Springback reduction with control of punch speed and blank holder force via sequential approximate optimization with radial basis function network

This paper proposes a springback reduction technique with the control of punch speed and blank holder force (BHF) via sequential approximate optimization (SAO). Springback is one of the major defects in sheet forming and its reduction is a crucial issue for improving product quality. Computer-aided-engineering is one of the helpful tools for predicting springback and widely used in automotive industries. Various approaches are considered for springback reduction, and we optimize the punch speed as well as BHF (variable BHF). Sheet forming simulation is generally costly and time-consuming, and the SAO with the radial basis function network is used to determine the optimal punch speed and variable BHF. The U-shaped forming in NUMISHEET’93 is used in the numerical simulation. The standard deviation of the bending moment is minimized subject tearing evaluated with the forming limit diagram. The punch speed and the variable BHF are taken as the design variables. The validity is examined through numerical simulation.     

DP800 双相高强钢折弯及回弹研究

目的针对高强度钢板成形过程中的回弹问题,研究工艺参数对回弹的影响规律,优选工艺参数组合,以获得回弹较小的V形件。方法采用dynaform软件对V形件进行成形及回弹的数值模拟,以摩擦因数、模具间隙、冲压速度、凹模圆角半径等工艺参数为自变量,以回弹前后水平距离差最大值为因变量,设计了四因素三水平的正交试验方案,研究多个工艺参数对回弹影响的规律。结果实验结果表明,V形件回弹值大小随着摩擦因数的增大呈现减小趋势;随着模具间隙、凹模圆角半径的增大,回弹值呈现增大的趋势;而冲压速度对V形件回弹的影响较小,且工艺参数影响V形件回弹大小的主次顺序为模具间隙、摩擦因数、凹模圆角半径、冲压速度。结论优选工艺参数组合为:摩擦因数为0.2、模具间隙为2.6 mm、冲压速度为1200 mm/s、凹模圆角半径为12 mm,此时回弹水平距离差最大值为0.566 mm,最大减薄率为1.40%;实际生产可以忽略冲压速度对回弹的影响,仿真结果对实际生产具有指导意义。     

Design sensitivity analysis and optimization for minimizing springback of sheet‐formed part

The springback is a manufacturing defect in the stamping process and causes difficulty in product assembly. An impediment to the use of lighter‐weight, higher‐strength materials in manufacturing is relative lack of understanding about how these materials respond to complex forming processes. The springback can be reduced by using an optimized combination of die, punch, and blank holder shapes together with friction and blank‐holding force. An optimized process can be determined using a gradient‐based optimization to minimize the springback. For an effective optimization of the stamping process, development of an efficient design sensitivity analysis (DSA) for the springback with respect to these process parameters is crucial. A continuum‐based shape and configuration DSA method for the stamping process has been developed using a non‐linear shell model. The material derivative is used to develop the continuum‐based design sensitivity. The design sensitivity equation is solved without iteration at each converged load step in the finite deformation elastoplastic non‐linear analysis with frictional contact, which makes sensitivity calculation very efficient. Numerical implementation of the proposed shape and configuration DSA method is performed using the meshfree method. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are illustrated by minimizing the springback in a benchmark S‐rail problem. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimization of a pipe end upsetting process

A method is proposed for the optimization, by finite element analysis, of design variables of sheet metal forming processes. The method is useful when the non-controllable process parameters (e.g. the coefficient of friction or the material properties) can be modelled as random variables, introducing a degree of uncertainty into any process solution. The method is suited for problems with large FEM computational times and small process window. The problem is formulated as the minimization of a cost function, subject to a reliability constraint. The cost function is indirectly optimized through a “metamodel”, built by “Kriging” interpolation. The reliability, i.e. the failure probability, is assessed by a binary logistic regression analysis of the simulation results. The method is applied to the u-channel forming and springback problem presented in Numisheet 1993, modified by handling the blankholder force as a time-dependent variable.     

轿车后围板成形过程数值模拟及参数优化

为提高轿车后围板零件的成形质量和设计效率,采用单向拉伸试验,测定了板料的力学性能参数,并对测量参数的有效性进行了验证;基于测量的参数,对该零件的冲压成形过程进行了数值模拟,改进了拉延筋的受力并优化了工艺和模具参数;对零件成形之后的回弹进行了研究,并对回弹变形进行了补偿.研究结果表明:采用测定的参数能有效地提高数值模拟的精度;优化拉延筋的受力及成形参数,可以提高成形件的质量;利用补偿法可以有效的补偿零件的回弹变形;经验知识与数值模拟相结合的优化方法是提高产品质量及工艺设计效率的有效途径.     

基于 AHP 与灰色系统理论的隔热件成形回弹控制优化

目的汽车隔热件的冲压成形过程比较复杂,成形工艺参数较多,实际生产难以准确地建立起工艺参数与质量目标之间的联系,研究工艺参数对成形质量及回弹的影响为实际生产提供指导必要而有意义。方法对模具间隙、凹模圆角半径、摩擦因数等影响回弹的因素进行正交试验,设计了试验方案,获得了成形零件的回弹数据;结合层次分析理论(APH)计算了成形工艺参数对多质量目标的权重,最后利用灰色系统理论,计算出了成形质量相对目标函数的关联度,再进行进一步计算获得各成形工艺参数的平均关联度,将优化后的工艺参数应用于有限元仿真与实验验证。结果通过层次分析理论和灰色系统理论对成形工艺参数进行优化,获得了优化工艺参数组合,隔热件成形质量明显提高,回弹量控制在较小范围内。结论当模具间隙为0.805 mm、凹模圆角半径为12 mm、摩擦因数为0.125时,回弹前后距离差Δd=0.918 mm、回弹前后夹角差Δα=0.340°,回弹得到有效控制。     

基于对比试验的 Q345 钢 135°矫正法折弯及回弹优化

目的针对自由回弹采用的补偿法寻找最优解过程繁杂,结果不稳定这一问题,寻找更为有效的折弯方式。方法利用Pearson相关系数和灰色系统理论,采用对比实验,以16 mm厚Q345钢为研究对象,选择凸模圆角、摩擦因数及矫正量为变量,回弹角与最大成形力为目标函数,求得工艺参数对回弹角的关联系数。再对优化的参数组合进行有限元模拟验证。结果矫正法回弹控制效果远远优于自由折弯模具的回弹控制效果。结论将优化获得的工艺参数进行有限元模拟验证,指导设计、试模,成形质量得到明显提高,对实际生产具有显著的指导意义。     

汽车前地板纵梁高强钢应用及回弹控制技术

目的研究造型相对复杂的前地板纵梁高强钢(HSS)应用回弹变形特点,探寻回弹控制方法。方法借助CAE分析技术,对零件进行全工序和回弹仿真分析,深入探讨零件回弹特点,提出回弹整改控制措施。结果通过整改措施的落实,样件尺寸精度达到1 mm控制要求,零件平均合格率达到90%以上,满足质量要求。结论数值仿真分析可以对零件的成形性及回弹进行预测,为工艺设计及模具开发提供有益参考。提出的回控制技术可用于指导同类型高强钢零件的模具开发工作。     

先进高强钢DP1000地板中央通道的成形回弹及补偿研究

高强度钢板因具有较高的强度而易产生严重的回弹缺陷,已成为其应用的最主要瓶颈.为此,本文以某车型地板中央通道零件为载体,针对其几何型面复杂、材料变形程度大的特点,研究先进高强度钢板DP1000的冲压成形回弹及补偿特性.通过对该零件的冲压成形工艺方案进行优化设计和全工序回弹数值模拟,并结合零件的几何特征和变形模式,对各成形工序的回弹进行精确预测.基于预测结果对模具型面采用折入处理的方式进行全工序几何补偿,实现回弹补偿的自工序完结.最后以补偿后的型面进行冲压实验,并对零件的型面尺寸进行检测分析.结果表明,全工序回弹数值模拟和型面几何补偿是解决复杂零件多工序冲压成形回弹问题的最有效方法.通过两次回弹补偿后,该零件的回弹得到完全控制,尺寸精度达到要求且成形质量良好.     

Analysis of the formability magnesium alloys using a new ductile fracture criterion

An innovative methodology for the determination of forming limits is proposed, based on the strain energy density criterion. In the first section of this paper a modification of the strain energy density criterion, that has mainly been applied for crack propagation in fracture mechanics, is performed, in order to become applicable in metal forming processes. In the second section, experimental methods and Finite Element (FE) analysis for the case of deep drawing forming process are used for the verification of the methodology. Based on the simulation methodology, the forming limits and some process parameters namely, forming temperature, punch radius, punch profile radius and strain rate sensitivity of magnesium alloys AZ31 and WE43 are determined. The optimization results for the studied case show that magnesium alloys have limited formability especially at room temperature; however the formability can be improved by forming at higher temperatures. Finally, formability is improved as the punch and punch profile radii increase up to an optimum value.     

高精度17-4PH不锈钢隔碗拉深液压胀形复合成形工艺参数优化

目的 针对17-4PH不锈钢冷成形回弹大、贴模性差等问题,研究17-4PH不锈钢隔碗零件的拉深成形和液压胀形规律,确定隔碗零件拉深液压胀形复合成形的最佳工艺及参数.方法 利用有限元方法确定并优化了拉深预成形和液压胀形中的工艺参数.基于优化后的结果设计并制造了相关的模具,最终通过试验验证了有限元方法的有效性.结果 结合数...     

板料V形弯曲回弹的动力烛式有限元分析

板料成形后的回弹对精度影响较大，在数值模拟时对回弹进行精确预测显得非常重要。基于连续介质力学及有限变形理论，建立了适合于三给板料成形分析的显式算法的有限元数学模型，采取集中质量矩阵，用动力显式积分的方法，使位移计算显式化，避免了由材料、几何、边界条件等高度非线性因素引起的计算收敛问题。根据该模型开发了动力显式算法的板料成形过程模拟的有限元分析程序DESSFORM3D，应用该软件模拟了包括回弹在内的整个板料V形弯曲的成形过程。通过3个不同凸模行程时计算与实验的板料几何形状对比以及计算结果与实验结果对比，验证了软件计算结果的准确性。     

双曲度蒙皮纵向拉形过程模拟技术研究

目的双曲度蒙皮主要通过可实现曲夹钳的纵向拉形方法成形,通过研究双曲率蒙皮纵拉过程模拟技术,对拉形机夹钳加载轨迹进行优化。方法主要针对蒙皮纵向拉形模拟中,板料在拉形机夹钳中的装夹和夹钳加载轨迹的设计等关键技术问题进行研究,给出了合理的处理方法,建立了相应的模型。结果应用有限元仿真软件进行仿真验证,并通过改变拉伸量和补拉量,对成形模拟结果进行了对比,优化了夹钳轨迹。结论通过拉形加载优化,提高了蒙皮零件贴模度,保证了蒙皮外形精度的要求。     

纵梁前段全工序回弹预测与控制

目的结合高强度钢板纵梁前段工艺难点及特征,提出对该零件回弹进行预测和控制的方法。方法采用经验设计和CAE分析技术相结合的方法,对零件全工序成形及回弹过程进行了仿真模拟分析,同时对零件产生回弹的原因进行了深入分析,提出了回弹问题的解决方案。结果通过采取有效措施对回弹进行控制,成功解决了零件质量问题,回弹控制在了1 mm之内,平均合格率达到了91.8%,满足了装车要求。结论全工序CAE分析可有效预测高强度钢板梁类零件的成形质量缺陷和回弹状态,并指导工艺设计和模具型面补偿,合理的梁类扭曲回弹解决方案为类似零件模具的开发提供了参考。     

Experiences from experimental and numerical springback studies of a semi-industrial forming tool

The work reported in the present paper constitutes a part of a project on simulation of springback in sheet metal forming. Previous work in this project has been concentrated on material modeling and characterization with focus on springback applications. It has been demonstrated that, with proper considerations of all aspects of the material model and the material properties, excellent springback results can be obtained for simple problems. At the simulation of real, industrial parts, a number of additional problems are encountered. Many of these problems are associated with deviations from nominal geometries and other properties. These are examples of factors that influence the outcome of the forming process, but are unknown to the analyst, and can therefore not be considered in the simulation of the forming process. Other phenomena are known to exist, but due to their complexity, they are practically impossible to consider in industrial simulations. Examples of such phenomena are the true frictional behavior in contacts between the blank and the tools, and the flexibility of the press and the forming tool. The influence of these kinds of effects is discussed in the present paper. In the current study, a semi-industrial tool, specially designed to catch those springback problems that are encountered in the forming of real industrial, parts, is used. The tool includes several characteristics that can be found in typical forming tools, such as several draw radius steps and change-over in section geometries. Effects like flange/wall angle changes, sidewall curl and twist are obtained at springback. The sensitivity of the predicted springback is evaluated with respect to various numerical factors, such as the friction coefficient, the material model, and the mesh density. Finally, the quality of the predicted springback behavior for four different materials, commonly used in the automotive industry, is evaluated.     

基于补偿因子的直弯边下陷零件回弹补偿研究

橡皮成形是飞机钣金零件制造的一种重要成形工艺,回弹是橡皮成形过程中主要缺陷之一.为提高钣金零件橡皮成形效率,基于补偿因子对下陷区回弹补偿进行研究,实现钣金零件一步法成形.首先对弯曲回弹公式进行推导,结合弯曲过程中刚度概念引出补偿因子作为直弯边下陷零件回弹补偿公式;然后利用CATIA二次开发功能将补偿公式写入程序并与数据库进行连接,并对直弯边下陷零件进行回弹补偿;采用Pamstamp 2G软件对橡皮成形过程进行有限元模拟,通过实际成形试验对带补偿因子的回弹公式进行验证,最后将模拟值和试验值进行比较.结果表明:有限元模拟过程能够很好的预测回弹,补偿结果达到精准成形要求且误差在0.5°范围内,成形压力对回弹影响很小.对于下陷成形,需要较大的成形压力才能达到一次成形的目的,验证了补偿因子回弹公式的可靠性.     

汽车 U 形隔热板冲压回弹控制

目的解决隔热板成形常见问题以及预测回弹量的大小。方法以有限元分析软件Dynaform为基础,研究毛坯尺寸、压边力、拉延筋布置以及摩擦因数对隔热板成形性的影响。结果得出了隔热板的较佳成形工艺参数。结论通过修正模具和改善工艺来不断地改善回弹,能准确地预测回弹量的大小。优化后的回弹量分别为Δd=0.918 mm,Δα=0.340°,回弹量得到了有效的控制。     

航空发动机钣金件多工序连续工艺链式仿真方法研究及实验验证

目的 针对航空发动机上挡溅盘钣金件的多工序成形过程,进行有限元仿真分析与实验验证。方法 以ABAQUS和DEFORM为仿真平台,先采用ABAQUS对钣金件第一道次的拉深回弹过程进行仿真,在此基础上,将第一道次仿真结果导入DEFORM中,作为初始状态进行退火热处理;然后将仿真结果导入ABAQUS中作为初始状态进行第二道次的拉深回弹仿真,重复上一道次的数据传递过程,再进行热处理与第三道次整形模拟,在每一道次拉深成形后对比模拟与实验结果。结果 实现了钣金件在同一软件和不同软件之间几何形状及物理场的数据传递,完成了钣金件的多工序连续工艺仿真成形。第一道次拉深卸载后零件回弹较小,模拟得到的零件几何尺寸与实验结果误差较小,但卸载后零件中有较大残余应力,通过热处理可以很大程度地消除残余应力,增强高温合金后续的成形性能,经过多工序成形仿真后,几何特征尺寸累计误差值略有增大,但仍在可接受范围内。结论 包含中间退火热处理的多工序成形仿真可以较好地描述实验结果,证明了仿真结果的准确性与有效性,可以为改进和优化钣金件的设计及成形过程提供科学指导。     

Reduction of springback using simultaneous stretch-bending processes

Springback due to the elastic material behaviour can lead to shape errors that cause geometrical and dimensional inaccuracies in sheet metal forming processes, especially in bending operations. In order to reduce springback, the technique of integrating stretching with bending in sheet metal forming processes has been investigated. The object of this paper is to explain how to reduce the effect of the elastic component in the material behaviour using simultaneous stretching and bending so that a method is established for applying plastic forming during the main process, without changing the tool design. This study focuses on three main points: the stretching method, the stretching direction and the stretching length. In regard to swing- and v-bending processes, the springback factor is used as the standard evaluation to investigate these effects using Finite Element simulation. The springback factors are compared for four processes: Bending process without stretching (WS), pre-stretching and bending process (PB), pre-stretching plus simultaneous stretching and bending (PSB) and simultaneous stretching and bending (SB). The simulation results are then verified through experimentation. Based on the validated results, simultaneous stretching can then be subsequently applied to the existing stretch-forming process, which consists of pre-stretching and bending. Using this process, springback was successfully reduced which confirms the efficiency of SB process.     

Evolution of elastic modulus in roll forming

Roll forming is a continuous process in which a flat strip is incrementally bent to a desired profile. This process is increasingly used in automotive industry to form High Strength Steel (HSS) and Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) for structural components. Because of the large variety of applications of roll forming in the industry, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is increasingly employed for roll forming process design. Formability and springback are two major concerns in the roll forming AHSS materials. Previous studies have shown that the elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) of AHSS materials can change when the material undergoes plastic deformation and the main goal of this study is to investigate the effect of a change in elastic modulus during forming on springback in roll forming. FEA has been applied for the roll forming simulation of a V-section using material data determined by experimental loading-unloading tests performed on mild, XF400, and DP780 steel. The results show that the reduction of the elastic modulus with pre-strain significantly influences springback in the roll forming of high strength steel while its effect is less when a softer steel is formed.