球形Al-25W合金燃料粉末的氧化行为与能量性能

为了获得热氧化与能量释放性能优异的新型合金燃料,采用铝热还原与超高温气雾化结合的方法,制备了球形铝钨合金燃料粉末(Al-25W),对其物相结构、氧化行为及能量性能进行了研究。结果表明,球形Al-25W合金粉末颗粒内部的亚稳态Al/W合金相均匀分布在单质Al基体中,且通过稳定化处理后亚稳态Al/W合金相转变为Al12W相,并对外释放能量。球形Al-25W合金粉末具有比单质Al粉更高的氧化放热量与氧化增重,能在1400℃空气中完全氧化,且W原子全部氧化为WO₃并以气态形式挥发,残留氧化产物仅为Al₂O₃。球形Al-25W合金粉末的实测体积燃烧焓超过单质Al粉的理论体积燃烧焓(83000 J·cm^-3),可达(83132.1±608.5) J·cm^-3,且剧烈燃烧时生成气态燃烧产物WO₃。     

Zr基非晶合金的燃烧释能特性

为探究Zr基非晶合金的燃烧释能特性,采用氧弹量热法测定了Zr_(68.5-x)Al_(7.5+x)(Cu+Ni)_(24)(x=0、2.5、5、7.5)非晶合金箔带在氧气压力0.1,0.3,0.5,0.8,1,2 MPa和3 MPa下的燃烧热,使用X射线衍射仪分析了燃烧产物的物相组成,并与TNT、PTFE/Al含能材料的能量特性进行了对比。结果表明,Zr基非晶合金的燃烧热、反应效率与Zr与Al原子比成负相关;燃烧释放的能量主要来自金属元素的氧化反应,还有极少量的能量来自金属元素间的化合反应;燃烧热、反应效率随氧气压力的升高而增大,但增长速率逐渐减小,其规律符合一阶衰减指数函数;Zr基非晶合金具有较高的化学潜能,单位质量的能量密度为10.981 kJ·g~(-1),单位体积的能量密度为72.035 kJ·cm~(-3)。     

多孔核壳结构Ni@C纳米棒的制备及其对高氯酸铵热分解催化性能的影响

为了提高纳米金属对高氯酸铵(AP)热分解的催化作用,采用溶剂热法与高温煅烧法,以镍基有机金属骨架(Ni-MOF)为前驱体制备了Ni@C纳米棒。利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、高倍透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪、拉曼光谱仪、全自动物理吸附分析仪等表征了Ni@C纳米棒的形貌、结构及组成,并通过差示扫描量热仪研究了不同煅烧温度下Ni@C纳米棒对AP热分解的催化效果。结果表明,Ni@C纳米棒为以金属Ni为核、C层为壳的多孔核壳结构,且高度石墨化的C层有效防止了纳米Ni颗粒的氧化。Ni@C纳米棒对AP热分解的催化性能优于单独镍纳米颗粒和碳纳米棒。尤其是1000℃煅烧后的Ni@C纳米棒使AP的高温分解峰峰温从423.4℃降低至323.8℃,表观分解热从825.4 J·g~(-1)提高到1423.8 J·g~(-1),反应活化能从172.50 kJ·mol~(-1)降低至130.04 kJ·mol~(-1)。     

Al-LiH复合燃料制备及性能

为了提高铝粉燃烧效率,利用球磨法分别制备了质量含量为3%,5%,10%,15%的Al-LiH复合燃料。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、粒度仪对样品结构、形貌和粒径进行表征;采用差热-热重量热仪对其热氧化性能进行表征,最后采用CO₂激光点火装置、高速摄像机及氧弹量热仪对其燃烧性能进行考察。结果表明：通过球磨法可以将LiH嵌入Al粉内部,LiH含量是影响其微观形貌及粒径、粒径分布的关键因素,LiH的加入使得燃料质量热值增加,同时随着LiH含量的增加Al-LiH复合燃料燃烧火焰强度增强,点火延迟时间大幅降低。其中由于Al-LiH复合燃料在高温下发生了微爆现象,Al-3LiH和Al-10LiH复合燃料在一次氧化后分别实现第二次氧化。     

Al-W合金燃料的氧化过程及性能提升机理

为阐明Al-W合金燃料氧化性能的提升机理,结合铝热还原与超高温气雾化法制备Al-20W与Al-30W合金燃料,并通过热重/差热热分析、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜/能量色散谱仪对其氧化过程进行研究。结果表明,Al-20W与Al-30W合金燃料均含有亚稳态Al/W合金相,随温度升高Al/W合金相的种类与形态发生转变。2种合金燃料具有优于单质Al燃料的氧化性能,分别在1300℃与1500℃完全氧化,氧化产物WO₃全部挥发。W的存在提升了Al-W合金燃料的氧化性能,机理为WO₃的挥发提供O₂扩散进入颗粒内部的通道;WO₃作为“氧运输船”向单质Al传输O,促进单质Al的氧化;WO₃发生进一步的化学反应,最终以气态形式挥发,促进含W相的氧化。     

宽温度范围纳米多孔硅/高氯酸钠热分解特性

以纳米多孔硅粉(nPS)为燃烧剂,高氯酸钠(NaClO_4)为氧化剂制备nPS/NaClO_4复合含能材料,利用差示扫描量热-热重(DSC-TG)法研究其在宽温度范围(25~1200℃)的热分解特性。为了更全面地了解该复合含能材料的热分解特性,同时研究了nPS、NaClO_4、Si/NaClO_4、nPS/NaCl复合材料热分解特性。结果显示,氧气气氛下硅氢键在400.0℃发生断裂,而其在氩气氛围下的断裂温度为820.0℃。NaClO_4在581.0℃分解放热,总失重量为68.31%。nPS/NaCl复合材料在883.3℃出现最强放热峰,放热量为567.0 J·g~(-1)。硅氢键的存在使nPS/NaClO_4放热量达到359.5 J·g~(-1),与Si/NaClO_4相比,增大了15.3 J·g~(-1)。综合热分析测试结果,推测出nPS/NaClO_4复合含能材料的热分解机理:O_2使硅氢键提前断裂并参与放热反应,800℃后未断裂的硅氢键与NaCl发生反应最终生成Si。固体燃烧产物的XRD图谱证明了该推论的合理性。     

Al-0.2Sc-0.04Zr超耐热变形铝合金高温流变行为

在应变速率为0.001~5 s~(-1)、变形温度为440~600℃条件下,在Geeble-1500D热模拟试验机上对Al-0.2Sc-0.04Zr(质量分数/%)变形铝合金开展单向热压缩试验,研究其高温流变行为。结果表明:流变应力随变形温度的减小和应变速率的增加而增大,应力曲线经历线性-硬化阶段、抛物线-动态回复阶段、完全动态再结晶-稳态变形阶段;压缩变形后试样中间部位的组织呈条带状,晶粒沿垂直于压缩方向被压扁和拉长,再结晶晶粒尺寸随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而增大;建立的Z参数-Arrhenius型本构方程对Al-0.2Sc-0.04Zr合金峰值应力的预测平均相对误差率仅为7.428%;该合金较高的热变形激活能(642.575 kJ/mol)和应变指数(13.810 5)与第二相粒子Al3(Sc,Zr)有关。     

高活性集中放热的Al-Mg-Zr合金燃料的制备与性能

采用紧耦合气雾化法制备了Mg含量为5%~30%的新型Al-Mg-Zr三元合金燃料。用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)/能量分散谱(EDS)和热重-差热分析(TG-DTA)分别表征了合金粉的相组成、形貌和氧化放热行为,并提出了一个氧化反应机制模型,解释合金粉的集中氧化放热现象。结果表明,合金粉的相组成主要有Al、Al_3Mg_2、Al_3Zr和Al_(12)Mg_(17),且粉末具有良好的球形度。随着Mg含量的升高,Al-Mg-Zr合金发生氧化反应的温度明显降低,氧化过程由多步氧化逐渐转变为一步氧化,能量释放量先增后减。Al_(78)Mg_(20)Zr_2和Al_(73)Mg_(25)Zr_2粉末分别在945℃和938℃呈现集中氧化放热,并且Al_(78)Mg_(20)Zr_2粉末的集中氧化反应比较完全,该粉末的最高氧化放热焓为-9798.8μV·s·mg~(-1)。     

铝锂合金稳定化包覆及其推进剂应用

Al-5Li合金是一种理想的合金燃料,具有放热量高、燃烧时会产生微爆的特点,替代铝粉可显著提高推进剂的燃烧效率。然而Al-5Li合金粉体具有较高的反应活性,易与推进剂组分反应,致使推进剂内存在气孔裂纹等结构缺陷,无法直接应用于推进剂中。为了提高Al-5Li合金的稳定性及相容性,采用7%长链烷酸（PA）对Al-5Li合金粉末进行表面包覆,得到了具有高稳定性、高相容性的Al-5Li@7PA样品,表面致密无裂纹,PA分子通过化学键作用附着在合金表面,包覆后样品可稳定存在于70℃热水中30 min。与Al-5Li相比,包覆后样品的燃烧热提升了4.55%;相容性和装药性方面,Al-5Li@7PA样品与HTPB（端羟基聚丁二烯）的相容性等级由5级提升至1级,药柱内无任何气孔裂纹等缺陷,表明包覆后的Al-5Li合金满足了推进剂装药需求。推进剂燃烧性能测试表明,与Q3 Al粉相比,Al-5Li@7PA推进剂的燃速和燃温分别提升了10.28%和45.41%,燃烧产物残渣粒径更小。     

HTPE与FOX-7和FOX-12混合体系的热分解

利用差示扫描量热(DSC)法和热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法得到端羟基聚醚(HTPE)/1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)混合体系和HTPE/N-脒基脲二硝酰胺(FOX-12)混合体系在不同升温速率(2.5,5.0,10.0,20.0℃·min~(-1))下的热分解曲线,用Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式计算了HTPE、HTPE/FOX-7和HTPE/FOX-12体系热分解的表观活化能。结果表明,HTPE的热分解过程为一个失重过程,其表观活化能E_k为127.45 kJ·mol~(-1)。Kissinger公式和Ozawa公式计算的HTPE/FOX-7混合体系表观活化能分别为288.16 kJ·mol~(-1)和270.85 kJ·mol~(-1),HTPE/FOX-12混合体系的表观活化能分别为179.50 kJ·mol~(-1)和170.35 kJ·mol~(-1)。对于同一体系,两种公式计算的结果基本一致。与单组份(FOX-7或FOX-12)相比,HTPE/FOX-7和HTPE/FOX-12体系的表观活化能分别降低了17.1~34.5 kJ·mol~(-1)和78.8~87.9 kJ·mol~(-1)。HTPE均降低了2种钝感含能组份(FOX-7和FOX-12)的(主)分解峰温度,FOX-7高温分解放热峰峰温降低了14.4℃,FOX-12的分解放热峰峰温降低了17.4℃。HTPE/FOX-7混合体系分解放热量增加了196.2 J·g~(-1),而HTPE/FOX-12混合体系分解放热量减少了275.2 J·g~(-1)。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.