Discrete Modeling and Suggested Measurement of Heat Transfer in Gas–Solids Flows

Abstract

This article presents a two-dimensional transient model for gas–solids flow and heat transfer through pipes using the coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method approach. Numerical simulations have been conducted to examine the modification of fluid thermal structure due to the presence of particles in a pneumatic transport pipeline. Modeled results have demonstrated the key role of transversal motion of rebounding particles in the pipe cross section in altering fluid temperature. Further implementation of this modeling technique in air-drying processes is discussed and possible experimental methods for the measurement of in situ particle and fluid motion and temperature profile are cited.     

APPLICATION OF THE DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELLING IN AIR DRYING OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS

The Discrete Element Method (DEM) has been widely used as a mathematical tool for the study of flow characteristics involving particulate solids. One distinct advantage of this fast developing technique is the ability to compute trajectories of discrete particles. This provides the opportunity to evaluate the interactions between particle, fluid and boundary at the microscopic level using local gas parameters and properties, which is difficult to achieve using a continuum model. To date, most of these applications focus on the flow behaviour. This paper provides an overview of the application of DEM in gas-solids flow systems and discusses further development of this technique in the application of drying particulate solids. A number of sub-models, including momentum, energy and mass transfer, have been evaluated to describe the various transport phenomena. A numerical model has been developed to calculate the heat transfer in a gas-solids pneumatic transport line. This implementation has shown advantages of this method over conventional continuum approaches. Future application of this technique in drying technology is possible but experimental validation is crucial.     

不连续双斜向内肋管换热器换热性能研究

不连续双斜向内肋管是一种新型强化换热管,采用数值模拟的方法对管内的流动情况进行分析,流体在管内形成了强烈的涡流,且主要出现在壁面附近;设计开发了一种可制造该强化换热管的模具,利用该模具生产的不连续双斜向内肋管制造了一台小型换热器,与同规格的光管换热器进行对比实验,研究表明不连续双斜向内肋管换热器的传热系数和热效率较光管换热器要高,具有优良的强化换热性能,在换热器行业具有广阔的应用前景。     

换热器传热数值模拟的两个假设

对管壳式换热器的数值模拟所采用的数值模型发展过程进行了详细介绍,列出了管壳式换热器壳程和管程数值模拟所取得的研究成果。接着对换热器的整体传热模拟作了简化,提出两种假设,并举例进行数值模拟验证,结果表明：温度场的分布与假设相近。这样对换热器的数值模拟给出一个新的思路。     

纵流式管壳式换热器传热与流动特性的3D数值模拟研究

文章运用CFD软件Fluent分析了三种支撑结构对壳程性能的影响,可为工业用纵流式管壳式换热器优化及强化传热提供依据.文章探讨了水在三种不同支撑结构下的流阻与传热性能,得到不同支撑结构具有不同的传热效果,螺旋片相对其它两种支撑方式更有利于提高传热综合性能,并进一步对这三种换热器的传热强化机理进行了探讨.     

螺旋内翅片管内充分发展流体流动与传热的数值分析

采用常规模型对一种新型螺旋翅形裂解炉管内充分发展的流体流动与传热进行了数值分析。采用变量置换法把控制方程由原来的三维问题转化为计算平面内的二维问题,并采用ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ方法计算考察了周向恒壁温、轴向恒热流的螺旋内翅片管内充分发展条件下的流体流动与传热问题,得到了与实验值相近的结果。进一步用所述的方法对相同横截面的直翅和螺旋翅片管内的流场和温度场进行了数值模拟研究,它揭示了螺旋翅片管相对于直翅管而言阻力增加而传热效率下降的机制。     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

Pulsating Jet Impingement Heat Transfer Enhancement

This article presents results from a numerical study of pulsating jet impingement heat transfer. The motivation is to seek conditions offering a significant enhancement compared to steady flow impingement drying. The CFD software package FLUENT was used for simulating slot-type pulsating jet impingement flows with confinement. The parameter study included velocity amplitude ratio, mean jet velocity, and pulsation frequency. The distance from nozzle exit to surface was three times the hydraulic diameter of the nozzle. The Reynolds number based on the nozzle hydraulic diameter and jet temperature was 2,460 with a mean jet velocity of 30 m/s, which is the base case of the numerical experiments. Results showed that time-averaged surface heat transfer increased with increasing velocity amplitude for the same mean jet velocity. Large velocity amplitudes helped enhance heat transfer by two mechanisms: high jet velocity during the positive cycle and strong recirculating flows during the negative cycle. For the cases with different mean jet velocities but the same maximum velocity, time-averaged surface heat flux decreased with decreasing mean jet velocity. As for the effects of pulsation frequency, with high-velocity amplitude ratio, time-averaged surface heat fluxes were at the same level regardless of frequency. However, at low-velocity amplitude ratio, high frequency caused stronger recirculating flows resulting in greater heat transfer compared to the cases with a lower frequency.     

A Numerical Study of Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Gas-Solids Flows Through Pipes Using a Coupled CFD and DEM Model

A two dimensional numerical model has been developed to simulate heat transfer in gas-solids flows through pipes, in which the gas phase is modelled as a continuum using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach and the solids phase is modelled by the Discrete Element Method (DEM). This allows interactions between gas, particles, and pipe wall to be accounted at the scale of individual particles and convective and conductive heat transfers to be calculated using local gas and solids parameters. The predicted changes to the flow structures and the various heat transfer mechanisms due to the presence of particles were analyzed and compared with other workers' findings. This study has quantitatively demonstrated the crucial effect of particle transverse motion on heat transfers due firstly to the thermal energy transport by rebounding particles and secondly to the modification of the fluid thermal boundary layer characteristics.     

基于管内微层蒸发传热机理的热管换热器传热强化研究

基于微层蒸发强化传热理论,对热虹吸管内部设置分流管结构强化沸腾传热机理进行了分析,建立了分流管强化热虹吸管内部沸腾传热模型,并通过大量试验研究验证了理论分析的正确性;同时对热管换热器能量控制方程采用有限差分法进行了数值模拟计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,不仅证明强化传热理论分析与计算方法的正确性,而且表明热管内部强化传热有利于提高热管换热器传热能力、改善热管换热器传热性能及优化热管换热器结构,为工程应用提供依据。     

全混流反应器的热稳定性对传热温差限制的探讨

本文导出了为在全混流反应器内实现热稳定操作时对传热温差的限制条件，可作为选定反应器与换热介质温度的依据。     

探讨螺旋板换热器的传热计算

本文讨论了在传热计算中螺旋板换热器与单壳程、单管程列管式换热器的差异。螺旋板换热器的传热计算在以往采用了与列管式换热器相同的方法，从对数平均温度差△tm的计算式可知，其中作了某种假设，一是传热只在某些流道间进行，一是热流体两侧的冷流体的温度相等，这与实际不符。考虑到螺旋板换热器本身的特点，由于热流体所在流道的内外两侧实际上存在传热，而且两侧流体的温度并不相同，在传热计算中应予考虑。本文从微积分着手，导出了一种新的计算方法。     

超白玻璃熔窑内玻璃液流动和传热的三维数值模拟

利用流体动力学计算方法分析了超白玻璃熔窑内玻璃液的三维流动和传热状况,得到了玻璃液在熔窑内的温度场和速度场,在此基础上计算出代表玻璃液熔制质量的滞留时间、熔融指数和澄清指数,对研究玻璃熔窑结构性能、提高玻璃熔制质量以及优化工艺参数都有重要意义。     

CFD Modeling of Turbulent Jacket Heat Transfer in a Rushton Turbine Stirred Vessel

CFD modelling of the turbulent heat transfer was performed for a stirred tank equipped with a Rushton turbine impeller and four standard baffles. Eight different turbulence models, i.e. the standard k‐?, RNG k‐?, realizable k‐?, Chen‐Kim k‐?, optimized Chen‐Kim k‐?, standard k‐ω, k‐ω SST and Reynolds stress models, were used during the modelling. In all investigated cases, the boundary flow at the vessel wall was described by the standard logarithmic wall functions. The CFD modelling values of the local heat transfer coefficient were compared with the corresponding experimental data. The best agreement was obtained for the standard k‐?, optimized Chen‐Kim k‐? and k‐ω SST models.     

隧道窑窑顶散热量的计算机模拟

本文阐述了隧道窑窑顶散热量的计算机模拟方法,并对模拟精度进行了论证。     

管壳式换热器新型管支撑结构在传热强化方面的进展

本文讨论了管壳式换热器新型管支撑结构在强化传热方面所取得的一些进展、传热机理及应用范围,并简介了CFD技术同管壳式换热器结合研究的情况,提出将几种强化技术和计算机辅助设计手段结合起来是将来换热器的发展方向。     

折流杆换热器壳程湍流和传热的数值模拟

折流杆换热器壳程结构复杂,用理论方法难以获得壳程流体流动和强化传热机理.为了分析折流杆在换热器壳程中作用,采用数值方法研究了壳程流体的流动和换热状况.首先对壳程结构进行适当简化,提出了换热器壳程的"单元流道"模型用于研究纵流式换热器壳程流场和温度场的实际细观信息.针对三维几何模型和数学模型,数值模拟采用标准k-ε两方程湍流模型,用SIMPLE算法求解速度和压力的耦合关系,流道的固体边界采用壁面函数法,在不同进口流量下对单元流道进行模拟.结果表明,纵横交错布置的折流杆在单元流道中不断分割和剪切流道内流体,其扰流作用促进了流体湍流,减薄了液体边界层,减小了对流换热热阻,因而有效地提高了流体的对流换热强度.数值分析结果可为折流杆换热器的结构优化和性能提高提供理论依据.     

滚筒干燥器内丝状物料的传热传质特性研究

干燥涉及众多生产领域,卷烟加工过程中存在干燥环节,滚筒烘丝机是用于干燥烟丝的主要设备。在滚筒烘丝机内,烟丝与周围环境进行热质交换,不同的运行控制条件,将直接影响烟丝的品质。由于干燥过程受众多因素的影响,至今烟草加工企业对烘丝机内部烟丝的传热传质特性缺乏深层次的认识,不利于烟丝品质的提高。针对上述背景,本文基于传热传质学、流体力学、多相流动等相关理论,通过计算机数值模拟方法,建立并求解滚筒内的传热传质数学模型,获得不同操作条件下烟丝温度、含水率变化的详细信息,并将所得结果与实际生产数据相验证。研究结果表明,烟丝与气流逆流流动条件下,干燥过程存在三个阶段：预热段、恒速段、降速段,烟丝含水率先升后降,烟丝温度经历先升高、后降低、再升高的过程;顺流流动条件下,干燥过程存在两个阶段：预热段与恒速段,烟丝含水率沿程单调下降,烟丝温度在预热段急剧上升,在恒速段平缓上升。     

国外强化传热技术的研究与进展

本文综述了国外传热技术中开发出的各种强化传热表面以及其它一些强化手段、强化传热机理、不同学者在这一领域的研究成果。     

小尺度管壳式换热器流动和传热数值模拟

通过对称性简化,建立了小尺度管壳式换热器的传热模型。基于Simple算法,采用RNG k-ε方程、多孔介质模型和增强壁面函数法,结合有限体积法及结构化网格对控制方程进行离散,求解三维N-S方程和能量方程模拟了流体在壳程流动的传热过程,在管径不变的情况下,针对节径比分别为1.2、1.4和2.0下的流场及温度场的总体分布规律进行分析,对影响其传热性能的关键因素进行了探讨。结果表明:在相同边界条件下,设计较小的节径比,易在管壁周边形成涡流,换热器的传热性能指标较高,但湍流强度过大,流体剧烈冲刷管束,将对设备的寿命产生影响。