A Review of: “TRENDS IN GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY”, Edited by George J. Klir. John Wiley,New York, 1972, 462 pp.

The paper presents new refinements of homomorphisms that are needed in order to deal with partial algebraic systems; namely, weak, strong and Very strong homomorphisms and the laws of their compositions. Further, it describes loose and tight congruences and the canonical factorization of various kinds of homomorphisms. The results have important applications in cognitive modelling, general systems relational models, knowledge representation schemes in Expert Systems and formal methods of Software Engineering,     

A Review of: “THEORY OF HIERARCHICAL,MULTILEVEL SYSTEMS”, by M. D. Mesarovic,D. Macko and Y. Takahara. Academic Press,New York, 1970. 294 pp.

A number of “normalized” measures of entropy have been obtained to measure the “intrinsic” uncertainty of a probability distribution. Their graphs have been drawn and it has been shown that the normalized measures of a given probability distribution are much closer to one another than the corresponding absolute measures of entropy.