电磁搅拌作用下连铸结晶器内液面波动行为

电磁搅拌对连铸结晶器内钢液液面波动有重要的影响。以某钢厂直径为250 mm 连铸圆坯结晶器及电磁搅拌器的相关参数为原型,采用湍流模型与多相流模型相结合的方法对电磁搅拌作用下连铸结晶器内钢液液面波动行为进行研究,分析了电磁搅拌作用下钢液液面产生变化的成因。研究结果表明：电磁搅拌作用下钢液液面呈旋转抛物面,与无电磁搅拌作用下的液面截然不同;电磁搅拌作用下钢液液面波动实质上是电磁搅拌电磁力作用的结果。水口附近液面波动会随着电磁搅拌强度的增大而增强,达到一定值时出现卷渣现象。在实际生产过程中,为获得较好的搅拌效果,应考虑结晶器内的液面波动及卷渣行为。     

电磁搅拌条件下结晶器内钢液多相流动和卷渣现象的大涡模拟

针对大方坯连铸结晶器内的流动和卷渣行为进行了三维数值模拟仿真,应用大涡模拟模型模拟湍流、应用VOF模型模拟渣相?钢液和空气?渣相?钢液的多相流。研究对比了钢液单相流动、渣相?钢液两相流动和空气?渣相?钢液三相流动3种模型下结晶器内的流动、钢?渣界面液位形状和波动及卷渣行为,并通过工业用计算机断层成像技术（工业CT）检测了连铸坯中大颗粒卷渣类夹杂物数量随着电磁搅拌电流强度的变化。结果表明,在150 A、2 Hz结晶器电磁搅拌下,3种模型得到的结晶器内钢液流场差别较小,但在钢?渣界面处差别较大。钢液单相模型下钢液表面流动速度比其他两种模型钢?渣界面处的速度更大。渣相?钢液两相模型和空气?渣相?钢液三相模型的卷渣速率分别为0.00118和0.00040 kg?s?1。渣相?钢液两相模型条件下,由于上表面即渣的顶面不能弯曲,所以钢?渣界面处的湍动能没有得到耗散,所以比三相模型的湍动能更大,因此其预测的卷渣速率偏大。当搅拌电流强度增大到300 A,渣相?钢液两相模型和空气?渣相?钢液三相模型的卷渣速率分别为150 A条件下的5倍和15倍;当电流频率增大到4 Hz,渣相?钢液两相模型的卷渣速率变化很小,空气?渣相?钢液三相模型的卷渣速率降低为2 Hz条件下的1/3。因此,为了正确的模拟和预测结晶器钢?渣界面处的卷渣行为,必须使用空气?渣相?钢液三相瞬态模型进行模拟仿真。      

电磁搅拌对特大方坯结晶器内流场及温度场影响

以某厂断面为410 mm × 530 mm的特大方坯结晶器为原型,利用ANSYS有限元软件建立三维数值模型,研究电磁搅拌对结晶器流场及温度场的影响。施加电磁搅拌后,钢液受到径向电磁力,液面呈现旋转流动趋势。结晶器内钢液最大切向速度随着电流的增加而增大,随着频率的增加而减小。电磁搅拌的电流大小由0 增加到500 A时,液面波动由1.21 mm增加到4.35 mm。电磁搅拌能够使钢水的高温区局限于连铸结晶器上部,钢水温度更加均匀。同时钢液的水平旋流能够抑制初生坯壳的生长,降低坯壳的生长速度,使结晶器出口处坯壳厚度变薄。综合分析,该厂在实际生产时合理的电磁搅拌的电流大小应为400 A,频率为1.5 Hz,此时钢渣液面波动约为2.73 mm,温度场较为均匀。      

20CrMnTi钢160 mm×160 mm方坯内部质量控制

针对20CrMnTi连铸160 mmX 160 mm方坯严重的内部质量问题,开展结晶器电磁搅拌(M-EMS)与凝固末端电磁搅拌(F-EMS)参数协同优化试验,通过方坯凝固组织检测和碳偏析检测,详细分析电磁搅拌参数对方坯内部质量的影响规律.此外,借助红外热成像仪检测方坯表面温度,进而利用ANSYS 软件预测方坯凝固传热过...     

Numerical Simulation of Electromagnetic Field and Flow Pattern in a Continuous Slab Caster with In-roll Type Strand Electromagnetic Stirring

The electromagnetic field and flow analysis model were developed to simulate the electromagnetic field and the flow pattern in a vertical curved continuous slab caster with the in-roll type strand electromagnetic stirring.The transient electromagnetic field distribution and the induced electromagnetic force were numerically described.The effects of stirring current,stirring frequency,and different stirrer configurations on the electromagnetically driven flow field in the strand were investigated and the optimization of the stirring parameters was discussed by performing a relative comparison of numerical results.Results show that the in-roller type strand electromagnetic stirrer(SEMS)pair generates the fluctuating magnetic fields,penetrating through the cast slab and periodically parallel shifting along the slab wide face with time evolution.The transient induced electromagnetic forces travels toward the magnetic flux shifting direction.Different stirring parameters(i.e.current and frequency)and stirrer configurations affect the stirring strength and the flow recirculation pattern in the strand,which are closely related to metallurgical performances of the stirrers.There is an optimum frequency to obtain the maximum stirring.The present model provides a relatively theoretical insight into the in-roll type strand electromagnetic stirring system for best operating.     

Mathematical modelling of inclusion motion and entrapment in billet mould with effect of electromagnetic stirring

ABSTRACT

In-mould electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) is a widely used technique during continuously casting (CC). To investigate the M-EMS effect on the inclusion motion and entrapment in a billet CC mould, a coupling mathematical model was developed. The result indicates that the M-EMS changes molten steel flow pattern and transient inclusion distributions in the mould. Inclusions have a tendency to move close to the mould centre under M-EMS. When the M-EMS is off, the distributions of inclusions in the solidified shell is relatively uniform. When the M-EMS is applied, many inclusions are entrapped near the stirrer mid-plane. Furthermore, distances of captured inclusions below the billet surface become larger. Additionally, the M-EMS has a significant effect on the overall removal fraction of inclusions. At last, detection of inclusions in samples obtained from a plant has been performed. A similar tendency can be found between the predicted and experimental results.     

电磁搅拌作用下水口深度对液面波动的影响

 结晶器内液面波动会影响连铸坯的质量,施加电磁搅拌使钢液的液面呈旋转抛物面。电磁搅拌电流过大或拉速过高会造成保护渣卷渣现象,对铸坯质量造成不利的影响。以某钢厂[?]250 mm连铸圆坯结晶器电磁搅拌为研究对象,采用电磁-流体单相耦合的方式及流体体积函数VOF模型,建立描述结晶器电磁搅拌作用下液面波动的数学模型,研究电磁搅拌作用下浸入式水口深度对液面波动的影响。研究表明,通过增大水口深度,能够改善因电磁搅拌强度过大或拉速过大造成的卷渣现象,减小水口附近的液面波动。     

Optimisation of electromagnetic field and flow field in round billet continuous casting mould with electromagnetic stirring

A three-dimensional mathematical model of mould electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) was established. Based on Maxwell's equations, the continuity equation and the momentum equation, the distribution characteristics of electromagnetic and flow fields with M-EMS were numerically simulated by the finite element software ANSYS and the finite volume software CFX. The influence of M-EMS on electromagnetic and flow fields was examined, and the process parameters of M-EMS were optimised by industrial plant trials. By the model verification, there was a good agreement between the calculated results and the measured data. The results indicate that the tangential electromagnetic force increases with the increasing current intensity, and increases at first and then decreases with the increasing current frequency. The tangential velocity increases with the increasing current intensity and current frequency (2–6?Hz). According to statistical results of the centre equiaxial crystal proportion and the macroscopic defects of round billet for different process parameters in industrial plant trials, the optimal process parameters of the M-EMS are as follows: the current intensity is 400?A, and the current frequency is 2?Hz.     

Influence of electromagnetic stirring on transport phenomena in round billet continuous casting mould and macrostructure of high carbon steel billet

Abstract

The characteristics of magnetic field, flow field, temperature profile and inclusion trajectories in a round billet continuous casting mould with electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) were numerically simulated. An industrial plant trial was conducted to verify the magnetic field characteristics and investigate the influence of M-EMS on the solidification macrostructure of high carbon steel. The results indicate that the predicted magnetic field was in good agreement with the measured data, and the velocity patterns, temperature, inclusion trajectory distributions and macrostructure of steel are significantly modified using M-EMS during casting.     

行波磁场铸流搅拌提升不锈钢板坯等轴晶率

为揭示各种行波磁场铸流搅拌的电磁冶金效果,基于计算域分段法建立了断面1280 mm×200 mm板坯连铸电磁、流动、传热和凝固的耦合模型,利用电气参数和磁感应强度的实测值和预测值的对比验证了模型的可靠性。研究表明:行波磁场搅拌器因电磁推力的方向性特点在板坯二冷区搅拌过程中均表现有不同程度与特征的端部效应,辊后箱式搅拌器(Box-typed electromagnetic stirrer, B-EMS)的单侧安装形式导致板坯内弧侧磁感应强度远大于外弧侧,辊式搅拌器(Roller-typed electromagnetic stirrer, R-EMS)的对辊安装形式则使磁感应强度呈现对称分布。在400 kW和7 Hz的相同电气参数下,R-EMS的电流强度比B-EMS高75 A;尽管箱式电磁搅拌的有效作用区域较辊式电磁搅拌大,铸坯中心钢液过热耗散区域大,但辊式搅拌推动钢液冲刷凝固前沿形核作用则明显大于箱式搅拌。两者均具有较好的抑制柱状晶生长、促进凝固前沿等轴晶形核与发展的能力,将不锈钢板坯等轴晶率提高至45%的门槛值以上,其中间隔型反向辊式搅拌器下的等轴晶率比箱式搅拌高约17%。综合表明,基于行波磁场铸流搅拌的间隔型反向辊式搅拌器有望更好地消除铁素体不锈钢板材表面皱折缺陷。      

带结晶器电磁搅拌的大圆坯连铸的数值模拟

在圆坯连铸中,结晶器电磁搅拌器(M-EMS)是常见的改善钢流内流场的手段。众所周知,液芯的流动对最终产品的质量有着重要影响,用M-EMS能优化凝固前沿的流速,进一步促进柱状晶向等轴晶的转变,进而改善铸坯的表面和皮下缺陷。在奥钢联多纳维茨钢厂,绝大多数产品的生产都应用了M-EMS。由于在奥钢联多纳维茨钢厂的恶劣环境下难于进行测量,因此研究采用数值模拟的方法。连铸过程1:1比例的物理模拟也很难实现,因为水的传导率太低,且液态金属不透明或金属处理难,因此数值模拟就成为获得整个过程较好的重要手段。数值模型考虑了流场和电磁场的完全耦合,许多物理问题都用最优参数进行模拟,流场用商业有限元CFD编码软件FLUENT进行计算,电磁场用商业有限元求解器ANSYSEMAG计算。采用这种方法可以研究各种参数对流场和凝固组织的影响,也能揭示搅拌频率和搅拌强度的变化对液芯内部流场的影响。应用数值模拟能够加深对电磁场下连铸过程的认识,也能够找到优化的参数。     

Effect of M-EMS on the solidification structure of a steel billet

Effects of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) on the solidification structure of 45# steel billet were investigated by examination of interdendritic corrosion The results show that the primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings increase from the edge of the billet to the center and decrease obviously with increasing electromagnetic torque, which will be beneficial to refine the solidification structure and enlarge the equiaxed crystal zone. The ratio of equiaxed crystal increases by 15.9% with the electromagnetic torque increasing from 230 to to the central area, where the cooling rates are similar at different torques. The closer to the central area, the less the influence of M-EMS on the cooling rate is. The ratio of the primary to secondary dendrite arm spacing is approximately 2.0, namely, λ1 ≈2λ2, and is constant irrespective of the stirring intensity and position of the billet. Original position analysis (OPA) results indicate that the center segregation of the billet is greatly improved, and the more uniform and compact solidification structure will be obtained with the increase of stirring intensity.     

大圆坯连铸结晶器内电磁场分布特性的实验研究

在马钢工业生产条件下,用高斯计空载测量Φ380 mm圆坯连铸结晶器内在电流参数400~510A、2.0~2.5 Hz的范围内磁感应强度的分布特性。结果表明,结晶器中心垂直方向磁感应强度变化曲线呈波峰状,在离结晶器上口约530 mm的电磁搅拌器中心处有最大值;在结晶器水平截面上磁感应强度沿截面中心至边缘逐渐增大。钢液弯月面处的磁感应强度是结晶器中心最大值的10%左右。马钢在现有生产条件下采用400 A/2.5 Hz的电流参数,相应电磁搅拌强度明显偏低。     

圆坯结晶器应用电磁搅拌的物理模拟

 以某钢厂 500mm圆坯连铸结晶器为原型,建立了1∶1的物理模型,通过机械搅拌模拟结晶器电磁搅拌,分析研究了电磁搅拌对结晶器内钢液的流动、夹杂物去除率的影响。试验研究表明：电磁搅拌使结晶器内的钢液有一定的水平切向速度,使搅拌区钢水温度的分布更加均匀,有利于结晶器内保护渣的均匀熔化。电磁搅拌能够把水口冲击的轴向速度变为径向速度,从而大大降低流股的冲击深度,能有效地促进夹杂物的上浮和热区中心的上移。但并不是搅拌强度越大,夹杂物的去除率就越高,试验表明,在相同时间内,当搅拌强度为48r/min左右时,夹杂物的上浮率最高。     

薄板坯二冷区电磁搅拌铸坯内磁场分布和钢液流动

针对特定设计的搅拌器建立了包含钢液流动、传热和电磁场的三维耦合非稳态数学模型,计算了CSP薄板坯二冷区液芯在电磁搅拌作用下的传输行为,其中考虑了感应电流和搅拌器线圈上下端部对磁场强度的影响.结果表明:电磁力改变了铸坯液相穴内钢液流场,对钢液起到水平搅拌作用;搅拌器产生的磁场不均匀,在不同厚度处幅度和相位都不同,且幅度随着穿透深度的增加而减小;感应磁场移动方向与外部磁场相同且不宜忽略;单侧搅拌器对铸坯内钢液搅拌比较均匀.      

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in a Round Bloom Mold with In-Mold Rotary Electromagnetic Stirring

In this article, an electromagnetic field simulation and a flow analysis model are performed to describe the three-dimensional electromagnetic field distribution and the electromagnetically driven flow characteristics in a round-bloom mold with a low-frequency in-mold rotary electromagnetic stirrer. The interaction between the induced flow and the inertial impinging jet from a straight-through submerged entry nozzle (SEN) of the caster is considered. The effects of stirrer current and frequency on the electromagnetic field and the flow in the round-bloom mold are investigated, and a strategy to optimize the stirring parameters is proposed. The results show that the distributions of magnetic flux density and electromagnetic force magnitude are nonuniform in a three-dimensional electromagnetic stirring (EMS) configuration. There exists a significant axial induced component of electromagnetic force. The flow in the in-mold EMS system is characterized by a dominant swirling movement at the transverse sections, coupled with the recirculating flows in the axial direction. An upper recirculation zone and a lower recirculation zone with the reverse melt flowing are found near the strand wall at the axial location close to the middle of the stirrer, and another recirculation zone is formed due to the interference of the induced flow with the jet from SEN. The meniscus surface has a swirl flow, and the meniscus level rises near the bloom strand wall and sinks around the SEN wall. All of these flow features are closely associated with metallurgical performances of the in-mold rotary stirrer. With the increase of stirring current and the decrease of frequency, the magnetic flux magnitude increases. There is an optimum frequency to obtain a peak of electromagnetic force magnitude and maximum tangential velocity. For a mold rotary EMS system, to determine the optimum stirring intensity, it is necessary to make a compromise between a larger tangential velocity and a relatively quiescent meniscus surface.     

天钢板坯结晶器流场物理模拟及连铸工艺优化

为研究结晶器内钢液流场,通过对工艺参数的优化,进一步提高铸坯质量,以天津钢铁集团有限公司4#-VAI板坯连铸结晶器为原型进行水模试验,通过调节拉速、水口浸入深度,研究了结晶器内流场形态、液面波动、流场冲击深度和保护渣形貌等的变化情况。模拟试验表明,在现有参数和水口尺寸情况下,结晶器流场合理、液面渣层平稳、坯壳厚度均匀,能够满足铸坯质量要求。     

电磁搅拌下圆坯结晶器内卷渣现象的物理模拟

 以某钢厂[?500 mm]圆坯连铸结晶器为原型,基于相似原理,建立了1:1的物理模型,通过机械搅拌模拟结晶器电磁搅拌。在模拟电磁搅拌条件下,研究拉速、搅拌强度对结晶器保护渣覆盖剂的影响。试验结果表明,当搅拌强度稳定时,随着拉速的增加,液面波动会越来越剧烈,中心漩涡也会随着拉速增大而增大;当拉速稳定时,随着搅拌转速的增加,渣层波动加剧、水油界面变得活跃、液渣层厚度分布由均匀变为出现中心漩涡、转速大于60 r/min时,在壁面附近液渣层厚度为0,会发生裸钢现象,卷渣发生倾向增大。在使用电磁搅拌条件下,圆坯结晶器生产时拉速不超过0.45 m/min,搅拌强度为36～48 r/min时,钢渣界面活跃,有利于化渣,且不会出现裸钢现象,也不会发生卷渣。     

Water model study on fluid flow in slab continuous casting mould with solidified shell

Abstract

A water modelling experiment was conducted to study the fluid flow in a continuous slab casting mould with solidified shell. The level fluctuation, residence time distribution and velocity of free surface have been varied in the water model to study the differences of flow behaviour between the mould with a shell and without a shell. The results show that the mould with a solidified shell has higher level fluctuations, higher surface velocities and worse liquid slag distribution. The tapering of the shell in the mould enabled downward flow to facilitate more fluid being ‘pushed’ into the upper recirculation zone, yielding higher velocities and greater turbulence at the top surface. With the consideration of the solidified shell, the fluid flow in the mould is more representative of real casters, and the physical modelling results will be more accurate and reliable. It may cause unrealistic lower surface level fluctuations and surface velocities in the water model when the solidified shell is neglected in the mould.     

Multiphase Solidification Modeling of Solidification Structure Evolution and Macrosegregation of Round Bloom Continuous Casting Process with Mold Electromagnetic Stirring and Final Electromagnetic Stirring

Based on Eulerian–Eulerian method, a 3D/2D multiphase solidification model, which takes into consideration the heat transfer and fluid flow with grains nucleation and crystal growth, is developed to predict the macrostructure evolution and macrosegregation in continuously cast round bloom. The results show that the mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) can accelerate superheat dissipation and promote grain nucleation, but the horizontal swirl induced by M-EMS has a strong washing effect on the solidification front and leads to subsurface negative segregation. When the M-EMS current intensity increases from 200 to 300 A, the subsurface negative segregation ratio decreases from 0.935 to 0.875. The final electromagnetic stirring (F-EMS) not only improves the center segregation, but also leads to the formation of negative segregation zone near the round bloom center due to the enhancement of solute washing induced by F-EMS. As the F-EMS current intensity increases from 150 to 300 A, the center segregation ratio decreases from 1.148 to 1.075, and the negative segregation ratio near the strand center decreases from 0.985 to 0.977. Another phenomenon is found that the nucleation of equiaxed grain ahead of columnar tips restrains the solute diffusion and leads to a local macrosegregation in columnar-to-equiaxed transition zone.