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1.
Highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were prepared by anodic oxidation of Ti foil under different anodization voltages in ethylene glycol electrolyte. The morphology and photoelectrochemical performance of the TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) samples were characterized by FESEM and electrochemical working station. Hydrogen production was measured by splitting water in the two-compartment photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell without any external applied voltage or sacrificial agent. The results indicated that anodization voltage significantly affects morphology structures, photoelectrochemical properties and hydrogen production of TiO2 NTs. The pore diameter and layer thickness of TiO2 samples increased linearly with the anodization voltage, which led to the enhancement of active surface area. Accordingly, the photocurrent response, photoconversion efficiency and hydrogen production of TiO2 nanotubes were also linearly correlated with the anodization voltage. 相似文献
2.
A novel photoelectrochemical cell with self-organized TiO2 nanotubes as photoanodes for hydrogen generation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yongkun Li Hongmei Yu Wei SongGuangfu Li Baolian YiZhigang Shao 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2011,36(22):14374-14380
A photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell with an innovative design for hydrogen generation via photoelectrocatalytic water splitting is proposed and investigated. It consisted of a TiO2 nanotube photoanode, a Pt/C cathode and a commercial asbestos diaphragm. The PEC could generate hydrogen under ultraviolet (UV) light-excitation with applied bias in KOH solution. The Ti mesh was used as the substrate to synthesize the self-organized TiO2 nanotubular array layers. The effect of the morphology of the nanotubular array layers on the photovoltaic performances was investigated. When TiO2 photocatalyst was irradiated with UV-excitation, it prompted the water splitting under applied bias (0.6 V vs. Normal Hydrogen Electrode, NHE.). Photocurrent generation of 0.58 mA/cm2 under UV-light irradiation showed good performance on hydrogen production. 相似文献
3.
Tayirjan T. IsimjanSohrab Rohani Ajay K. Ray 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2012,37(1):103-108
Sonication assisted anodization of titanium in a fluorinated ethylene glycol and water electrolyte using Ti itself as a cathode is investigated. The prepared anodic film has a highly ordered nanotube-array surface architecture. The resulting TiO2 nanotubes at potential 20-40 V have various diameters (30-100 nm), tube length (3-12 μm) and wall thicknesses (6-15 nm). The tube diameter and wall thickness are increased with the anodization time while the overall length of the nanotube arrays is controlled by the duration of the anodization time. In addition, apart from the anodization time, formation of nanotubes is governed by the distance and supplied voltages between the two electrodes, for a given electrolyte. The crystal structure and surface morphology of the annealed anodic films are investigated by XRD and SEM, respectively. The corresponding photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiency (PCE) was calculated under UV light. Our results show a very high PCE under UV (315-400 nm, 100 mW/cm2) irradiation. The maximum value of PCE for hydrogen generation obtained was 29% which is one of the best results reported in literature [1]. 相似文献
4.
To improve the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting efficiency for hydrogen production, we reported the fabrication of lotus-root-shaped, highly smooth and ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTs) by a simple and effective two-step anodization method. The TiO2 NTs prepared in the two-step anodization process (2-step TiO2 NTs) showed better surface smoothness and tube orderliness than those of TiO2 NTs prepared in one-step anodization process (1-step TiO2 NTs). Under illumination of 100 mW/cm2 (AM 1.5, simulated solar light) in 1 M KOH solution, water was oxidized on the 2-step TiO2 NTs electrode with higher efficiency (incident-photon-to-current efficiency of 43.4% at 360 nm and photocurrent density of 0.90 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE) than that on the 1-step TiO2 NTs electrode. The effective photon-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency was found to be 0.18% and 0.49% for 1-step TiO2 NTs and 2-step TiO2 NTs, respectively. These results suggested that the structural smoothness and orderliness of TiO2 NTs played an important role in improving the PEC water splitting application for hydrogen generation. 相似文献
5.
Caolong Li Jian Yuan Bingyan Han Li Jiang Wenfeng Shangguan 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
The CdS/TiO2 composites were synthesized using titanate nanotubes (TiO2NTs) with different pore diameters as the precursor by simple ion change and followed by sulfurization process at a moderate temperature. Some of results obtained from XRD, TEM, BET, UV–vis and PL analysis confirmed that cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdSNPs) incorporated into the titanium dioxide nanotubes. The photocatalytic production of H2 was remarkably enhanced when CdS nanoparticles was incorporated into TiO2NTs. The apparent quantum yield for hydrogen production reached about 43.4% under visible light around λ = 420 nm. The high activity might be attributed to the following reasons: (1) the quantum size effect and homogeneous distribution of CdSNPs; (2) the synergetic effects between CdS particles and TiO2NTs, viz., the potential gradient at the interface between CdSNPs and TiO2NTs. 相似文献
6.
S. Palmas A.M. PolcaroJ. Rodriguez Ruiz A. Da PozzoM. Mascia A. Vacca 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
Photoelectrochemical properties of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes formed by electrochemical anodization of titanium sheets and their working mechanism are investigated. Formation and growth of self-organized nanotubes were carried out by Titanium anodization in acid electrolyte containing fluorides. Annealing of the samples was performed in order to increase the crystallinity of the material. Also some results obtained with samples annealed in Nitrogen atmosphere are presented. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to give an interpretation of the main charge transfer processes that occur at the nanotube/electrolyte interphase. The use of glycerol as hole scavenger was considered in order to improve the photoelectrochemical performance of the samples. 相似文献
7.
Haifeng Dang Xinfa Dong Yingchao Dong Yan Zhang Stuart Hampshire 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
Noble-metal-free Cu(OH)2/TNTs (TNTs: TiO2 nanotubes) nanocomposite photocatalysts were successfully prepared by loading nano-Cu(OH)2 on TNTs via a hydrothermal-precipitation process. These were then characterized in terms of morphology and physicochemical properties by employing TEM, XRD, XPS, BET, UV–Vis DRS and PL. The effects of Cu(OH)2 loading, amount of catalyst on the photocatalytic hydrogen production performance of Cu(OH)2/TNTs were investigated in detail in aqueous methanol solution under UV irradiation. The results show that, compared with pure TNTs, the TNTs loaded with highly dispersed 8 wt% Cu(OH)2 exhibited remarkably improved activity for hydrogen production (the largest quantity of evolved hydrogen was ca. 14.94 mmol h−1 g−1 catalyst) with good photostability. This high activity is attributed to the strong synergistic function of Cu(OH)2/TNTs, including suitable potential of Cu(OH)2/Cu (E0 = −0.222 V) between conduction band (−0.260 V) of TNTs and the reduction potential of H+/H2 (E0 = 0.000 V), a unique tubular microstructure of TNTs coated with nano-Cu(OH)2, large BET specific surface area and high dispersion of Cu(OH)2. Furthermore, a process mechanism for methanol/water decomposition over Cu(OH)2/TNTs is proposed to understand its high activity. 相似文献
8.
A water-splitting reactor yielding hydrogen and oxygen was designed with a titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotube array photoelectrode vertically grown on a titanium substrate. The TiO2 nanotube arrays were made by the method of anodization and annealed in an oxygen atmosphere. Hydrogen gas was collected from the reactor and the exact amount of hydrogen gas evolved from the photoanode was analyzed. The relationship between the amount of hydrogen evolution and three key factors, viz. the tube length, tube structure and crystal structure, was investigated. 相似文献
9.
Daniela D’Elia Christian Beauger Jean-François HochepiedArnaud Rigacci Marie-Hélène BergerNicolas Keller Valérie Keller-SpitzerYoshikazu Suzuki Jean-Christophe ValmaletteMourad Benabdesselam Patrick Achard 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2011,36(22):14360-14373
Increasing the activity of a photocatalyst goes through the improvement of both its absorption (light) and adsorption (reactant) properties. For a given semiconducting material, the charge carrier separation is also a very important step. Properly combining chosen phases is one option to improve this separation (example of the commercial P25) and depositing platinum on the surface of the catalyst, another one. In some cases, coupling both may nevertheless lead to a decrease of photoactivity or at least limit the potentiality of the catalyst. A third option, consisting in modifying the morphology of the photoactive phase, has shown very promising results.In this study, we have elaborated, characterized and evaluated the hydrogen evolution potentiality (through methanol assisted water splitting) of different TiO2 morphologies: nanoparticles, nanotubes and aerogels. These materials have shown different behaviours depending on both their composition and morphology. Different types of separation processes have been claimed to account for the observed different photoactivities, with more or less pronounced synergetic effects, due to: the use of Pt as a co-catalyst, the mixture of different TiO2 phases (anatase and TiO2(B) or rutile) and the specific morphology of the samples (nanotubes or aerogels). Among all the tested samples, the TiO2 aerogel supported Pt one exhibited very promising performances, three times as active as P25 supported Pt, which is already much more active than pure P25 in our testing conditions. 相似文献
10.
York R. Smith Biplab Sarma Swomitra K. Mohanty Mano Misra 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
A hierarchical nanoporous-TiO2 nanotube composite structure consisting of a nanoporous top layer with smooth underlying nanotubes was obtained by a single-step anodization technique. The growth of such composite structure has also been applied to Ti wire substrate for the first time. The photoelectrochemical performance was examined under AM 1.5 simulated solar irradiation in 1 M KOH electrolyte. In general, the hierarchical architecture demonstrated improved photoelectrochemical activity over plain TiO2 nanotubes. Furthermore, the composite structure on a wire substrate was also found to enhance photoelectrochemical activity over a foil substrate. Under optimized conditions, over a 40% increase in hydrogen generation for hierarchical nanotubes over plain nanotubes is observed and over 25% increase in hydrogen generation using a wire substrate over a foil substrate is observed. 相似文献
11.
Aadesh P. Singh Saroj Kumari Rohit Shrivastav Sahab Dass Vibha R. Satsangi 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2008
This paper describes the photoelectrochemical studies on nanostructured iron doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films prepared by sol-gel spin coating method. Thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, spectral absorbance, atomic force microscopy and photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements. XRD study shows that the films were polycrystalline with the photoactive anatase phase of TiO2. Doping of Fe in TiO2 resulted in a shift of absorption edge towards the visible region of solar spectrum. The observed bandgap energy decreased from 3.3 to 2.89 eV on increasing the doping concentration upto 0.2 at.% Fe. 0.2 at.% Fe doped TiO2 exhibited the highest photocurrent density, ∼0.92 mA/cm2 at zero external bias. Flatband potential and donor density determined from the Mott–Schottky plots were found to vary with doping concentration from −0.54 to −0.92 V/SCE and 1.7 × 1019 to 4.3 × 1019 cm−3, respectively. 相似文献
12.
Moones Hakamizadeh Shahrara Afshar Azadeh Tadjarodi Ruhollah Khajavian Mohammad Reza Fadaie Babak Bozorgi 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
Mesoporous TiO2/AC, Pt/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2/AC (AC = activated carbon) nanocomposites were synthesized by functionalizing the activated carbon using acid treatment and sol–gel method. Photochemical deposition method was used for Pt loading. The nano-photocatalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, DRS, BET, FTIR, XPS, CHN and ICP methods. The hydrogen production, under UV light irradiation in an aqueous suspension containing methanol has been studied. The effect of Pt, methanol and activated carbon were investigated. The results show that the activated carbon and Pt together improve the hydrogen production via water splitting. Also methanol acts as a good hole scavenger. Mesoporous Pt/TiO2/AC nanocomposite is the most efficient photocatalyst for hydrogen production compared to TiO2/AC, Pt/TiO2 and the commercial photocatalyst P25 under the same photoreaction conditions. Using Pt/TiO2/AC, the rate of hydrogen production is 7490 μmol (h g catal.)−1 that is about 75 times higher than that of the P25 photocatalyst. 相似文献
13.
Erdem Şennik Zeliha Çolak Necmettin Kılınç Zafer Ziya Öztürk 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2010
Highly-ordered, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotubes are synthesized, and their hydrogen sensing properties are investigated. Self-organized TiO2 nanotube arrays are grown by anodic oxidation of a titanium foil in an aqueous solution that contains 1 wt% hydrofluoric acid at 20 °C. We use a potential ramp at a rate of 100 mV s−1, increasing from the initial open-circuit potential (OCP) to 20 V, and this final potential of 20 V is then held constant during the anodization process. The fabricated TiO2 nanotubes are approximately 1 μm in length and 90 nm in diameter. For the sensor measurements, two platinum pads are used as electrodes on the TiO2 nanotube arrays. The hydrogen sensing characteristics of the sensor are analyzed by measuring the sensor responses ((I − I0)/I0) in the temperature interval of 20–150 °C. We find that the sensitivity of the sensor is approximately 20 for 1000 ppm H2 exposure at room temperature, and increases with increasing temperature. The sensing mechanism of the TiO2 nanotube sensor could be explained with chemisorption of H2 on the highly active nanotube surface. 相似文献
14.
TiO2 thin films have been synthesized by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and sol–gel method to study the hydrogen generation by photocatalytic water splitting under visible light irradiation. Photoelectrochemical cell with chemical bias, involving photo-anode in form of TiO2 film deposited on conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) film and Pt as cathode, is developed. The effect of conducting ITO layer on photo-voltage is studied by varying the thickness of ITO films. Constant H2 generation rate is obtained for long period of time by both the TiO2 films because of the separated evolution of H2 and O2 gas, thus eliminating the back-reaction effect. Sputter-deposited film as compared to sol–gel-synthesized film showed better H2 generation rate, mainly explained in terms of the higher visible light absorption achieved by oxygen vacancies created in the TiO2 film by the energetic target ions during deposition in pure Ar gas pressure. 相似文献
15.
Qizhao Wang Ning An Yan Bai Haohao Hang Jiajia Li Xiaolin Lu Yinghua Liu Fangping Wang Zhimin Li Ziqiang Lei 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
Photocatalysts CuS/TiO2 for hydrogen production were synthesized by hydrothermal method at high temperature and characterized by XRD, UV–visible DRS, XPS, EDX, SEM and TEM. When TiO2 was loaded with CuS, it showed photocatalytic activities for water decomposition to hydrogen in methanol aqueous solution under 500 W Xe lamp. Among the photocatalysts with various compositions, the one with 1 wt% CuS-loaded TiO2 showed the maximum photocatalytic activity for water splitting, which indicated CuS could improve the separation ratio of photoexcited electrons and holes. What's more, the amounts of the produced hydrogen was about 570 μmol h−1, which had exceeded pure titania (P25) 32 times. In the present paper, it is proven that CuS can act as an effective co-catalyst to enhance the photocatalytic H2 production activity of TiO2. 相似文献
16.
Mariana P. Languer Francine R. Scheffer Adriano F. Feil Daniel L. Baptista Pedro Migowski Guilherme J. Machado Diogo P. de Moraes Jairton Dupont Sérgio R. Teixeira Daniel E. Weibel 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
Photo-induced reforming of methanol, ethanol, glycerol and phenol at room temperature for hydrogen production was investigated with the use of ultra-small Pt nanoparticles (NPs) loaded on TiO2 nanotubes (NTs). The Pt NPs with diameters between 1.1 and 1.3 nm were deposited on TiO2 NTs by DC-magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) technique. The photocatalytic hydrogen rate achieved an optimum value for a loading of about 1 wt% of Pt. Apparent quantum yield for hydrogen generation was measured for methanol and ethanol water solutions reaching a maximum of 16% under irradiation with a wavelength of 313 nm in methanol/water solution (1/8 v/v). Pt NPs loaded on TiO2 NTs represented also a true water splitting catalyst under UV irradiation and pure distilled water. DC-MS method appears to be a technologically simple, ecologically benign and potentially low-cost process for production of an efficient photocatalyst loaded with ultra-small NPs with precise size control. 相似文献
17.
Chong Wang Qian-Qian Hu Ji-Quan Huang Zhong-Hua Deng Hong-Ling Shi Lan Wu Zhu-Guang Liu Yong-Ge Cao 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2014
N-doped TiO2 film with preferred (211) orientation, deposited by RF magnetron sputtering, was investigated for the water-splitting hydrogen production. It is found that the preferred crystal growth orientation of the films can be controlled by N2 flow rate during the deposition. The results reveal that not only the N-doping, but also the preferred orientation (i.e., large percentage of exposed (211) facet), can effectively enhance the activity of TiO2-based photocatalyst. With the increase of exposed (211) facets, the hydrogen production rates of N-doped TiO2 films rise from 760 μmol H2 h−1 m−2 to 4500 μmol H2 h−1 m−2, indicating that high performance of TiO2-based photocatalyst can be achieved by controlling the preferred orientation of the films. 相似文献
18.
Water splitting is widely employed for the hydrogen production for its abundant sources of water and sunlight. The TiO2 nanostructures are the most promising materials because of their properties of the non-toxicity and relatively low cost. Surface treatments with TiCl4 solution and titanium butoxide solution are applied on the TiO2 nanorod arrays respectively. On the surface of the TiO2 nanorods, TiO2 nanoparticles are prepared through hydrolysis of TiCl4 and homogeneous phase of TiO2 synthesized with assist of second hydrothermal synthesis in titanium butoxide, resulting in the increase of the surface area of the TiO2. Comparing with that of the original TiO2 nanorod arrays, the incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the TiO2–TiCl4 and TiO2–H2O samples is greatly enhanced by 25% and 250% in the ultraviolet region, respectively. The obviously enhanced activity is due to the larger surface structure after treatments, which could contribute to the improved performance in the water splitting. These surface treatments provide an efficient way to regulate the properties of the TiO2 nanorod arrays for their extensive applications in the solar device for the hydrogen production. 相似文献
19.
Single crystalline TiO2 nanorods and polycrystalline nanotubes were fabricated with same length to investigate the effects of their nanostructures on photocatalytic properties for splitting water. In order to enhance the visible light absorbance, TiO2 nanorods and nanotubes were sensitized with semiconductor nanoparticles such as CdS, CdSe, and CdS/CdSe, and compared in viewpoint of solar hydrogen generation. It was observed that single-crystalline nanorods showed superior photocatalytic properties to polycrystalline nanotubes, and also the potential level of the nanorods with rutile phase was measured as lower than that of the nanotubes with mixture of anatase and rutile. Further improvement of photo-conversion efficiency was obtained by subsequent heat treatments of the sensitized photoelectrodes. It turns out that the improvement is attributed to the improved crystallinity and the increased size of the nanoparticles during the post-annealing treatments. It was demonstrated that TiO2 nanorods with lower potential level and a single crystalline phase on FTO glass were advantageous for effective charge injection from the sensitized nanoparticles and transport without recombination lost at grain boundaries. 相似文献
20.
C. Fàbrega T. Andreu A. Tarancón C. Flox A. Morata L. Calvo-Barrio J.R. Morante 《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2013
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been performed to investigate the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanorods in a photoelectrochemical water splitting system. A two-channel transmission line model has been proposed to interpret the frequency response of the main charge transfer processes that occur at nanorod/electrolyte and platinum/electrolyte interfaces. EIS was then employed to determine that the dramatic effect of the annealing treatment on the photocurrent density had its origin on a poor charge transfer at the titania/electrolyte interface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetry measurements have been used to prove the relevance of the presence of chlorine coming from the synthesis process of TiO2 nanorods. 相似文献