基于外包模式下产品包装生产模式选择

目的 包装废弃物容易对环境造成破坏,为鼓励企业生产绿色包装,促进包装循环使用,推动资源再利用,探究3种不同的包装生产方式对供应链决策的影响。方法 在由产品制造商、包装公司和零售商组成的供应链中,引入单位外包价格、消费者对绿色包装的敏感系数、包装绿色度等参数,对比分析自产包装、外包生产普通包装、外包生产绿色包装3种情形下供应链定价决策问题。结果 消费者绿色包装的敏感系数和自愿返还的废旧包装数量对供应链有积极作用;外包生产绿色包装模式的零售价、需求量始终高于外包生产普通包装模式的;当单位外包价格大于某一阈值时,外包生产绿色包装模式的零售价、需求量、供应链各成员利润在3种模式中最高。结论 产品制造商将包装外包给包装公司有利于降低成本、分散风险,获得更高利润,此外提高消费者对绿色包装的认可也有利于供应链成员获利。     

供应不确定下制造商的采购策略:回收或双渠道采购

在考虑供应商供应不确定的情形下,构建制造商在不同市场结构下的采购策略选择模型,研究发现:①垄断市场中,当供应不确定性较大时,制造商会选择回收策略;当供应商的不确定性较小时,制造商选择双渠道采购。②竞争市场中对比制造商的均衡利润发现,当供应商供应不确定性大时,两制造商均选择回收策略达到纳什均衡;当供应不确定性处于中间水平时,两制造商选择差异化的采购策略更有利可图;当供应商供应不确定性小时,上游供应商之间的竞争激烈,双渠道采购为市场的均衡策略。此外,还探讨了供应不确定性的变化对制造商的利润影响。     

Chemical production planning via goal programming

Production planning in a chemical plant requires determination of production quantities for several intermediate and final products. The production plan must satisfy several absolute requirements (material balances, production capacities, etc.) and conflicting objectives (profits, costs, sales limits, environmental pressures, equipment utilization and other engineering objectives). A goal programming approach for chemical production planning is presented and illustrated by means of an industrial case study example along with implications and extensions of the basic model. The presentation is kept simple so that it is understood by students and practitioners interested in chemical process planning.     

基于微分对策的闭环供应链中制造商合作策略选择

以动态环境为背景，研究了存在第三方的闭环供应链中制造商合作策略选择。分别建立了制造商与回收商和零售商三方共同合作，制造商仅与回收商或零售商其中一方合作，以及三方均不合作等4种合作模型，利用微分对策理论对模型进行求解得到不同合作策略下的最优控制策略。研究发现：制造商总是存在与零售商或回收商合作的动机，制造商与零售商和回收商均合作时供应链利润以及消费者福利最高，制造商与其均不合作时供应链利润和消费者福利最低。但制造商仅与零售商合作时供应链利润是否高于其与回收商合作时的供应链利润依赖于旧产品回收效率和再制造所节约成本等。     

考虑产品绿色度的闭环供应链政府补贴策略研究

在考虑产品绿色度的基础上,通过以制造商为博弈主导者和零售商为博弈跟随者的两阶段Stackelberg博弈模型,研究政府补贴策略对闭环供应链各主体的决策影响。针对制造商在回收废旧产品再制造过程中的2项主要支出,设计了回收活动投资补贴策略(subsidy of investment,SI)和回收产品再制造成本补贴策略(subsidy of cost,SC),从相同补贴率和相同补贴金额单位补贴效率2个角度对比分析补贴策略的优劣。结果表明,1) 无论何种补贴策略,在合理的补贴率范围内,闭环供应链各主体的利润均随补贴率的增加而增加;2) 以相同补贴率为评价标准,SC补贴策略优于SI补贴策略;3) 以相同补贴金额单位补贴效率为评价标准,SI补贴策略优于SC补贴策略。     

基于初始新鲜度的生鲜农产品订货策略

目的以初始新鲜度为基准,结合保鲜包装成本构建订货模型来优化生鲜农产品零售商的订货策略。方法以单个销售周期内零售商利润最大为目标,在易腐商品库存模型中引入初始新鲜度,结合保鲜包装成本,构建单周期生鲜农产品的订货模型,借助Matlab对模型进行优化求解。结果通过算例可知,当销售周期为30 d,保鲜包装成本为0.15元,初始新鲜度为0.87时,取得最大利润值311.99元,且初始新鲜度由0.6上升到0.95期间,最优订货周期由2.86d上升到23.66d,最优订货量由74.76kg上升到120.60 kg,再回落到101.37 kg;而保鲜包装成本由0.05元上升到0.25元,利润最大值由287.44元上升到327.13元,且初始新鲜度越大,利润上升幅度越高。结论初始新鲜度较高时,零售商可以通过提高保鲜包装成本及采取少批次多批量的订货策略来提高企业的利润;而初始新鲜度较低时,在食品安全的范围内,零售商可以通过降低保鲜包装成本和采取多批次少批量的方式来提高利润。     

不同市场主导者下的以旧换再回收模型

为探究闭环供应链的定价决策问题,基于市场上不同主导者与废旧品回收渠道,建立了4种以旧换再回收模型,并对比分析了各个模型中制造商与零售商的定价决策。研究表明,1) 企业权力越大,议价能力就越强,企业的利润就越大;2) 再制造产品的定价、废旧品的回收价仅与废旧品的回收渠道有关,与市场主导者无关;3) 制造商回收时,潜在消费者能获更多的以旧换再返利,但是会损害初始消费者的利益;4) 制造商可以通过适当的降低新产品的耐用性、提高消费者对于再制造产品的接纳度等方式促使更多的消费者参加以旧换再活动,增大废旧品的回收率,进一步的把再制造产品推向市场。     

具有政府回收约束的闭环供应链回收再制造决策模型

在回收和再制造的闭环供应链中,一个第三方替制造方从用户中买回废旧产品。为了激励废旧产品的回收再制造,政府对制造商设定一个最低回收率,并且对制造商的回收进行奖惩;同时考虑第三方的回收努力,建立了基于第三方负责回收的多级再制造闭环供应链模型,设计了政府与制造商之间的奖惩函数;讨论比较了制造商不回收废旧产品、没有政府奖惩时回收再制造废旧产品和考虑政府约束时回收再制造废旧产品等3种情形下的最优策略,并且分析了参数变化对回收率和供应链成员企业收益的影响;结合国内某家电制造商废旧家电回收再制造的运作情况进行了仿真计算与分析。     

考虑横向公平的双渠道销售闭环供应链定价策略与协调研究

考虑双渠道零售商和制造商组成的闭环供应链,分别构建了制造商直接回收、委托第三方回收模式下的动态博弈模型,以公平中性时的均衡策略为参照,对比分析了线下零售商的横向公平偏好对双渠道闭环供应链中各决策主体定价策略及利润的影响。研究表明,无论零售商是否存在横向公平关切行为,制造商直接回收模式都优于委托第三方回收。在直接回收模式下,线下零售商的横向公平偏好使得在正向供应链中的两零售商为提高市场占有率会竞相降低零售价格,制造商为鼓励竞争会降低批发价,并且价格均与横向公平关切系数负相关。在逆向供应链中,制造商会提高废旧产品的回收率;相比公平中性的情况,此定价策略使制造商和整个供应链系统效用增加,而两零售商收益递减。制造商作为渠道管理者为鼓励零售商之间竞相降价,可通过一个三方收益共享的契约实现协调,达到帕累托最优。     

直接回收渠道下闭环供应链防范零售商合谋的机制设计

研究了单一制造商和两个竞争的零售商组成的闭环供应链系统中制造商防范零售商合谋的机制设计问题。研究表明,零售商合谋损害了闭环供应链系统和制造商的利润,增加了自身的利润;并提高了销售价格,从而损害了消费者的利益;零售商合谋给制造商带来的损失随着竞争程度的增加而增加;防范机制可减少制造商因零售商合谋而导致的利润损失,但并不能达到零售商不合谋时的利润水平。     

考虑缺货情况的销售商预售策略研究

在预售新商品时,销售商若采取缺货补偿策略,或者为未按时收到货的消费者提供全额退款服务,会是消费者的一种利益保障,增加消费者预订购买的可能性,从而增加销售利润。因此,本文将销售商单一预售策略和提供缺货补偿的策略与提供全额退款的策略进行比较,构建3种不同策略的销售商利润模型,以期得出对于销售商最优的预售策略。结果表明,3种不同的销售策略的优劣之分受所在销售环境影响,销售商可以根据销售环境参数的不同来选择最优的销售策略,并且在实施单一预售策略和缺货可立即退款策略时,销售商可以通过夸大其发货可能性来获得更高的利润,但实际发货可能性的提升才是销售商努力的更优方向。     

RFID增加回收率的再制造闭环供应链模型

在再制造闭环供应链的实践中,从市场上回收废旧品是一个关键环节,同时也是一个难点。而本文假设RFID可以提高废旧品的回收率,同时也要花费相应的成本。为对比分析RFID使用前后的效果,按照负责回收的供应链成员不同,建立了一体化和非一体化的再制造闭环供应链模型,并讨论了使用RFID额外增加回收率规模、RFID标签成本和RFID固定投入成本对供应链定价决策及各成员利润的影响。     

面向再制造的废旧产品回收渠道模式研究

研究了一个由制造商、销售商和第三方回收机构组成的再制造闭环供应链,提出并探讨回收废旧产品的3种混合回收渠道模式,构建了相关收益函数模型,利用Stackelberg主从博弈模型,以制造商向其他方收取的回购价为自变量,选取整个闭环供应链体系下的废旧产品回收率、制造商利润以及整个闭环供应链的利润和零售商销售的零售产品价格等指标作为可比对象,推导出其相关指标关于回购价的目标函数,在其他条件不变的情况下进行对比分析。结论显示制造商与零售商混合回收渠道模式最佳。然后通过具体算例分析对结论进行了进一步证明和现实意义解释。文章研究意义在于帮助处在循环产业链的企业如何选择回收渠道模式,作出最有利于企业利益的决策模式。     

基于双渠道联合库存策略的生鲜品产销

生鲜厂商采用“线上”“线下”两种销售渠道时,采用联合库存策略可以有效降低库存节约成本。考虑影响各渠道需求的各种因素和消费者的选择行为,建立了基于生鲜产品双渠道联合库存策略下的多周期产销最大收益模型。已知线下渠道销售价格,假设库存优先满足线下渠道销售,从生鲜厂商的角度给出了最优线上销售价格和最优生产量。算例表明,该策略下保质期短的生鲜农产品线上定价较高,选择线下自提取货的消费者比例越高则收益越大,需求不确定性增大则会使得利益受损,为生鲜产商通过双渠道销售生鲜农产品提供理论支持。     

Economical evaluation of disassembly operations for recycling,remanufacturing and reuse

This paper introduced a procedure which integrates economical factors into the scheduling of disassembly operations for Material Recovery Opportunities (MRO). MRO are defined as opportunities to reclaim post-consumer products for recycling, remanufacturing and reuse. Traditionally, recyclers have resorted to using heuristics for analysing the breakdown of products and the associated costs. In this paper, a quantitative method of disassembly analysis is developed. Its aim is to improve the efficiency of the disassembly planning process and to generate an optimal disassembly sequence which maximizes profit. Three economic indices are used to evaluate the trade-off between reclamation and disposal of individual components. A systematic procedure of generating an optimal disassembly sequence based on maximizing the profits of material recovery is presented. Three criteria are established to reduce the search space and facilitate recovery opportunities: (1) material compatibility, (2) clustering for disposal, and (3) concurrent disassembly operations. An example is provided on a product being disassembled for recycling at a local recycling plant in Canada.     

Online retailer recommender systems: a competitive analysis

As thriving and fast-moving technologies, recommender systems have been widely adopted by online retailers to increase their sales recently. This has significant impacts on the stakeholders in the online supply chain. How an online retailer uses recommender systems to maximise its profit through choosing different recommendation strategies for two upstream competing manufacturers is explored in this paper. In particular, a game between one online retailer and two competitive manufacturers is constructed in which these manufacturers can be selectively and strategically recommended by the retailer. The analytical results show that as the recommendation strength of recommender systems increases, neither manufacturers nor the retailer can always enjoy higher profits, which is counterintuitive. Furthermore, this study reveals that (i) a recommended manufacturer may enjoy a higher profit through sharing the recommendation market with its rival than through monopolising this market; (ii) recommending two manufacturers in both is the most feasible way for the online retailer to benefit from controlling the supply chain. Finally, it is interesting that recommender systems are found to be good mechanisms to help to coordinate the online supply chain with one retailer and two manufacturers because the recommendation market generated by recommender systems alleviates channel conflict.     

A novel assessment tool for reusability of wastes

This paper presents a new assessment method, which is able to determine the practicality of opportunities to reuse wastes. In this study, the term--reuse has much wider concepts than simply recycling to a process. In other words, reuse in this case can include recycling, utilisation as a raw material for other processes, and particularly transformation of the waste to low or preferably high value added products. Preliminary opportunities for the reuse of a waste can be generated by various methods such as brainstorming, desk research, consultation with industrial and academic contacts, and the like. In this work, each preliminary solution is then assessed according to three different categories--technical, economic, and environmental and regulatory, in order to determine the viability for reuse. The responses of nine collaborating companies to questionnaires pertaining to the three categories were used to set up feasible boundaries of each category in terms of the reuse of their wastes. Based on the replies, lower bounds for each category were determined, and then the preliminary solutions generated were ranked. The approach was applied to several industrial examples. The ranking of the high-dimensional information was aided by visual representation on a parallel coordinate graphic plot. Although the selection or rejection of an opportunity was highly dependent on the boundaries obtained, the approach proposed could provide a useful guideline to decision-makers for selection/rejection of the reuse opportunities available.     

基于信号博弈的包装企业品牌策略决策研究

为解决向食品制造商提供包装的包装企业面临的品牌策略决策问题,将消费者观察到的包装企业生产外包装的材质以及设计水平作为传递产品质量的信号,运用信号博弈理论,以包装企业与产品制造商得益最大为目标,研究并分析了合并均衡、分离均衡和混合均衡下的包装企业品牌策略结果。结果表明,不完全信息博弈下包装企业的最优品牌策略决策为：对高质量产品的制造商提供并实施混合均衡下的高档次品牌策略,对于低质量产品的制造商提供并实施分离均衡下的低档次品牌策略。对比完全信息博弈结果,包装企业的品牌策略能作为信号,传递且有效区分产品制造商的产品质量。虽然高档次的品牌策略能帮助制造商将低质量产品伪装成高质量产品进入市场,但这种情况下消费者买到高质量产品的可能性反而有所提高。     

An analysis of manufacturers’ supply and demand uncertainty based on the dynamic customisation degree

Diverse demands regarding products are common; however, manufacturers usually cannot respond immediately to meet such changes upon demand, and thus, customer satisfaction tends to be reduced. Notebook computer manufacturers adopt a production mode of mass customisation; hence, a certain degree of dynamic customisation measurements, inherent in different supply chain models, allow manufacturers to evaluate costs and profits in advance. The application of the model, as proposed in this study, indicates that the most important factor of the customisation degree is product price. The dynamic customisation degree is adjusted based on monitoring indicators, which requires less total cost and produces greater accuracy in forecast results regarding the prediction model of customer demands. This study develops a dynamic customisation model for total product profits, inventory cost of semi-manufactured products, shortage costs and buffer inventory costs, which are affected by the degree of dynamic customisation of the products. It also analyses the supply and demand uncertainties of the Direct Shipment of the Manufactured Model, as well as the Door-to-Door Direct Shipment of the End User Model in the notebook computer industry, as the criteria with respect to a firm's customisation degree, costs, and profits in different supply chain mode operations.     

碳交易政策下考虑渠道拓展的制造/再制造企业生产决策研究

分析碳交易政策下企业考虑进行渠道拓展时制造/再制造生产的决策问题。分别建立了传统渠道模型及2种不同的渠道拓展模型,分析消费者偏好及碳政策对企业再制造生产决策的影响及不同渠道拓展策略下的最优生产决策。研究发现,只有适当的碳价格才能促进再制造的生产;在消费者线上购买偏好较高时,线上销售再制造产品线下销售新产品可以同时达到企业利润及环境成本最优,实现企业与环境的双赢。