Ti合金高温热变形行为及热加工图

采用MMS-100热力模拟机对Cu-Ni-Ti合金进行了温度为700～850℃、变形速率为0.01～10 s-1的等温压缩试验.研究表明,流变应力随应变程度增加快速上升至极限值后逐渐转变为平缓曲线,随温度增加而降低,随应变速率增加而上升.基于应力与变形速率和应变温度之间的关系,构建了Cu-Ni-Ti合金的本构方程和热加...     

新型二次硬化渗碳钢的高温塑性及热加工图

 利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,对一种新型二次硬化渗碳钢C61进行了高温轴向压缩试验,测得其高温流变曲线,观察了高温变形后的显微组织,获得了该钢的热变形激活能[Q]为414.84 kJ/mol,建立了试验钢的热变形本构方程,并绘制了其热加工图。结合高温变形后的显微组织和热加工图,确定最优热变形工艺参数为变形温度范围为1 050～1 100 ℃,应变速率范围为0.1～1.0 s－1,此时试验钢组织发生了完全动态再结晶,晶粒明显细化,且对应的能量耗散效率达到峰值。     

Hot deformation behavior and processing map of Mg-2Zn-1Al-0.2RE alloy

In this study,uniaxial hot compression tests were carried out between 200 and 400℃ over strain rates of0.001-1 s~(-1) to investigate the hot deformation behavior of Mg-2 Zn-1 Al-0.2 RE alloy with coarse grains.The average activation energy was measured to be 174.51 kJ/mol.In addition,a constitutive relation based on the Arrhenius equation was established.Dynamic recrystallization(DRX) kinetics were studied by Avrami equation to characterize the evolution of DRX volume fraction.DRX was favored at high temperatures of 300-400℃ and low strain rates of 0.001-0.01 s~(-1).According to dynamic material model and Prasad's instability criterion,a maximum power dissipation of 38% and 32% occurs at 400℃/0.001 s~(-1) and 400℃/0.01 s~(-1),respectively.According to the proce ssing map,330-400℃/0.001-0.01 s~(-1)was determined as the optimum deformation parameter range.     

RAFM钢应变补偿本构关系及热加工图

低活化铁素体/马氏体(RAFM)钢具有较低的辐照肿胀率和优异的力学性能,被认为是聚变堆首选的结构材料。然而,低活化钢强度高、冷塑性变形抗力大的特点,使其难以通过冷加工或低温加工实现大规模生产。使用MMS-200型热模拟试验机,在变形温度为950～1 200℃、应变速率为0.1～5 s^-1和最大变形量为50%条件下,进行了低活化铁素体/马氏体钢(0.11C-9.4Cr-1.35W-0.22V-0.05Si-0.11Ta-0.50Mn)单道次热压缩试验,研究其热变形行为。基于动态材料模型构建了不同应变量下的低活化钢变形本构方程和热加工图,确定了最优热加工参数,结合金相结果分析了材料变形过程中微观组织演化规律,为低活化钢的热加工成形工艺及组织优化提供理论参考。结果表明,在相同应变速率下,随着变形温度升高,流变应力逐渐降低,在一定变形温度下,流变应力随应变速率增大而增大;温度和应变速率对组织的影响主要取决于变形过程中材料内部发生的动态回复和再结晶等机制的交互作用。使用六阶多项式拟合进行应变补偿建立的低活化钢变形本构方程具有较高的预测精度,平方相关系数为0.972。显微组织...